BRITAIN FOR LEARNERS OF ENGLISContents Introduction 6 01 Country and people 8 Geographically speaking + Politically speaking + ‘The four nations » The dominance of England National loyalties 02 History 1s Prehistory + The Roman period (43-410) + “The Germanic invasions (410-1066) » The medieval period (1066-1458) + The sisteenth century + ‘The seventeenth century + The eighteenth century + “The nineteenth century + The twentieth century 03 Geography 2 Climate» Land and seulement» The enironment Sndpolion’s London’ Souchern England She biulandsofEngland » Northern Eofand = Seodand © Wales Norhem Idan 04 Identity 3 Ethnic identity: che four nations + Other ethnic identities - The family » Geographical identity » Class» Men and women + Social and everyday contacts + Religion and politics » Identity in Northern Ireland + Being British ~ Personal identity: ‘sense of humour 05 Attitudes 38 Stereotypes and change + English versus British + ‘A multicultural society » Conservatism - Being different + Love of nature - Love of animals Public-spiritedness and amateurism » Formalty and informality = Privacy and sex 06 Political life 6 “The public attitude to politics + The style of democracy » The constitution « The syle of politics « “The pargy system + The modem situation 07 The monarchy 20 ‘The appearance « The realty « The role ofthe monarch - The value ofthe monarchy + The furure of the monarchy 08 The government 85 “The cabinet + The Prime Minister » The civil service + Local government 09 Parliament 92 ‘The atmosphere of Parliament - An MPS life» Parliamentary business » The party system in Parliament » The House of Lords 10 Elections 99 ‘The system + Formal arrangements » The campaign + Polling day and election night » Recent results and the future - Modern issues 11 The law 107 ‘The police and the public » Crime and criminal procedure » The system ofjustice The legal profession 12 International relations 113 British people and the rest ofthe world + The British state and the rest ofthe world ~ Transatlantic relations - European relations + Relations inside Great Britain « Great Britain and Northern IrelandaqerousayO + 402, 61 Ay eat suojse230 jenuue NN + seURSUYD + shepyON apoW = Shepyoy apseas jeuonspes, suo1ses90 fepad pur sdepyoyy sure UL ZZ Rae eeeceono Er emeei) Mabry nego: top aod uonmeduio> pue uods 1z Seer yuup pur poog 0z oujgnd pur Ausdoxd azeaug + stey 20U ‘s9¢n0}} Sursnoy 61 SINILNOD id jenppau ayy. + 20uas yajeary jeuoneN auL Uey> PUR SIDIIDE [EDS + wNSK You9g ay ou STEIN JareM pue ay + |puum jpuuey> ay + sani9 pur sumon uannsag aiodsue1 29h son pur sues u)aiodsuen 29nd + peas ay UG 0 aaodsuezy Has wossuaa, » voReziiea0 wos + 388 24L = JePuRDs pu x98 said jeu ayo soasuaseiey> 241 + sonyod said jeuoneu ayo soasuarsesey> ay + sededswau jeuoneu jo sadQa ona ay + ssaid jevoney ayaje aouerodu! 24) ist eIpau ayy sunoy Buyuado doys Buiddoys :fouow Zurpuads ueuy auow Busn + ypjeare ayy AepAzana vn pu Aurouo3e ayy Ing + aj Joo4as + akg + saxeqap 2 ay Sou UrepoHY + punodBypeg je2uEsiH, oe uoneonpy suawiasow sno‘ pur ‘saypiny> ‘uoiSya1soy + seypuny> uepsty> JeuoNUIRLOD 2540 + uisHYo\RE + wsIUeD!-Buy soa en uoisieu6 Introduction Who this book is for This book is for learners of English who need to know more about Britain. Itis for all people who recognize that a knowledge of British life is necessary to improve their understanding of the English language. It will be especially useful for scudents on British Studies courses and those who are studying British culture as part of their general English course. How many times have you not fully understood a phrase in a British text and found chat the dictionary does not help? How many times have you understood every word that a British person has said but not understood what he or she meant? In any society, writers and speakers often leave some things unsaid or unexplained because they assume that their readers or listeners have the same background knowledge that they have. You may have reached a high level of proficiency in English, but find British people hard to understand because you lack this background knowledge. This book aims to fill the gap so that, when you encounter British writers and speakers, you will be in the same position as an averagely educated British person. Of course, itis impossible for you to put yourself in exactly the same position as natives of Britain, They have been sharing distinctly British experiences and influences ever since they were born, Therefore, this book also looks behind the details which e British person knows, so that you can get an insight into the British approach to life in general. In this respect, you have an advantage over many British people. You have knowledge and experience of another culture which you can compare with British culture and make your understanding of it sharper: What this book is about This book contains all the basic information you need about British institutions and everyday life Buc it has mote than that. Throughout this book, particular attention is paid to the attitudes of British people. Knowledge of these is very imporcant because they are