Jacklynn Pelowski

Annotated Work Cited

* Andrew Kahn and Chris Kirk, What It’s Like to Be Black in the Criminal Justice
System, Crime, 2015.
In this article by Andrew Kahn and Chris Kirk, tries to explain how there are
discriminations in the justice system going from arrest rates, bail amounts, sentence lengths, to
probation hearing outcomes, also even being searched on the side of a highway. Andrew Kahn
and Chris Kirk has experience of editing articles about politics. How they present the
information in the article was based on facts and court hearings and news around the word based
on racial discrimination, they believe the justice system has racial discrimination. This article is
like "Fourteen Examples of Racism in Criminal Justice System", these articles both have similar
points throughout the article. The difference is these articles have different court cases and have
different evidence to support in what they believe. Racial discrimination is all around and most
people think in a court room all is far, but most of the time it is not. It could be basined off
people being fat or skinny or male or female, but the biggest problem in the world is racial
discrimination.

*Bill Quigley, Fourteen Examples of Racism in Criminal Justice System, The blog, 2011
In fourteen examples of racism in criminal justice system, Bill Quigley explains how the
difference between white and black and court sentencing, prison, parole and freedom. For
example, according to Bill Quigley and NYPD claimed 85% of blacks and Latinos are stopped
and frisked while 8% of whites are stopped and frisked. Later in the article, Bill also claims poor
whites and people from other ethnicity are subjected to social control and how poor whites are
treated just as the same as poor blacks. Bill Quigley shows he believes the justice system does
use racial discrimination. Bill is a law professor and director for Law Clinic and Center for
Social Justice, he can see how racial discrimination is used in the justice system. This article has
a comparison with "Reducing Racial Disparities in the Criminal Justice System", by how any
race that is poor will get treated the same as blacks, Hispanic, or Latinos. The one thing that is
being contrast is in "Reducing Racial Disparities in the Criminal Justice System" which Leonard
covers police brutality. Most people on highways or main roads cutting through towns, you
would think police go for anyone in the wrong. Which is true, but as you see in the summary,
there is evidence showing a percent which is everywhere around the world but in big major
cities.

Bill Quigley, 18 Examples of Racism in The Criminal Legal System, 2016

Bill Quigley describes how many ways racial discrimination is used. Bill claims racism is
one of the biggest crimes in the criminal legal system. For example, court case Brown vs. Board
of Education in 1954, 100,000 Blacks were in prison. Now about 800,000 Blacks in jails and
prisons. Blacks are 6 times likely to get incarcerated as white and Hispanic men are 2.3 times as
likely, according to the sentencing project. Some of the areas Bill Covers is Juvenile arrests, pre-
trail release, prosecution charges, sentencing to life without parole, and many more. As Bill
Quigley is a law professor and director for Law Clinic and Center for Social Justice, He has done
many articles about racial discrimination in the community. "The hurtful racial truth about
criminal justice in the US" by Steven B., this article by Bill Q. both talk about police brutality,
the difference in the article by Steven B. he talks about different events and strikes that happened
and being condemned. As you can see by the estimate of the number of blacks that went to jail
have risen tremendously. Still to this day, the amount of blacks that are in jail compared to other
races are still high.

Breaking Brown, 9 Racial Discrimination Cases from Last Month That Prove We Don’t Live in a
Post-Racial America,

