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VFS 3.5
VLSB = = = 53.4 µ V
2n 216
1.4 From Eq. (1.2)
vo = (1x 2−1 + 0 x 2 −2 + 1x 2 −3 ) x 5 = (0.5 + 0.125) x 5 = 0.625 x 5 V
vo = 3.125V
1.6
vAB = 6.5 + 5 x 10−3 Sin 200 π t
VDC = 6.5 V
VDC 6.5
I DC = = = 6.5 mA
RL 1K Ω
vab = 5 x 10−3 Sin 200 π t V
vab 5 x 10 −3 Sin 200 π t
ia = = = 5 x 10−3 Sin 200 π t mA
RL 1KΩ
1
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1.9
vs = 2.5 + 20 x 10 −3 Sin ω t
vo = 7.5 + 4.5 x 10 −3 Sin ω t
From Eq. (1.9)
7.5
AV = =3
2.5
From Eq. (1.10)
4.5
Av = = 225
20 x 10−3
1.10
(a) From Eq. (1.12)
vo 2
1
PL RL 100 K Ω
Power gain AP = = 2 = = 312.5
Pi vs (40 x 10−3 ) 2
Ri 50 K Ω
2
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vo
RL 1.2
Ai = = = 15
vs 80 x 10−3
Ri
1.12
vo(peak) 6.5
(a) Av = = = 1.30 × 103 = 130 or 42.28 dB
vi(peak) 50 × 10 –3
vo 6.5 sin1000 π t
io = = = 1.3 sin (1000π t) mA
RL 5000
io(peak) 1.3 × 10 –3
Ai = = = 1300 or 62.28 dB
iL(peak) 1 × 10 –6
Ap = Av ⋅ Ai = 130 × 1300 = 169 × 103 or 52.28 dB (10 log Po/Pi)
vi(peak) 50 × 10 –3
Ri = = = 50 kΩ
ii(peak) 1 × 10 –6
(b) Pdc = VCC ICC + VEE IEE = 15 (15 + 15) mW
= 450 mW
vo(peak) io(peak) 6.5 × 1.3 × 10 –3
PL = ⋅ =
2 2 2
= 4.225 mW
vi(peak) ii(peak) 50 × 10 –3 × 1 × 10 –6
Pi = ⋅ = = 25 nW
2 2 2
3
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1.13
Vo = 5.3 V at VI = 21 mV, Vo = 5.8 V at VI = 27 mV
∆Vo = 5.8 – 5.3 = 0.5 V, ∆V I = 27 – 21 = 6 mV
∆Vo 0.5
(a) Av = = = 83.3 or 38.4 dB
∆VI 6 × 10 –3
Vo 5.5
(b) Adc = = = 229 or 47.2 dB
VI 24 × 10 –3
Vo –V(min) Vo(max) – Vo
(c) ≤ VF – 24 mV ≤
Av Av
– 5.5 + 2 11 – 5.5
≤ VI – 24 mV ≤
83.3 83.3
– 42 mV ≤ VI – 24 mV ≤ 66 mV
– 18 mV ≤ VI ≤ 90 mV
1.14
vo 2V
(a) io = = = 0.2 mA
RL 10 kΩ
vi 1 mV
ii = = = 10 nA
Ri 100 kΩ
io 0.2 × 10 –3
Ai = = = 2 × 104 or 86 dB
ii 10 × 10 –9
vo 2
Av = = = 2 × 103
vi 1 × 10 –3
Ap = Av Ai = 2 × 103 × 2 × 104 = 4 × 107 or 152 dB
(b) vi = ii Ri = 1 × 10–3 × 100 = 10–1 V
vo = io RL = 100 × 10–3 × 103 = 100 V
v 100
Av = o = = 1000 or 60 dB
vi 0.1
io 100 × 10 –3
Ai = = = 100 or 40 dB
ii 10 –3
Ap = Av Ai = 1000 × 100 = 105 or 50 dB
4
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1.16
For maximum power transfer
Ro = RL = 50 Ω
PL = vo io
= (Av vi) (Ai ii)
Avo ⋅ vi A R
= ⋅ vo i ii
(1 + RS Ri ) (1 + Ro RL ) RL + Ro
2
Avo Ri RL vi Avo ⋅ vi
= ⋅