whac ‘colour’ che language used by Brit word fh people. For example, to understand the holic’ as used in Britain, itis not enough to know its dictionary meaning; you also have to know something about the general place of religion in British people’s minds, the different religious groups in the country, their reputations, and senses of identity (see chapter 13). Because these matters are so important, there are two chapters devoted entirely to them: one about how British people feel about themselves (chapter 4) and one about their attitudes to certain aspects of life in general (chapter 5) After a shore introductory chapter, there are five long chapters (2-6) which set the historical, geographical, attitudinal, and political scene. Then there are five short chapters (7-11) on the various political and legal institutions, followed by a chapter (12) on the British relationship with the rest of the world. The remaining chapters (13-23) describe e, moving gradually from more ‘collective’ aspects, such as education all the other areas of British li and the economy, to more individual ones such as housing and food. But in all of these, attention is paid both to public structures and individual experience and habits, All the pieces of information in this book are included for one or both of two possible reasons. Some of th Union Jack form part of a British person's general kn n, for example the mention of the .ee page 14), are there because they dge. But others, for example the description of the pairing system in Parliament (see page 7: not so well-known. They ate there to serve as an illustration of a more general point.ajdoad 10 auauru19s08 Jaqpia 01 worsn|Te 2y1sads zmoyn suoneH S11 Jo a0 10 ureatsg 294219 02 s9JO4 02 ‘jpersUAB az0W posn st Annun0>, pros au. Jaa} a|doad asouys yor AxaUapt {go asuas aup uo st sno9y ay ways pue ajdoad ysiay 10 spay ‘ysmo>s “yst wont, prom ayy, Aatioyane feruawIusas08 jo aun e 01 Buuzzayar ways pasn stay Sunreaur peonmjod v sey, ates, plom ay, jqvaBueyproi pasn rou are Inq Suruvatu ur reps axe asayyy {uoNeE, pue AssuN0D, iq 01 BuLAAagON Udyas past st 2835, spzoas 9471 JaAUNODUD []}A4 MOA SJooq sp UT ASojourw93 uo a200 y Z NoUNGOULNT aur aures ays ae aBpayaouny ano Uuaptas te9 nod aw42 Os “YALA zOH 01 Nod 104 sax ENN sey YOodyioH ays ‘Are[nqer0a pur ayy Ysriag jo Buse9q snok areprjosuos nox djay 02 sas se [Jaa sy [HydIpy Az0n Yoo sitp sarEduI02> 2up puy [fs nok ‘sardey> yoea uy paquosap ayy ystuag Jo si>adse aya Sunapisuor pry yoo. pure Suidpnas own azour puads 03 245] pynoa\ no, yang suon: sojtaqie zayao pue Buypeas oypany 103 ing sgy ¥ Ajfensn pur “uorssnosrp pur ayBnoyp soypany areymumns o9 papuasut ‘wonsos suopsand & st a1aup sodeyp ype9 Jo pus ay ay {woIsnouoo aUAIaYEp Bae aatze ay8run ‘s12ey Jo 29s ures axe Burryoo] Hore: ratpoure rey aygissod sAeanpe star ng ‘sau apeus ancy ureatag uo sioxestraure0> rarpi0 ‘sas Ur pur ~ Apysyj apeur u99q 20u axey ssuausU09 yons ‘gsun09 JO ‘SIoky 94 Jo UoREIaAdOxUN Ur AfuO S131 '338j aU St si. “Ureatg ut Aovand Jo aouraz0dun yp o: sigjar uayo yoog stip ‘g]durexa 204 984 Jo su. poquoss aq rome aoejd v jo sivadse aueriodu as0u au Jo awos ‘saxamopy 398} amuyap e SuMaB axe no ‘pueporg Jo aures uomed ays st asaupury "ag ey (11 aed uo) peas nod uayas ‘ajdurexo roy uorreuns0Ur Jo spupy auasayp are axoup rey Joqurauar ‘pear nod 5 Weaug axai Jo aptas Burmoy[oy ay Aq poweorpury x01 urew aq U yeuazew axa sx 02 saya 07 UOReNAUE Ue Puy sa NHOUOS [a0 NOX (219 ‘saxaa‘sormaatd ‘sajqea) sw1a0j snoiea U1 paauasaid St pry ‘aaaqnasya pure suiRaeur ayp ut earew ‘ena snjd axoa ure v st axoyp ‘soadeyp yes UT yoog siya Susy nod aeqa sBunp ayp are asoyy atouy, ajdoad ysnusg 4 AUP UO ‘S} 24 ‘9Bpa|souy asxpeID0Us asour 3p si erp ayes apaynouy wou» uo siseyduue 24p tau Suan URetsg sayeU Ys Yo soreNuaaID 300g Si “Se_NUMOS saxo YBLA sonspaseREYp AuELL sarys urenag “epsedopdous ue you st 300q SHQ l Country and people The origin ofthe adjective great’ in the name Great Britain was not a piece of advertising (although modern politicians sometimes try to use irthat wayl). twas first used to distinguish it from the smaller area in France which is called "Brittany’ in modern English England Olympics richer Rugby union Football This is a book about Britain. Buc what exactly is Britain? And who are the British? The table below illustrates the problem. You might think that, in international sport, the situ one team. But you can see that this jon would be simple ~ one country, s definitely not the case with Britain. For each of the four sports or sporting events listed in the table, there are a differen number of national teams which might be described as British’. This chapter describes how this situation has come about and explains the many names that are used when people talk about Britain. Geographically speaking Lying off the north-west coast of Europe, there are two large islands and hundreds of much smaller ones. The largest island is called Great Britain ‘The other large one is called Ireland ( relang). There is no agreement about what to call all of them together (Lookin ). Politically speaking In this geographical area