Chapter 1 Functions 1

Section 1.1

1. {x | 0 ≤ x < 6} 2.
{x | x ≤ 2}

For (2, 3) and (4, –1), the slope is For (2, –1) and (2, 5), the slope is
3. 4. 5 −( −1)
−1 − 3 = −4 = −2 = 5 +1
undefined
4−2 2 2−2 0

5. Since y = 3x – 4 is in slope-intercept form, 6. The equation y = 4 is the equation of the horizontal line
m = 3 and the y-intercept is (0, –4). Using the slope through all points with y-coordinate 4. Thus, m = 0 and
m = 3, we see that the point 1 unit to the right and 3 the y-intercept is (0, 4).
units up is also on the line.

7. The equation x = 4 is the equation of the vertical line 8. First, solve for y:
through all points with x-coordinate 4. Thus, m is not 2x − 3y = 12
defined and there is no y-intercept. −3 y = −2 x + 12
=y 2 x−4
3
Therefore, m = 23 and the y-intercept is (0, –4).

9. y − (−2 ) = 5[x − (−1)] 10. y = –4

y + 2 = 5x + 5
y = 5x + 3
 Chapter 1 Functions 2

11. x = 1.5 12. First, find the slope.

−1 − 3 −4
m= = = −2
7−5 2
Then use the point-slope formula with this slope and
the point (5, 3).
y − 3 = −2(x − 5)
y − 3 = −2x +10
y = −2x +13
13. Low demand: [0, 8);
Average demand: [8, 20);
High demand: [20, 40);
Critical demand: [40, ∞)

14. a. To find the linear equation, first find the slope 15. a. Price = $50,000; useful lifetime = 20 years;
of the line containing these points. scrap value = $6000
14 − 6 8 V = 50,000 −  50,000−6000  t 0 ≤ t ≤ 20
m= = =4  20 
3 −1 2
Next, use the point-slope form with the point = 50,000 − 2200t 0 ≤ t ≤ 20
(1, 6):
y − y1 = m (x − x1 )
y − 6 = 4 (x − 1)
y − 6 = 4x − 4
y = 4x + 2
b. To find the profit at the end of 2 years, substitute b. Substitute t = 5 into the equation.
2 into the equation y = 4x + 2. V = 50,000 − 2200t
y = 4(2) + 2 = $10 million = 50,000 − 2200(5)
= 50,000 −11,000 = $39, 000

c. The profit at the end of 5 years is c.

y = 4(5) + 2 = $22 million.

on [0, 20] by [0, 50,000]

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 Chapter 1 Functions 3

Section 1.2

( 2 ⋅2 ) =( 2 ⋅2 ) =( 2 )
−3
( )−3 = 23 = 8
2 1 2 3 2
2 2
=26 =64 1
1. 2.   = 2 −1
2

( 25 ) = 53 = 125
3
3. 251 2 = 25 = 5 4. 25
32
=

(125 )  ( 53=)
2 1 1 1 1
27 =   4 −3 2 =
2/3 2
5. 27= 9 6. = = =
125  ( 4)
3 32 3
25 4 23 8

( x ⋅x ) = ( x ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3 3
2 2 5 2  z 2 z⋅z 2
= x10 z  =  z 2 z3 2 z  = z 2 ⋅z6 ⋅z
3 2 3
7. 8.
   
= ( ) 9 3
z= z 27

9. (ww2 )3 (w3 )3 w9
= 4 = 4 = w5 10. (5=
xy ) 4 2
25 x 2 y8 y 5
=
w3 w w w
25 x3 y 3 25 x3 y 3 x

11. Average body thickness 12.

0.6
C′ = x C
= 0.4(hip-to-shoulder length)3/ 2 0 .6
= 4 C ≈ 2.3C
= 0.4(16)3/ 2
To quadruple the capacity costs about 2.3 times
( )
3
= 0.4 16 as much.
≈ 25.6 ft

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 Chapter 1 Functions 4

Section 1.3
1. Yes 2. No 3. Domain = {x | x ≤ 0 or x ≥ 1}, Range = {y | y ≥ –1}

4. a. f ( x) = x − 1 5. a. 1
h( z ) =
f (10) = 10 − 1 = 9 = 3 z+4
1
h(−5) = = −1
−5+4
b. Domain = {x | x ≥ 1} since f (x ) = x − 1 is b. Domain ={z | z ≠ –4} since h( z ) = 1
is
defined for all values of x ≥ 1. z+4
defined for all values of z except z = –4.
6. a. h(x ) = x 1 4 7.
h (81) = 81
14
= 4 81 = 3

b. Domain = {x | x ≥ 0} since h (x ) = x 1 4 is
defined only for nonnegative values of x.
8. 9.