( Ri + Rs )( RL + Ro ) ( RL + Ro )
2
Avo Ri RL
= 2
⋅ vi2
( RL + Ro ) ( Ri + Rs )
2
Avo Ri RL Ri 2 vs 2
= ⋅
( RL + Ro ) 2 ( Ri + Rs ) ( Ri + Ro ) 2
2
Avo RL Ri3 vS2
=
( RL + Ro ) 2 ( Ri + Rs )3
∆ vo Ro
= 0.15 =
vo 1.5 k + R o
1.18
RL RL R i ⋅ Vs
(a) vo = Avo vi = Avo ⋅
RL + R o RL + R o Ri + Rs
200 × 22 × 105 × 50 × 10 –3
= = 5.16 V
( 22 + 20) (105 + 1500)
(b) From Problem 1.16
2
Avo RL Ri3 Vs 2
PL =
( RL + R o ) 2 ( R i + R S )3
vs 50 × 10 –3
is = = = 4.93 × 10 –7 A
Rs + Ri 1500 + 105
122.86 × 10 –3
Ai = = 249 × 103
4.93 × 10 –7
(e) Ap = Av Ai = 103.2 × 249 × 103
= 25.7 × 106
1.19
vs 10 ×10 –3
is ≤ 1 µA = =
Rs + Ri 2.5k + Ri
Ri > 7500 Ω
From Eq. (1.27)
∆ vo Ro
= , RL ranging from 2 kΩ to 10 kΩ
vo RL + R o
6
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1.20
From Eq. (1.23)
Avo
Av =
(1 + Rs Ri ) (1 + R o RL )
Variation in Av will be contributed by Avo, RS, and RL. Assume equal contribution by each.
Hence the value of Ro that will keep the variation in gain within 0.5% for variation in RL
from 5 kΩ to 20 kΩ can be found from
5k 20 k
= × 0.995
5k + Ro 20 k + Ro
20 k (1 – 0.995)
Ro = > 33.5 Ω
4 × 0.995 – 1
1.21
(a) By Kirchoff’s current law at node A
Rs R
A
is if
+ Ro
Vi ii Ri
– Avo Vi
Rx
vi vi – Avo vi
is = ii + if = +
Ri R + Ro
1 1 – Avo
= vi +
Ri R + Ro
vi 1
Rx = =
is 1 Ri + (1 − Avo ) ( R + Ro )
7
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1.22
Ais = 200, Ri = 150 Ω, Ro = 2.5 kΩ
RL = 100 Ω, is = 4 mA, Rs = 47 kΩ
(a) From Eq. (1.30)
Ais 200
Ai = =
(1 + Ri Rs ) (1 + RL Ro ) (1 + 150 47 k ) (1 + 100 2500)
= 191.7
RL 100
Av = Ai = 191.7 × = 0.4078
Rs 47 k
8
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1.23
From Eqs. (1.28) and (1.29)
A is R o Rs
io = ⋅ ⋅ is
R o + RL Rs + Ri
1.24
ii
+
is Rs Vi Ri AIisi Ro
–
open-circuit voltage
(a) Output resistance =
short-circuit current
12
= = 120 Ω
100 × 10 –3
Rs 5 × 10 –6 × 100 k
ii = is = ≃ 5 × 10–6 A
Ri + Rs 50 + 100 k
100 × 10 –3
Ais = = 20 × 103
5 × 10 –6
vo Ro R
Av = = Ais iL ⋅ L
vs Ro + RL is Rs
9
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20 × 103
(b) Ai = = 850.6
(1 + 50 100 k ) (1 + 2.7 k 120)
(c) Ap = Av Ai = 22.98 × 850.6
= 19,547
1.25
Following Example 1.4 we have
Ro Ro
0.99 =
Ro + 20 Ro + 500
Ri = 111.23 Ω
20 × 10 –3
Ais = = 200 A/A
100 × 10 –6
1.26
Assume Ai varies equally due to contribution from Ais Rs, and Ro.