there are two states. One of these govei most of the island of Ireland. This state is usually called The Republic of Ireland. Itis also called ‘Bire’ (its Irish language name). Informally, it is referred to as just ‘Ireland’ or ‘the Republic ‘The other state has authority over the rest of the area (the whole of Great Britain, the north-eastern area of Ireland and most of the smaller islands). This is the country that is the main subject of this book. Its official name is The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, but this is too long for practical purposes, so itis usually known by a shorter name. At the Eurovision Song Contest, at the United Nations and in the European parliament, for instance, itis referred to as ‘the United Kingdom’. In everyday speech, this is often Wales Scotland Norther ireland Republic of Irelandauawusoso8 ysnug a4p Aq panujodde souranor wueusinan, 14g ayn, ave og “uiaashs es uno'Sy pure UaUreILed uO ‘1 Suypnpur usuuano8.as eureauanajdusoa sey ype: Sin ap jo.ued Aijerayjo rou re sa; uapuadap uous, ae y>iyea ‘wey 40 9124p pu spurs] uuey> ayn are asay siuauiaBuese jeaniod jpods ‘ancy yoiyie seus ayp uo eave aigjo sued |youss oma axe aaa asne2aq e>niod 2151 puy “spurs seuss 242 je se10ui a asne2aq Ayeaydesood tpaiio9 204 s| 3281409 Apu ous! sn uasa ang “pues pur ureiug 38919, 3 uasasd 38 uum voulwso> 150u 34h, paadoooe Appin go 2u0U ang 59/51 a4, Adis UE (cauepy yuion a4 jo spurs) NO}, \o8ejadiypue ueadoung wsem-\uuou au, “oBepdyare 1io2aq sey 2504 >auppyase9-4uiow ay, ave pasn upoq aney yoy saureu ip uowry espurs| 25043 e244 UeD IBY OF ureaug Aq pareunsiop Ayearijod ‘5 pubyauy vay aun ays puss (01 se 1 5ne99q pazepana se ure sia prea ureaig ul ajdoad wos pue puejay u >|doad asous ang :$9)8 YsAug 24, P>ye9 ‘Ayesous8 axay fous ‘sauraua> ‘yaoi pu qauaasousu aye Sung "ways soy suse (afBuis) © '3q pinom asaya usa inom noA (5 seysaen Buojaq spueysisoeus asoua jie pue purjan “ueaug 15 3ey) 189} 511) Bupyeads ‘Aye2yydeifoan "ede sonyjod pur ‘hydesBoa8 doay 01 Ase9 100 5) 6 ONDIVdS ATIVOUION gent Ps ‘aNVTONa saivay NYT NUAHDION (rua) CNV NIVIRIG Lea JO ena CNVTTULIO WOGDNDY CELINA sayy Oriana feos, ora GNVERUE ‘NUHLDION igus aNvi1L09s ( ) .ystg, st 590 axp yawn op oa Suryzowuos anoge Bure uy ‘oatnoofpe Aepduaaa yeursou ayy ‘pasn st ,urang, awe 24p euOgUT 0 jeux40y AqTeIsadso a0U steep Bungeads pue Sunt Ul oweU sii Jo asn axp jo ajdurexa sotpoue st sayeup 3ueq [eUOHvUIaDUT ur (spunog Ureatig 2215) qqD, uoMEUAIQAe aK SoUTD axdwAIO 91p 3e umnnsos axp oruo sdaxs 1ouuL epaur e Uay sey Nox aUTEW Ep St ‘a]durexa 10} ‘sty, Jureaag 1235, se 02 pazaayas Star ‘saxa1EO> 3940 U] 2h", SHIT sassasppe [rewla pue ieuAUT UF PUL YP) ay, O2 pauar0Ys10 COUNTRY AND PEOPLE Albion isa ward used by poets land songwriters to refer, in different contexts, to England or to Scotland or to Great Britain as Aa whole. Iecomes from a Celtic word and was an early Greek and Roman name for Grea Britain. The Romans associated Great Britain with the Latin word white, The white und Dover on the English sou first land formations one sights i coast are the when crossing the sea from European mainland, Britannia is the name that the Romans gave to their southern British province (which covered, approximately, the area of present-day England and Wales). Ieis also the name given to the female embodiment of Britain always shown wearing a helmet and holding a eident (che symbol of power over the sea), hence the patriotic song which begins ‘Rule Britannia, Britannia rule the waves’ The figure of Britannia has been on the reverse side of many British coins for more than 300 years. The four nations People often refer to Britain by another nam They call it England’. But this is not correct, and its use can make some people angry. England is only one of ‘the four nations’ in this part of the world. The others ate Scotland, Wales, and Ireland. Their political unification was a gradual process that took several hundred years (see chapter 2). [e was completed in 1800 when the Irish parliament was joined with the parliament for England, Scotland, and Wales in Westminster, so that the whole area became a single state - the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. However, in 1922, most of Ireland became a separate state (see chapter 12). ‘At one time, culture and lifestyle varied enormously across the four nations. The dominant culture of people in Ireland, Wales and Highland Scotland was Celtic; that of people in England and. Lowland Scotland was Germanic. This difference was reflected in the languages they spoke. People in the Celtic areas spoke Celtic languages; people in the Germanic areas spoke Germanic dialects (including the one which has developed into modern English). The nations also tended to have different economic, social, and legal systems, and they were independent of each other Briton is a word used in offical and in writing to describe a citizen ofthe United kingdom, ‘Ancient Britons’ is the name given co the people who lived in southern Britain before and during the Roman occupation (AD 43-410). Their heirs are thought to be the Welsh and their language