10. 11. x2 − 6 x − 7 = 0
(x − 7)( x + 1) = 0
Equals 0 Equals 0
at x = 7 at x = −1
x = 7, x = −1

12. x 2 + 2x = 15 13. 2 x 2 + 40 = 18x

2
x + 2x − 15 = 0 2 x 2 −18 x + 40 = 0
(x + 5)(x − 3) = 0 x 2 − 9 x + 20 = 0
Equals 0 Equals 0 ( x − 4 )(x − 5) = 0
at x = −5 at x = 3
Equals 0 Equals 0
x = −5, x = 3 at x = 4 at x = 5
x = 4, x = 5

14. 5 x 2 − 50 x = 0 15. Let x = the number of board feet of

x 2 − 10 x = 0 wood.
x ( x − 10 ) = 0 C(x) = 4x + 20
Equals 0 Equals 0
=
at x 0=
at x 10
=x 0,= x 10

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 Chapter 1 Functions 5

16. a. To find the break-even points, set C(x) equal to

R(x) and solve the resulting equation.
C(x) = R(x)
100x + 3200 = –2x2 + 300x
2x2 – 200x + 3200 = 0
Use the quadratic formula with a = 2, b = –200,
and
c = 3200.
200 ± (−200) 2 − 4(2)(3200)
x=
2(2)
200 ± 14,400 200 ± 120
= =
4 4
320 80
x= or x =
4 4
x = 80 or x = 20
The store will break even when it sells either
20 exercise machines or 80 exercise machines.

b.
To find the number of exercise machines that
maximizes profit, first find the profit function,
P(x) = R(x) – C(x).
( )
P(x ) = −2 x 2 + 300 x − (100 x + 3200 )

= −2 x 2+ 200 x − 3200
Since this is a parabola that opens downward,
the maximum profit is found at the vertex.
−200 −200
x= = = 50
2(−2) −4
Thus, profit is maximized when 50 exercise
machines are sold per day. The maximum profit
is found by evaluating P(50).
P(50) = –2(50)2 + 200(50) – 3200 = $1800

Therefore, the maximum profit is $1800.

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 Chapter 1 Functions 6

Section 1.4

1. a. x2 2. a. g(x ) = x + 2
f ( x) = g(−5) = (−5) + 2 = −3 = 3
x −1
(−1) 2 1
f (−1) = =−
−1−1 2
b. Domain = {x | x ≠ 1} b. Domain = all real numbers

x 5 + 2x 4 − 3x 3 = 0 3
2 x +18x = 12x
2

( )
3. 4. 3 2
3 2
x x + 2x − 3 = 0 2x − 12x +18x = 0
x 3 (x + 3)(x − 1) = 0
2
(
2x x − 6x + 9 = 0 )
2x (x − 3) = 0
Equals 0 Equals 0 Equals 0 2
at x = 0 at x = −3 at x = 1 Equals 0 Equals 0
x = 0, x = −3,and x = 1 at x = 0 at x = 3
x = 0 and x = 3

5. 6.

f (g(x )) = [g(x )] = (7 x − 1)
7. a. 5 5 8. a. 1 1
f ( g ( x)) = = 2
g ( x) x + 1
b. ( 5 )− 1 = 7 x5 −1
g( f (x )) = 7[f (x )]− 1 = 7 x b. 2
1
g ( f ( x)) = [ f ( x)]2 + 1 =   + 1
 x

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 Chapter 1 Functions 7

9. a. For x = 3000, use ƒ(x) = 0.10x.

f (x ) = 0.10 x
f (3000) = 0.10(3000) = $300
b. For x = 5000,
use ƒ(x) = 0.10x.
f ( x ) = 0.10 x
=f ( 5000 ) 0.10(5000)
= $500
c. For x = 10,000,
use ƒ(x) = 500 + 0.30(x – 5000).
f (x ) = 500 + 0.30(x − 5000)
f (10, 000) = 500 + 0.30(10,000 − 5000)
= 500 + 0.30(5000)
= $2000
d.

10. First find the composition R(v(t)).

R(v (t )) = 2[v(t)]
0.3

= 2(60 + 3t )
0.3

Then find R(v(10)).

R(v(10)) = 2(60 + 3(10))0.3 = 2(90)0.3
≈ $7.714 million

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 Chapter 1 Functions 8

Section 1.5

1. 2.

To find the value, evaluate P(1 + r ) when

n mt
To find the value, evaluate P 1 + r 
3. a. 4.
P = 1000, r = 0.10 and t = 8:  m
= P (1 + r )
n
Value when P = 5810, r = 0.08, m = 4 and t = 65:
mt
= 1000 (1 + 0.10 ) = P 1 + r 
8
Value
 m
= 1000 (1.10 )
8
4(65)

≈ $2143.59 = 5810 1 + 0.08 

 4 
= 5810(1.02) 260

≈ $1, 000,508.52
Yes, the trust fund will be worth
$1,000,508.52.

mt
To find the value, evaluate P 1 + r 
b.
 m
when P = 1000, r = 0.10 and t = 8:
mt
= P 1 + r 
Value
 m
4(8)
= 1000 1 + 0.10 
 4 
= 1000(1.025)32
≈ $2203.76
c. To find the value, evaluate Pe rt when
P = 1000, r = 0.10 and t = 8:
Value = Pe r t
= 1000e0.10(8)
≈ $2225.54