Ro Ro
= 0.995, = 0.995
Ro + RL Ro + 100
100 × 0.995
Ro = > 19.9 kΩ
1 – 0.995
Similarly
Rs 100 k
= 0.995, = 0.995
Rs + Ri 100 k + Ri
Ri ≤ 503 Ω
Ais
Ai =
(1 + Ri Rs ) ( RL Ro )
Ais
50 = ≃ Ais
(1 + 503 100 k ) (1 + 100 19.9 k )
∴ Ais ≃ 50
10
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vi
Rx =
Li
(a) R allows a voltage that is proportional to lead current io to be fed back to the input side.
Converting current source to voltage source
ii Ro
+
Ri Ais ii Ro
+ – +
is Rs vi RL vo
– –
I R
vi
Rx =
ii
vi A R +R
= Ri + R – R is o
ii Ro + RL + R
vi ( Ais + R / Ro )
Rx = = Ri + R – R
ii 1 + ( RL + R) Ro
11
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vi
Rx =
Li
1.28
(a) Using the result of Problem 1.27 for Ais = 2 and substituting R by impedances Z(s)
Vi (s ) − R ( R + 1 sC )
Zx = = – Z(s) = – R +
I i (s ) − R + R + 1 sC
= – [R – sCR2 – R] = sCR2
Zx = sLe where the effective inductance Le is given by CR2. Thus, the circuit simulates an
inductance.
(b) To simulate Le = 10 mH, let C = 0.01 µF,
10 × 100–3 = 0.01 × 10–6 × R2
R2 = 106, R = 1 kΩ
(c) Problem 1.28 Inductance Simulation
IS 0 4 AC 1MA
V1 4 1 DC 0V
F1 1 0 V1 2
R1 1 2 1K
R2 2 3 1K
C1 3 0 0.01UF
V2 2 5 DC 0V
R3 5 0 1K
F2 5 0 V2 2
. AC LIN 10 1K 10K
. PRINT AC VM(1)VP(1)
. END
12
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1.30
Assuming that the discharging time constant τ = CRi is related to the input frequency by
τ = 10 f ,
10
CRi =
60 × 103
10
(a) Let C = 0.1 µF, then Ri = –6
0.1 × 10 × 60 × 103
= 1.67 kΩ
(b) Variation in Gm, according to Eq. (1.36), will be contributed by G ms and RL. Assume equal
contributions, Rs = 0. The gain parameter
io 20 cm 5 mA
Gms = = ×
vs 170 V 1 cm
= 0.588 mA/V ± 1%
The value of Ro that will keep gain variation within 1% for variation in RL from 20 Ω to 500
Ω can be found from
Ro Ro
0.99 =
Ro + 20 Ro + 500
Ro > 47.5 kΩ
13
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+ +
Assume 1% for Ri Vs vi
and 1% for Ro Ri Gm vi Ro RL
– –
Ri
> .99, Ri (1 – 0.99) > 0.99 Rs
Ri + Rs
For Rs = 1 kΩ,
0.99 × 1 k
Ri > = 99 kΩ
0.01
Similarly
Ro 0.99 × 200
> 0.99, Ro >
Ro + RL 0.01
Ro > 19.8 kΩ
1.32
For Rm = 20 Ω to 100 Ω
0.99 1
=
Ro + 20 Ro + 100
Ro = 7.9 k Ω
Io
Gm Vi Ro Rm
14
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1.34
Since the output variation should be kept within ±2%, variation of effective transimpedance
Zm should be kept to ±2%. According to Eq. (1.41) the variation in Zm will be contributed by
Zmo and Ro. Assume equal contribution to the variation.
Let Ri = 10 Ω. Then
10 V 20 cm
Zmo = × = 1000 V/A ± 1%
2 cm 100 mA
The value of Ro that will keep gain variations within 1% for variation of RL from 2 kΩ to
10 kΩ is
0.99 × 10 k 2k
=
10 k + Ro 2 k + Ro
Ro ≅ 25 Ω
Design specifications are Zmo = 1000 V/A, Ro ≤ 25 Ω, and Ri ≤ 10 Ω.