has developed ico the modern Welsh language. Caledonia, Cambria and Hibernia vere the Roman names for Scotland, Wales and Ireland respectively, The words are commonly used today in scholarly Classifications (For example, the type of English used in Ireland is sometimes called ‘Hiberno- English’ and there is a division (of geological time known as the Cambrian period’) and for the names of organizations (for example, ‘Glasgow Caledonian University) Erin is a poetic name for Ireland. “The Emerald Isle is another way of referring to Ireland, evoking the lush g ery ofits countryside John Bul (see below) is 2fctional ed to personify n English vires. ‘character who is Sup Englishness and c He can be compared to Uncle Sam in the USA.) He appears in hundreds of rineteenth century cartoons. Today, Somebody dressed as him often appears at football or rugby matches when England are playing. His appearance is typical of an eighteenth century country gentleman, tevoling an idyllic ruralsoununos asoip us moweyag Jo spy weLs39 0 pay; nyea aya 9005 aus azeoypur foun ‘sapeyasaroy saununo> asaya wou 9}doad enpuypul so suondunsap aiqeias ou pur ssungeaise> Aue ‘9s jo ae a5ay -Gnqe Bu paumouel 218 ysjana ppue 119g 40y uoneandas e aney 3025 243 510983 e018 9g 62 posoddns ae gst aya “a2ue3su 104 “Ue Ut umOLD | oly saivereyp jeuoney jo sadaoarais wes ave 04) (ay Aephaana uy wom sana Ayprey 5138 yBnov) ssauysi205 Jo joquiss unous, jv Ktan vende yn anys © 54 94 sanop, unnsuy puns ue> 21*( yeu, 9) jean aun ws pase ‘41 Aploads9 pue “puduy &10u 51 soureu 25012 0 200 Buisn uossed yagt ABEL, 10 JC, 58 LaLS|PN ue 221,10 Ped, payed are uaunjsi| ‘9p, se passauppe pur uni souunawos ave uot dong ‘sourseur 204 “uo Ys ue ysaaong‘ysu 1 seueuR>IU ‘sie are aayp sauaune> uno raya 2p sing “urerug anoyfinouyn ap aBooupye ues, sus yeu pur ue), st yo, Jo ysm0ns ayy ‘usu 30) soureu sig yas, st puejoas pur puejiug ipeq ut swewins ulduo Usama ‘aod ‘ueBiony Uvowue> sou) 94 asaffns (sweyjeaa auof ‘sien ‘3jdurexs 23) yuu ssuueuuns jo usquinu 3 51 (1040,0 ‘H219,0 yaad a4 “ysulso ys (prevoare ‘ayverey 5e 42M) 2W, 10 2eW, 3 soureuns aipyo ows 10 avo yas aydoad yang ha pareposse osje are Bumoyioy 24. suoneu auas9yyp aup jo sutvan suods fa wom Apeoid aj ayn ang Sued ip 20S 5 a1 ‘uso 360434 yPuoneu [eos 24951 youyin on se ajdond ysiagy Zuoure Ua arew 21 saquanon oF wrni —— wdver Aap saues ypumegas ——marpuy'ag——pareg.ag 980025 sues waneg spoueys psp poweP/e9) so wea jemand} auedwey von ss019 soi sapejempe> #019 sypuned 25 swaspuy 3g youeBeiq —_sa8ioan ag fey pup pusposs sem puedo niods puoneusaiut jo spupj Aureus ur surva arereda ancy daup Aya st rey “AiBuons A294 Auapr stay [99y aydoad yt pur ysmoog ‘Ysjag\ ‘Taoar0py “WopSury parrup ayp jo sured sno3 aya ur (dqauazayip saummauios pur) djareredas paztueBio axe auaurusaao® jo s19ad e Auvuu ‘oat Aaya Ureatag Ur az9ym Jo ssafp4eBa1 auodssed aures aya sia8 Apoqdioaa pu ‘urertag Jo aJoy"n 94 105 quaUTULIaAO8 suo ATUO st aray YBnoYpTY ‘Pareaddesip Aqorajdu10> rou asey, ‘aq ang “pasmyg auoraq aavy saauasayIp asaya ‘epod,12 COUNTRY AND PEOPLE The dominance of England a ‘There is, perhaps, an excuse for the people who use the word England’ when they mean ‘Britain’. It cannot be denied chat the dominant culture of Britain today is specifically English. The system of politics that is used in all four nations today is of English origin, and English is the main language of all four nations. Many aspects of everyday life are or nized according to English custom and practice. But the politica unification of Britain was not achieved by ‘mutual agreement. On the contrary, it happened because England was able to assert her economic and military power over the other thr nations (see chapter 2). Today, Er : various aspects of British public life are described. For example, the ish domination can be detected in the way in which supply of money in Britain is controlled by the Bank of Englan« (chere is no such thir as a ‘Bank of Britain’), Another example is the name of the present monarch. She is universally known as ‘Blizabeth IP, even though Scotland and Northern Ireland have never had an ‘Elizabeth P. (Elizabeth I of England and Wales ruled “These figures are estimates from 1553 to 1603). The common use of the term ‘Anglo’ is a provided by the Office for National Statistics (England and UK Total further indication. (The Angles were a Germanic tribe who settled in England in the fifth century. The word ‘England Wales), the General Register Office is derived for Scotland and the Northern from their name.) When newspapers and the television news talk Ireland Seatsties and Research about ‘Anglo-American relations, they are talking about relations “Agency. n the twenty-first century, between the governments of Britain and the USA (and not just the taal population of Bri England and the USA). has risen by about a quarter ofa milion each year. In addition, there is a tendency in the names of publications and organizations to portray England as the norm and other parts of Britain as special cases, Thus there is a specialist newspaper called smblem oF both and ireland. Bagpipes “The harp