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 Chapter 1 Functions 9

5. To find the value, evaluate Pe rt when 6. To find the value, evaluate Pe rt when
P = 560, r = 0.058 and t = 10: P = 2000, r = 0.055 and t = 8:
Value = Pe r t Value = Pe r t
= 560e0.058(10) = 2000e0.055(8)
≈ $1000.18 ≈ $3105.41
Yes, the bond will reach its “par” value of $1000 in
ten years.
7. a. 8. Since 2020 is 20 years afer the year 2000, the
To find the amount, evaluate P(1 + r ) when population of the world will be 5.89e0.0175x
n
evaluated at x = 20.
P = 20,000, r = –0.035 and t = 4:
5.89e0.0175x = 5.89e0.0175(20) ≈ 8.36 billion
= P (1 + r )
t
Value
= 20, 000 (1 − 0.35 )
4

= 20, 000 ( 0.65 )

4

≈ $3570 (rounded)

To find the amount, evaluate P(1 + r ) when

b. n

P = 20,000, r = –0.035 and

t = 0.5 (6 months):
= P (1 + r )
t
Value
= 20, 000 (1 − 0.35 )
0.5

= 20, 000 ( 0.65 )

0.5

≈ $16,125 (rounded)
100(25)
9. a. P(25) = 1− (0.9997) ≈ 0.53 10. a. After 15 minutes, t = 15
60
= 0.25 and
The probability meltdown within 25 years is T (0.25) = 70 + 130e −1.8( 0.25 )
approximately 53%.
≈ 153 degrees
b. P(40 ) = 1− (0.9997)100( 40) ≈ 0.70 b.
After 30 minutes, t =
30
0.5 and
The probability meltdown within 40 years is 60
approximately 70%. T (0.5) = 70 + 130e −1.8( 0.5 ) ≈ 123 degrees

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 Chapter 1 Functions 10

Section 1.6

1. a. 5
log 100,000 = 5, since 10 = 100, 000 2. a. ln e5 = 5 (Property 3)
b. 1 1 b. 1 1
log = −2 , since 10 − 2 = ln = −1 , since e −1 =
100 100 e e
c. log 10 = 1
2
, since 101 2 = 10 c. ln 3 e = 1
3
, since e1 3 = 3 e
3. a. log 4 16 = 2 , since 4 = 16
2
4. f (x ) = ln(9x ) − ln9
= ln 9 + ln x − ln9
= ln x
b. log 4 1
4
= −1 , since 4 −1 = 1
4

c. log 4 2 = 1
2
, since 41 2 = 4 = 2
5. f ( x ) = ln ( 4x ) + ln 4 6. f ( x ) = ln (e 5 x ) − 2 x − ln1
= ln x − ln 4 + ln 4 = 5x − 2 x − 0
= ln x = 3x
7. a. Let P represent the original value of the 8. Let P represent the original value of the
car. Then 0.5P represents half its original car. Then 2 P represents two-thirds its
3
value. Use this fact and the formula, P(1
original value. Use this fact and the
+ r)t to write an equation
formula, P(1 + r)t, to write and solve an
P(1 − 0.30)t =0.5 P equation.
Solve the equation for t. P(1 − 0.15)t = 2
P
3
P(1 − 0.30)t =0.5 P
(0.85)t = 2
(0.70)t = 0.5 3

log(0.70)t = log(0.5)
log(0.85)t = log () 2
3

t log(0.70) = log(0.5) t log(0.85) = log ( ) 2

3

t=
log(0.5) log ( ) 2

log(0.70) t= 3

t ≈ 1.9 log(0.85)
t ≈ 2.5
The car will be worth half its original
The printing press will be worth two-
value in about 1.9 years.
thirds of its original value in about 2.5
years.
b. Let P represent the original value of the
car. Then 0.25P represents one-quarter its
original value. Solve the following
formula for t.
P(1 − 0.30)t =0.25 P
(0.70)t = 0.25
log(0.70)t = log(0.25)
t log(0.70) = log(0.25)
log(0.25)
t=
log(0.70)
t ≈ 3.9
The car will be worth one-quarter its
original value in about 3.9 years.

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 Chapter 1 Functions 11

9. The proportion of carbon-14 present after t 10. The proportion of potassium-40 remaining
−0.00054t
years is e −0.00012t . If the carbon used in the after t million years is e . If the
drawing contains 2.3% of its original carbon- skeleton contained 99.91% of its original
14 then potassium-40, then
e −0.00012 t = 0.023 e −0.00054 t = 0.9991
ln(e −0.00012 t ) = ln(0.023) ln e −0.00054 t = ln(0.9991)
−0.00012t = ln(0.023)
−0.00054t = ln(0.9991)
ln(0.023)
t= ln(0.9991)
−0.00012 = t ≈ 1.7
t ≈ 31, 400 −0.00054
The estimated age of the cave paintings is The estimated age of the skeleton
31,400 years. is 1.7 million years.

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