1.35
Let Ri = 10 k << Rs
Rs 105 × 0.5
ii = · is = 5 = 454.5 mA
Rs + Ri 10 + 104
Rs
= 0.99, Ri × 0.99 + 0.99Rs = Rs
Ri + Rs
15
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1.36
Rs Rs
+ + +
vs Ri Avovi RL vo
– – –
Voltage amplifier
16
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is Rs Ri Ais ii Ro RL
Rs io
+ + +
vs vi Gms vi Ro RL
– – –
Ro
+ +
is Rs Ri vi Zmo ii RL vo
– –
1.37
Rs
io
+ + +
vs vi Ri Gms vi Ro vo RL
– – –
Transconductance amplifier
Gms = 20 mA/V
17
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Ri 40 × 100 × 103
or Ais = Avo · =
Ro 2 × 103
= 40 × 50 = 2000 A/A
Zmo = Avo · Ri = 40 × 100 × 103
= 4 MΩ
Equivalent circuits
Rs Ro
+ + +
vs R1 vi Gvo vi RL
– – –
Voltage amplifier
ii io
+ +
is Rs Ri vi Ais ii Ro R L vo
– –
Current amplifier
vo
ii
+ +
is Rs Ri Zmi ii RL
– –
Transimpedance amplifier
1.38
(a) From Eq. (1.21)
Ri2 50 × 2.5 × 103
Av1 = Av2 = Avo =
Ri2 + Ro1 2.5 × 103 + 100
= 48
From Eq. (1.45), the overall open-circuit voltage gain
Vo
Avo = = Av1 ⋅ Av2 ⋅ Av3
Vi
= 48 × 48 × 50 = 115,200 or 101.22 dB
18
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1.39
(a) Using Eq. (1.21), Av of stage 1 and 2 is given by
Avo1 Ri 2 80 × 2500
Av1 = Av2 = =
Ri 2 + Ro1 2500 + 100
= 76.9
From Eq. (1.45), the overall open-circuit voltage gain
Avo = Av1 ⋅ Av2 ⋅ Avo3 = 76.92 × 80 = 473,088 or 113.5 dB
From Eq. (1.23)
Avo ⋅ Ri RL 473,088 × 2500 × 1500
Av = =
( Ri + Rs )( RL + Ro ) ( )(
2500 + 200 × 103 1.5 × 103 + 300 )
= 4867 or 73.7 dB
19
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1.40
Ais3 ii3 Ro3 A R Ais2 ii 2 Ro2
(a) io = = is3 o3
Ro3 + RL Ro3 + RL Ro2 + Ri3
20
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1.41
Gms Vi2 Ro2 G R Z i R
(a) io = = − ms o2 ⋅ mo i i2
Ro2 + RL Ro2 + RL Ro1 + Ri2
Vo + io RL 198 × 103
Av = = =– = – 3.96
Vi ii Ri1 50 × 103
21
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1.43
From Eq. (1.54d)
1
fL =
2π R1C1
1 1
R1 = = = 3.979 K Ω
2π f LC1 2π x 4 x 10 x 0.01 x 10−6
3
1.44
From Eq. (1.59d)
1
fH = = 10.8 KHz
2 π x 147 x 103 x 0.1 x 10−9
1.45
From Eq. (1.59d)
1
fH =
2 π R2C2
1 1
R2 = = = 636.6 K Ω
2 π f H C2 2 π x 25 x 10 x 0.01 x 10 −6
3
1.46
200 2 × 104
Av(jω) = =
1 + jω /100 100 + jω
2104
| Av(jω) | =
ω 2 + 104
2 × 104
(a) 100 = , ωH = 3 × 104
ω H + 10
2 4
= 173.2 rad/s
173.2
fH = = 27.56 Hz = BW
2π
2 × 104