isan are regarded as distinctively Scottish, although a smaller ype is also used in traditional Irish music (Right) A harp. (Far right) A Scottish bagpipe.SBuiuey> ave ureaug jo afdoad ay yfiy dias os 6: vonesBuua ‘25 Jo 0p uy psy 9594249 Jo alos ae a “991049 ‘oun awes ayn ay Wared wiog-l8i9404 240 3589] 18 09 U0 se Pa1aYoOaray anoge saLoBaxe9 ap pu ,zdno18 2U4p9 NOK aye ueaug us wiog saiqeq if jo s11enb y sea Liana. way 2eyAA, SBMA AK JO-SnSUAD | 90z 24p UF sUORSanD aya jo-240, up ueyp ureiug 2 axes aidoad a1ou‘spg6L ay. sours Zunou yuom s| ureug so ajdoad ayp noge auiod saspouy ureaug ut auoy da 25 yh Abus oy aun sip 38 489)>20u 51 1yHamaMoy 'suRaM ggg Uys ZOU! UW UFEWUg or uoResBIUUH Jo ou den aus 50840) 24p quasaida1 “uoyju au puE VON} Eso susaienb aap uaansag parewnss ‘szaquanu 941. 2002-002 | sreaK aya ut (purjog Aieioadsa) adoung wierse9 wou uieag 02 ‘ue oyps 9jdoad ayp ie axe mous 20U SBop 32049 4p 384A / (ajdoad uous © 484 22%0 apn 2) sueaqgque> y2e}9 asa ureaug ut dno 2yu4R9 ajqezuBooas ‘paysiqeasa Jano ay 2jdoad oy oma wei ious da apeus Aaya saypaifoa ‘(eyo 949 u wysapejfueg PUP pe pax ywerspjed“uespul) wauauosqns ueipuy ayp ur ae stoos>1uAR> 2504 ajdoad 4q pauuoy sem Buldnou8 ype 2\geziuso>a1 easp aso] 243 19d (souoBaxe9 ueouyy Y>eI9 Pue YSU AIM 9B ‘ul soup jo anus Ay st auses agp ‘suoseas saypo pur asa4p 404) fayuninoo ajqeyauap! ajBuss ® wy you op Aa “ns01 B Sy “uleug us uapisey dyseiodun Ajuo azam uous pur seid Jo Aaien e wou 21am ajdoad asaya ang ‘24p0 any, sem AuoBaaes 208s] ay “sag aM, et Jayao Bunpauios se -savjasuiaya paylauap! ajdoad auiy w au0 anoge ‘995 uP> nod sy (issas : ) YN ayp Jo apoyas ayp dn ayeur 10U saop puepug rey paraquiouras 9g sheaye pnoys 31 1ng “( ) araya ant] ajdoad ysmuig asou ‘Te sa1yy ‘PurpBug Jo sarrepunog yeorydesBoa8 ays UIA aay] oss adoad ~ eau nox seq st req Jt ,purysug ut afdoad, anoge 2jfe2 02 Bor 30U ‘asan09 Jo ‘st a] “sUOAUE Puago or 4]9y1] $59] 24 That nod Aea st.y “ayeuoneU srayp aquasap o2 aanoalpe aya se qysinig, pue ant Aoup s1oyas anoge Bunjpea ways ures, asn 01 asayes 131 ureatag woxy ajdoad on Sunjpes are nok ways ‘ssapoqs9NaN, purSug yo aaed sea 31J1 98 ySmqurpg ayy sazeyd anoge yer pur peosge are Aayp ay sulioj uo AarfeuoneU, o1 axeU YSU, amam Say purpsug, pure urewig, waaauaq ysinSunstp 02 s2y209 2,u0p ajdoad yst sua Aorwus yey dea ayp ur paxoarap aq osfe ued pug Jo aoueURUOP aL sanpedo] feuoReN peossul .wopBury pa31un, 40 ,uyeaug 28215, 24m (yBnous ‘aiqeeiuBoras ou are eA, UE spuejions, 2%) NOK!) 40 ~ se paquasaad are urertag Jo sured asaya ‘ea siya uy ‘st skeme a1 S9(eA, ‘BIpIe), PUE pUERO>S P poe a fee T Se een pteonsnon aeppi] WIOTPION 10 puEpoDg ‘Saye O2 SuTerIad 31 way ‘aUEU SIF pumflug ‘ipre, 10 ,puefug uur pagioads rou uaayo st 3383 step “pueSur _s2upo, Surppouios on sureniad Surpawios unquip, 1) Buysse a9 ay ,ssaxBu0D VOUT SapeAL YsM09g, ¥ OsTe st a9ya Inq 204 op “ureaug ul soysowos 03 ssaa8uo-) uorug sapery, ay2 pale sf saadojduro 30] uoneztue8I0 sonia, 8 Burssouppe a1e nok uayy worun sapenL, ap Pay 1 7 yjanquan ay ‘Kprelnurg “(purpiors) suatayddng jruonesnpy sows jssouppe ve ye i aya pajfeo 31 Jo UoIsiaA v ose Inq ‘uawayddns ppuouPoNpg soway ay er SALEIWAOV NOUN14 COUNTRY AND “The Union lag, often known as the ‘Union Jack, isthe national flag of the UK. Iisa combination 1 crass of St. George, the cross of St. Andrew and the cross of St. Patrick, ‘There has been a long history of migration from Scotland, Wales and Ireland to England. As a result, there are millions of people who live in England but who would never describe themselves as English (or atleast not as only English). They may have lived in England all their lives, but as far as they are concerned they are Scottish or Welsh or Irish ~ even if, in che last case, they are citizens of Britain and not of Eire. These people support the country of thi parents or grandparents rather than England in sporting contests. They would also, given the chance, play for that country rather than England, The same often holds true for the furcher millions of British citizens whose family origins lie outside Britain or Ireland. People of Caribbean or south Asian descent, for instance, do not mind being described as, British’ (many are proud of it), but many of them would not like to be called ‘English’ (or, again, not only English). And whenever the West Indian, Indian, Pakistani or Bangladeshi cricket team plays against England, ic is usually not England that they support! There is, in fact, a complicated division of loyalties among many people in Britain, and especially in England. A black person whose family are from the Caribbean will passionately support the West Indies when they play cricket against England. But the same person is quite happy to support England just as passionately in a sport such as football, which the West Indies do not play. A person whose family are from Ireland but who has always lived in England would want Ireland to beat England at football but would want England to beat (for example) Italy just as much This crossover of loyalties can work the other way as well. English people do not regard che Scottish, the Welsh or the Irish as ‘foreigners’ (or, at least, not as the same kind of foreigner as other foreigners!). An English commentator of a sporting event in which a Scottish, Irish or Welsh team is playing against a team from elsewhere in the world tends to identify with that team as if it were English. QUESTIONS 1 Which of the names suggested in this chapter for the group of islands off the north-west coast of Europe do you think would be the best? Can you think of any others? 