David Isaac, Race inequalities in the criminal justice system, 2016

The Lammy Review, is an investigation of ethnic minorities treatment in the criminal
justice in England and Wales. Lammy review is place because everyone in the system like court,
prison, and rehabilitations is treated equal. Theresa May (a prime minister), she explained
different experiences of Black and White people in general population and the criminal justice
system. She also makes the point of how different races are affected in the work places and
education. Theresa fulfilled effectiveness of the aggravated offence and enhanced sentencing
provisions for hate crimes. For the police forces is to use monitoring, training and scrutiny to
ensure stop and search is used lawfully and in a non-discriminating way. David Isaac is the chair
of Equality and Human Rights Commission, which they protect rights to fairness, dignity and
respect. The similarly between "18 Examples of Racism in The Criminal Legal System" and this
article by David Isaac, are how many of the scenarios that Bill Quigley made then Theresa
explained in a speech. The difference about the two articles are how Bill describes his evidence
with a court case and David used Theresa speech. Depending on how interested and passionate
anyone is about racial discrimination, people can even see it across the world.
Eliott C. McLaughlin, what we know about Michael Brown's shooting, 2014
Friends Committee on National Legislation, “Law and Order”: Militarism, Racism, and
the Criminal Justice System, 2017
Friends Committee on National Legislation (FCNL) brings a case up of Michael Brown.
Michael was an unarmed black teenager that was killed by police. Which brings up the main idea
of the article, which how police department is receiving free surplus of military equipment. But
Congress is pushing back, Senate Rand Paul has introduced bipartisan legislation to stop weapon
transfers. Also, how Democrats and Republicans are cracking down on racism and militarism
permeate the entire justice system to police departments and courtrooms, jails and prisons.
Friends Committee on National Legislation is an organization that works for social, economic
justice, peace, and good government in the United States. They help fight against racial
discrimination to make everyone equal. In "THE MYTH OF A RACIST CRIMINAL JUSTICE
SYSTEM" by: William W., he describes how unfair sentencing for court cases and in this article
Friends Committee on National Legislation how Michael Brown was wrongfully accused and
had an unfair trail. The different is they go in to separate depths of different categories. There has
been multiple cases and new stories on racial discrimination and there are a lot of people with the
movement or against it.
 *Leonard Noisette, Reducing Racial Disparities in the Criminal Justice System,
Constitutional rights foundation, 2000
In this article, Leonard Noisette describes how most crimes happen when people are poor
but when people either white or black or Latino all get different sentencings even if it was the
same crime, some might even face prison time. Leonard focuses on is police brutality. Rodney
King (a black man), who was one of the many people who had a court case of police brutality.
Another part he talks about in his article is how most people believe blacks or Hispanic or
Latinos will end up in prison if not one or more times. Leonard Noisette is the director of the
Justice Team for U.S. Programs at the Open Society Foundations. Leonard tries to eliminate
harsh punishment and promotes system accountability. Which in the article "What It’s Like to Be
Black in the Criminal Justice System." They both cover how different races get a different court
sentence even if it is for the same crime. The difference in both articles is in Andrew Kahn and
Chris Kirk article "What It’s Like to Be Black in the Criminal Justice System", They present
their evidence in different charts and diagrams. While Leonard Noisette explains his as how he
sees it in his job and court cases. Everyone has watched court cases like Judge Judy or Judge
Alex on television, but everyone cannot see what happens in a court rooms without cameras. It
happens in many cases that you follow up on the news.
The American Civil Liberties Union, Should Racial Profiling Be Accepted as a Law
Enforcement Practice?, 2008
Ronald Weitzer, Racial discrimination in the criminal justice system: Findings and
problems in the literature, Jounral of Criminal Justice, 1996
Raced-based conflict cases that goes into racial discrimination. This article covers certain
social contexts but also discrimination is less extensive than what is anticipated by contact
theory. Ronald is a criminologist, which he investigated police- minority industry. Ronald does
see racial discrimination happening. In Friends Committee on National Legislation, “Law and
Order”: Militarism, Racism, and the Criminal Justice System, they describe a case of police
brutality being used. These articles have a similar tone and hidden point being made but the
difference is they use different topics and made it into one big comparison. This article can show
what different theories people use and how racial discrimination is being used under those
theories. You can find more discrimination in the southern states of America, where it is more
common in public.
Ryan Cooper, how do you fight racism in the criminal justice system? With brute-force
economic policy, The Week, 2018
This article explains how different races and if their classified as wealthy or poor how
much worse their punishment would be. They also explain if they wanted to reduce police
oppression with economic policy and how the best solution is to wrench down economic inequity
by boosting up all poor American regardless of race. This article also covers how one of the
biggest racial gaps is being imprisoned. Ryan Cooper is famous which could have a big influence
on the community. He has written for politics before and has a passion for politics. This article is
like the article from William Wilbanks, by how they classify whites and blacks and by class.
How judges can see that and use it against them. Everyone is judged on what class they fall
under in the government. If your poor they can easily create jail time doesn't matter if your black
or white or Hispanic.
 Shima Baughman, Christopher Robertson, and Sunita Sah, 3 professors have a radical
idea for how to remove bias from the criminal justice system, 2016
*Steven E. Barkan, The hurtful racial truth about criminal justice in the US, 2017
Steven Barkan claims how police, prosecutors, and judges are pulling over, arresting,
searching, less likely to drop or reduce a sentence, convict black defendants other than whites
and other races. Steven believes another practice of racial and ethnic discrimination, Black Lives
Matter Movement should be applauded, not condemned. Steven also believes athletes kneeing
during the national anthem should be commended for calling attention to racial injustice in the
criminal justice, rather than condemned for disrespect to our flag. Steven E. Barken is an
American socialist. Steven also has multiple books about criminal justice. As being an American
socialist Steven has done a lot of research depicting his point. "Race inequalities in the criminal
justice system" by David Isaac has some similarities to "The hurtful racial truth about criminal
justice in the US.", for instance how both authors talks and shows evidence about police brutality
and court rulings. The difference between them is how David uses his evidence off a speech, but
Steven uses his evidence and turns it into an argumentized article with two different opinions.
Now Steven left a question if kneeing during the National Athem should be condemned? Well
after reading the article, they should condemn kneeing during the Athem or Black Lives Matter
Movement should be left around.
William Wilbanks, THE MYTH OF A RACIST CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM,
Department of Criminal Justice Florida International University, 1987
In the article by William Wilbanks, he claims how the justice system fails to support of
no racial discrimination is being used in sentencing or in court. William also touch base on
imprisonment rates for black vs. Whites in racial segregation, in treatment programs, in prison
discipline and in the parole decision. Williams Wilbanks was a criminologist and professor
criminal justice at a university. He can see any racial discrimination in class or out on campus. In
Ryan Cooper, how do you fight racism in the criminal justice system? With brute-force economic
policy, they are similar by how they compare what class most people are in just to get out of a
ticket or a jail sentence or even prison. The difference is Ryan just covers class while William is
describing his proof and with visual charts. Even if we don’t see racial discrimination, does not
mean anyone could get discriminated or maybe they have, and no one knows.