(b) 50 = , ω2H × 104 = 16 × 104
ω H + 10
2 4
ωH = 387.29 rad/s
387.29
fH = = 61.64 Hz = BW
2π
22
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+ + +
vs vi Ri Gms vi Ro C RL vo
– – –
vo = – Gms vi Ro || || RL
1
(a)
sC
= – 20 × 10–3 vi 980 ||
1
(i)
sC
5 × 105 vs
vi = = 0.99 vs then
505 × 103
106
ωH = = 10,204
980 × 0.1
10204
fH = = 1624 Hz
2π
fbw = Av(mid) × f H = 19.404 × 1624 = 31,512
(b) RL = 10 kΩ, Ro || RL = 10 k || 50 k = 8333 Ω
106
ωH = , f H = 190 Hz
833.3
fbw = 165 × 190 = 31,350
1.48
1 − vi g m RL
vo = – gm vi RL || =
sCL 1 + sRL C2
− vi g m
= (1)
C2 ( s + 1 RL C2 )
vs Ri vs Ri s
vi = = (2)
Rs + Ri + 1 sCi ( Rs + Ri ) [ s + 1 Ci ( Rs + Ri ) ]
23
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107
or fH = = 1.59 MHz
2π
1 1 100
ωL = = −6
= rad/s
C1 ( Rs + Ri ) 20 × 10 × 1500 3
100
fL = = 5.3 Hz
3 × 2π
For Av(mid)
Rs
+ +
Vs Ri vi g m vi Ro
– –
g m Ri · Ro
vo = – g m v i R o = – vs
Rs + Ri
Problem 1.48
VS 1 0 AC 10MV
RS 1 2 500
C1 2 3 20UF
RI 3 0 1K
G1 4 0 3 0 15M
RL 4 0 10K
C2 4 0 10PF
. AC DEC 100 1 10 MEG
. PRINT AC VM(4)
. PROBE
. END
24
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+ + +
vs vi Ri g m vi Ro RL vo
– – –
+ + +
vs Ri vi Ci g m vi Ro Co RL vo
– – –
1
vo = – gm vi Ro || RL ||
sCo
5 × 103 vi
= – 15 × 103
1 + 5 × 103 × 10 × 10− 12 s
− 75 vi
=
1 + 5 × 10− 8 s
( R1 ||1 sCi ) vs
vi =
Rs + Ri ||1 sCi
Ri vs
=
Ri + Rs + sRi Rs Ci
25 × 103 vs
=
25 × 103 + 103 + s × 25 × 103 × 103 × 20 × 10− 12
25
© 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
− 75 × 25
=
26 (1 + 5 × 10 −8
s ) (1 + 5 × 10− 7 s 26)
1
fH = = 3.18 MHz
2π × 5 × 10− 8
− 75 × 25
Av(mid) = = – 72.1
26
Problem 1.49
VS 1 0 AC 10MV
RS 1 2 1K
C1 2 3 10UF
RI 3 0 25K
G1 4 0 3 0 15M
RL 4 0 10K
R0 4 0 10K
C0 4 0 10PF
. AC DEC 100 1 10MEG
. PRINT AC VM(4)
. PROBE
. END
1.50
1V 1V R1
Rm = = = 10 kΩ
I m 100 µA
+
10 k × 400 400 V +
– Rm 1V
= 1 V, R1 = 10 k (400 – 1) = 3990 kΩ
R 1 + 10 k
Take R1 ≃ 4 MΩ ± 1%.
1.51
R1
6V
RL = = 1.2 Ω
5A +
+ RL
1.2 × 24 1.2 × 24 24 V –
= 6 V, R1 = – 1.2 = 3.6 Ω
R1 + 1.2 6
Take R1 = 3.6 Ω ± 5%.
26
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41.667 × 120
= R1 + 41.667, R1 = 58.334 Ω
50
Take R ≃ 62 Ω ± 5%.
1.53
Io = 1 mA R
Vs –t/τ
i(t) = e
R
Vs 24 V C
Vs 24
= = 1 mA, R = 24 kΩ ± 5%
R R
1.54
VO 400
| Av | = = = 80, Q = 60°
VI 5
27
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