2 Is there the same kind of confusion of and disagreement about names in your country as there is in Britain and Ireland? How does this happen? 3. Think of the well-known symbols and tokens of nationality in your country. Are they the same types of real-life objects (e.g. plants and clothes) that are used in Britain? 4 In the British government, there are ministers with special responsibility for Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, but there is no minister for England. Why do you think this is?aBeuep woy a nasaid 01 yo paouay mou st) 'sdno8 vous ureu9o Aq waaasajeads us pipy oye tang un 40 duo 204313 ‘shop 204 soqveyn.a ays sApieH sewoy r sjnoujo saquinu 8 uy sieadde ue ‘uoreuidews yeoug 249 uo ye sey _ 11 u0se95 ays Hussed ap Supyeus s9}4u9199 40) spunig, Uoseuinseye paaiora sh ig Aq pen se21. nou am pUE pop fexwouonse yo pup ese Uonauny 01 read a 'asodind s 5 Oypouy (Sepa Ut Aeoe su (007 4890 wy 2403 sau 249 ne os) 2434p 30 ‘yp ne 3e apg 919 24 oy) 5 sauaash 9.40 240 liom aug us sas eoWojoveyose snousishu pur snowy 501 20 Be s1e9K DOE" PUE (00's uaamaaq awa suis ue Aanggjes uo ang sem aBuayauens spina] pure ‘se1eag ‘spreg Jo spo 242 ut Aepor santas aueU ASULL “Spinaq_ ay pajpe> aase> Apasonad-e pey A910s 21919 sey MoUy 24 ‘a]durexa 104 “UoISyox d11aR0s9 pu ws!o!IsAuy sprEaNor suoneurout yaias ajdoad auuos 10 aouezodurt persads e aney saoeyd yong *( ) aBuayauorg pure ‘adomg ut punow erang 3sa837] 20 [EH Aanqrig ‘sadurexa remserzads own seq ‘puryiug wraisam pimos ut ‘anrysaqtay Assume aya IMoYsnomp Is1x s yor jo suretr3s aya ‘pouiad siya go armazaanypre peauaumuow! Surystuoase 243 UF Ajpsea asour sn20j sat spuy asuas sty ~aaasAtu Jo asuas sit st porsod sjroasiyaad aya Jo aouvogruss Jory vy ‘Kepon ureatig uy a[doad 304 . soi 2899 Uf pasn aq 02 panuaU0> Jeatnze aroya aroyaq Buoy a]ENq waaq pey aya saris sno!SIax EP MOU 2m SApearye azoyp a19a om saydoad ays ypu pajSurmuarur pey S117 ayn ay swaas a] “spue|st ueadoing asax-yas0U ay NoYsNOsY: aimyjno 2p) aBy ory we seas aratp OBe steak puresnowp Om Axoastyad AioasTH] C 016 Hadrian's Wall as buile by the Romans in the second centu across the northern bo! their province of Britannia (which is neatly the same as the present Engish-Scottsh border) in order to protect it from attacks by the Scots and the Pits 55 BC “The Roman general Julius Caesar lands in Britain with an expeditionary force, wins a batele and leaves. The first ‘date! in popular British history AD 4. ‘The Romans come The Roman period (43-410) The Roman province of Britannia covered most of present-day England and Wales, where the Romans imposed their own way of life and culture, making use of the existing Celtic aristocracy to govern encouraging them to adopt Roman dr sand che Latin language They never went co Ireland and exerted an influence, without actually governing there, over only the southern part of Scotland. It was during this time that a Celtic tribe called the Scots migrated from Ireland to Scotland, where, along with another tribe, the Picts, they became opponents of the Romans. This division of the Celts into chose who experienced Roman rule (the Britons in England and Wales) and those who did not (the Gaels in Ireland and s ‘cotland) may help to explain the emergence of two distinct branches of the C ic group of languages. ‘The remarkable ching about the Romans is that, despite their long occupation of Britain, they left very little behind. To many other parts of Europe they bequeathed a system of law and administration which forms the basis of the modern system and a language which developed into the modern Romance family of languages. In Britain, they left neither. Moreover, most of their villas, baths and temples, theit impressive necwork Londinium (London), were soon destroyed or fell into disrepair. Almost the only lasting reminders of their presence are place names like Chester, Lancaster and Gloucester, which include variants of the Latin word castra (a military camp), ads, and the cities they founded, includin The Germanic invasions (410-1066) ‘The Roman occupation had been a matter of colonial control rather than large-scale settlement. But during the fifth century, a number nvaded and settled in large numbers. TWwo of these tribes were the Angles and the Saxons. These of tribes from the European mainland ‘Anglo-Saxons soon had the south-east of the country in their grasp. In the west, their advance was temporarily halted by an army of (Celtic) Britons under the command of the legendary King Arthut ( ). Nevertheless, by the end of the sixth century, they and their 612 0 bloody revole aginst the Roman jceupation. tis suppressed, There Se Patrick converts weecocieenmateinte ADD iando Caso rineteenth century, ouside the Houses : oFarlament, whch hashelpedoleep — & C)I77 St Aszune ariesin her memory alive ritain and establishes his headquarters at Canterbury.“sBuEQ 2p pur suoKes spay Supy uaaviag souotiin a1uewi05 vostupsjeemsou BLS pasnsi pueu3, sueu ap pajoy syuous 3 pur sBury, ‘un asiy ayp oy pue puejius hep-auasaid 4g patonsap s| ureaig 0 aseo> : vaumaiarn©L6. wate ssanCG/ wop8ury 2995 (2n]29) © ur ‘oureu ur aseay ae ‘aun sit Aq paarun ospe seas puElI09g Jo as0yy anoy8nonp aman s1ueMA95 & yPIAN WopSULy part ¥ sem pUEBu: ‘{amuao yauaa aip Jo pus ayp Aq pur ‘iaisea woneayrun [eoryod apeur sanuejruns assy Aarmensiiy 02 parzaauoa woos s9ueq] at, Sranoasopy “anBu01 axeULIIN sures axp Jo sanattea auasaytp ayod: pur ayy Jo dem ures ayp 4qyBnox pay Aayy Tews Apoanereduo> 2: soureq pure suoxes-ofSuy w9ama9q uaLayEp [PINIIND ays ‘IaAaKo}] {ayumo> aya jo ase pur qasou oxp 02 Apsour pouytos seas quaUa|RI9s JOY BpNsox v sy ( ) xassaqy Jo Wop#uy UOxes ay Jo Pay]y Bury Aq parwajap aia day uoya parfeY Sem PURfBUg Jo 3sanbUoD say ‘pUETDIT Jo suoySa1 [erseo> auios pu puej2oog punore spurs! aya papsies pue paronbuo> days Aamauas ypure ou Uy ‘eEABUIpULDg UO auIeD “sau 10 UsUIASION ‘SBUP|LA sv UasoUy| ‘Sz9peAUT asay.L AanaU—D yAysT 94] UY suoseaUr 2TUEWLIa5 Jo axem JoYIOUR PauDHIOdxa UTEIIG poriad jeaarpou: je90] ax0U YB0q 2q 02 ays anoysnosya amnzas ssay pur paseg dy ‘sug ays, reaaq oy ajdoad ‘Kran aa ~ suowes-ofBuy 24p 0 sapueape ays y3eq poy on Bun HL p> pauewioy ese pur saw sso] pey pur poztue8s0 ATyesuiao ssa] sean ap “sTeK f ponupuos sapiauno9 ox asayp UF samod snoxSr]ax pur v]N29s Yy30q Aq sureydxa Apured sty. a1 aioddns o2 Aypreuour Suosis v 103 poot spuny [es9098 rrypous 0309 840} pany ay 28) 103 puejal] pue puep202g Ur parsisiad jspow I1[a> aya ‘azaysNKaana tut {Gea pu Aayqou jeoypaus Jo ajduiweaasayiad sug 58 papsedas ‘ue age punoys aya jo aygiuyy raa0 Yoo Ajpemuaaa AruensYD uLWoY YSnoysfy aT]. sread OST Wey axow LeNsHYD suIOI9q PeY Yor opuosp sins0 ayes anoysnostp peaids Aruensiay ‘sarmauaa ysuoads pue Yaxts aep Us ate Surmq “weed a10m suoxeg-ojSuy 243 “ ag o3 sures Aaya Uy, {os 20 puresnoyp axau aya 303 4321908 ysHBug jo siseq ay patws0} pra sa8eypia auaroygns-ypas Jo spuesnoys ax papunoy pur spoys2u Surutsey wau paonposut pey Aaya.ing ‘sam pur suasor 103 up azays “apisdanunod ays Uo a2ayo 2w—13 $n afm pey suoxes-ofuy 24 | | qeaus03 pur sa|ea\‘purfz02s Aepauasoid wr duo pantaans aBenSuey pure aimyjn2 ona “purjsug Aep-auasaid jo [fe dpreau ut poreurwuopand ayy Jo Aes ZT @90T-01F) SNOISVANT SINFO AHLking Alfred was not only an able warrior butalso a dedicated scholar (the only English monarch fora long time afterwards who |as able to read and write) and a wise ruler He is known as ‘Alfred the Great’ the only monarch in English history co be given tis ie He is also popularly known forthe story ofthe burning ofthe cakes, While he was wandering around his country or to the Danish invaders, Alfred travelled in disguise. On one ‘occasion, he stopped at a woman's house. The woman ging resistance asked him to watch some cakes that were cooking to see thar they did not bura, while she went off 10 get food. Alfred became lost in thought and the cakes burned ‘When the woman returned, she shouted angrily at Alfred and sene him away. Alfed never told her thae he was her king “This isthe most famous date in English history: On 14 October of thae year, an invading army from Normandy defeated the English at the Bartle of Hastings. The battle was close and exremely bloody Ac the end oft, most ofthe best warriors in England were dead, including their leader, King Harold (On Christmas day that year, che Norman leader, Duke William of Normandy, was crowed king of England, He is known in popular history as “William the Conqueror ind che date is remembered as the last ime that England was successfully invaded, 1066 meson 1086 cress ccmce the Domesday Book, a very detailed, vilage-by-illage record ‘of the people and their possessions ‘throughout his kingdom, The medieval period (1066-1458) The successful Norman invasion of England (066) brought Britain into the mainstream of western European culture, Previously, most links had been with Scandinavia. Only in Scotland did this link survive, the western isles (until the 13th century) and the northern islands (until the fifteenth century) remaining under the control of Scandinavian kings. Throughout this period, the English kings also owned land on the continent and were often at war with the French kings. Unlike che Germanic invasions, che Norman invasion was small-scale. There was no such thing as a Norman area of settlement. Instead, the Norman soldiers who had invaded were ven the ownership of land ~ and of the people living on it. A strict feudal system was imposed. Great nobles, or barons, we responsible directly to the king; lesser lords, each owning a village, were directly responsible to a baron Under them were the peasants, tied by a strict system of mutual duties and obligations to the local lord, and forbidden to travel without his permission. The peasants were the English-speaking Saxons. The lords and the barons were the French-speaking Normans. This was the start of the English class system ( ). The system of strong government which the Normans introduced made the Anglo-Norman kingdom the most powerful political force in Britain and Ireland. Not surprisingly therefore, the authority of the English monarch gradually extended to other parts of these islands in che next 250 years. By the end of the thirteenth century, a large part of eastern Ireland was controlled by Anglo-Norman lords in the name of their king and the whole of Wales was under his direct rule (at which time, the custom of naming the monarch’s eldest son the ‘Prince of Wales’ began). Scotland managed to remain politically independent in the medieval period, but was obliged to fight occasional wars to do so. The cultural story of this period is different. In the 250 years after the Norman Conquest, it was a Germanic language, Middle English, and not the Norman (French) language, which had become the dominant one in all classes of society in England. Furthermore, it was the Anglo-Saxon concept of common law, and not Roman law, which Formed the basis of the legal system. oe ae VO eae LIZ ee, Gaeeieeaniter lc sdkselarctiauuliind eee eee ee eet meee ee a ee eee pe ceewopup|uapuedapur ue se panuBooai si pueno>s “swopSupy ysis meinen OCT ee ea ee a a ees OGL nou pip siuesead Uuoxes-ojBuy 004 ays ‘aeaus ane Ayeussou suBWHON 243 UD, inoug suBLON, aun rey ypuady ay woy 12}, 2yp “‘uoxes-oBuy woyj 2w0> 295, purjSug 02 2 souoy ay “(uonnus pod 209) ea nok fewiue sip 40} 24p0Ue put (doays ‘Fi oa) pewive uy 24 405 940 3jeun}Ue ware} “ase 243 204 sp10M oM0 ey uysifBug wapow seus 20%y ayn ‘1 ujod ayo ajdoad ‘uoiseaut UUeUON 2up sane fa2!205 ‘ou paonpesiut suon2unsip sse]>ayp jo ajduexa uv sy ‘yoseuow ysiu3 292 jortuo> ‘saunpa2oud jeu Aq apige ‘yp sapun Anunos 184340 joys. 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These power strugales tame toa head in the Wars of the Roses, in which the nobles were divided into two groups, supporting the House of Lancaster, whose symbol was a red rose the other the House of York whose symbol was a white rose ‘Three decades of almost continual war ended in 1485, when Henry Tudor (Lancastrian) defeated and kiled Richard Il (Yorkist) at the Battle of Bosworth Feld Being an important person in the position, The Tudor monarchs Were disloyal to heir officials and merciless t sry nobles who ‘opposed them, More than half (of the most famous names of the ished their lives by being executed. Few people who were taken through Traitor's Gate ( below) in the Tower of London came out again alive 1534 cies ie the sopremeheat of the church England 1536 parce Wales srfored so hart iat thesame at ils England The sixteenth century In its first outbreak in the middle of the fourteenth century, bubonic plague (known in Eng nd as the Black Death) killed about a third of the population of Great Britain. Ic periodically reappeared for another 300 years. increasing importan« he shortage of labour which it caused, and che of trade and towns, weakened the traditional es between lord and peasant. Ata higher level of feudal structure, the power of the great barons was greatly weakened by in-fighting (i ) Both these developments allowed English monarchs to increase their power. The Tudor dynasty (1485 government departments staffed by professionals who depended for 1603) established a system of their position on the monarch. The feudal aristocracy was no longer sded less for making it too. OF the traditional two ‘Houses’ of Parliament, the Lords needed for implementing government policy. Ir was n and the Commons, it was now more important for monarchs to get the agreement of the Commons for theit policies because that was where the newly powerful merchants and landowners were represented. Unlike in much of the rest of Europe, the immediate cause of the rise of Protestantism in England was political and personal rather than doctrinal. The King ( )) wanted a divorce, which the Pope would not give him. Also, by making himself head of the ‘Church of England’, independent of Rome, all church lands came under his control and gave him a lar new source of income. This rejection of the Roman Church also accorded with a new spitit of patriotic confidence in England. The country had finally lost any realistic claim to lands in France, thus becoming more consciously a distinct island nation’. At the same time, increasing European exploration of the Americas meant that England was closer to the geographical centre of western civilization instead of being, as previously, on the edge of it. Ic was in the last adventurous and optimistic century that Shakespeare began writing his famous plays, giving voice to the modern form of English. er of this Ie was therefore patriotism as much as religious conviction that had caused Protestantism to become the majority religion in England by nd of the century. Ic took a form known as Anglicanism, not so very different from Catholicism in its organization and ritual. But in 1S38e00,. 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