Issue 19

ProTaper NEXT™
5th GenerationTechnology
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over 20 years

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Dynamics

Dynamics
pages
Contents
ProTaper Next™ - 5th Generation Technology
4-9
page
GuttaCore™ Clinical Study
10
pages SDR® and Ceram•X® Mono - Clinical Success with
12-13 Simple Restorations

page
Indications for SDR® Now Extended
13
pages
Dyract® - Differentiated for 20 Years
14-15
pages
Air Polishing
16-19

Dynamics 3

The Shaping
Movement
5th Generation Technology
by Dr. Clifford J. Ruddle, DDS | Prof. Pierre Machtou, DDS |
Dr. John D. West, DDS
Since the beginning of modern day
endodontics, there have been numerous
concepts, strategies, and techniques for
preparing canals. Over the decades, a
staggering array of files has emerged for
negotiating and shaping canals. In spite
of the design of the file, the number of
instruments required, and the surprising
multitude of techniques advocated,
endodontic treatment has been typically
approached with optimism for probable Fig. 1b
success.
The clinical endodontic breakthrough was
progressing from utilising a long series of
stainless steel (SS) hand files and several
rotary Gates Glidden drills to integrating
nickel titanium (NiTi) files for shaping
canals. Regardless of the methods
utilised, the mechanical objectives for
canal preparation were brilliantly outlined
almost 40 years ago by Dr. Herbert
Schilder.1 When properly performed,
these mechanical objectives promote the
biological objectives for shaping canals,
Fig. 1c
3-D disinfection, and filling root canal
systems (Figure 1).
Fig. 1a. A µCT
image of a
maxillary central
incisor tooth
demonstrates a
root canal system
with multiple
Fig. 1a portals of exit. Fig. 1d
4 Dynamics
Dynamics
The purpose of this article is to identify
and compare how each new generation of
endodontic NiTi shaping files served to
Fig. 1b. A advance canal preparation methods.
pretreatment Importantly, this paper will identify a new
radiograph
file system and describe a clinical
reveals an
endodontically technique that combines the most proven
failing anterior design features from the past with the
bridge abutment latest innovations presently developed.
with a draining
fistula. NiTi Shaping Movement
In 1988, Walia proposed Nitinol, a NiTi
alloy for shaping canals, as it is 2-3 times
more flexible, in the same file sizes,
2
compared to stainless steel. A game-
changing outcome of files manufactured
Fig. 1c. This
from NiTi was that curved canals could be
post-op
retreatment mechanically prepared utilising a
image continuous rotary motion. By the mid-
emphasises that 1990s, the first commercially available
shaping canals NiTi rotary files had come to market.3 The
promotes 3D following is a mechanical classification of
cleaning and each generation of file systems. Rather
filling root canal than identify the myriad of available cross-
systems. sections, files will be characterised as
having either a passive vs. an active
cutting action.
First Generation
To appreciate the evolution of NiTi
mechanical instruments, it is useful to
know that, in general, first generation NiTi
files have passive cutting radial lands and
Fig. 1d. A 25- fixed tapers of 4% and 6% over the length
year radiographic of their active blades (Figure 2).4 This
recall image generation of technology required
demonstrates numerous files to achieve the preparation
osseous healing. objectives.
 Dynamics
By the mid to late 1990s, GT files
(Dentsply Tulsa Dental Specialties)
became available that provided a fixed
taper on a single file of 6%, 8%, 10%, and
5
12%. The single most important design
feature of first generation NiTi rotary file
was passive radial lands, which
encouraged a file to stay centered in
canal curvatures during work.
Fig. 2. These 2
SEM images
reveal the cross-
sectional and
lateral views of a
passively cutting
Fig. 2 radial-landed file.
Second Generation
The second generation of NiTi rotary files
came to market in 2001.6 The critical
distinction of this generation of
instruments is they have active cutting
edges and require fewer instruments to
fully prepare a canal (Figure 3). To
discourage taper lock and the resultant
screw effect associated with both passive
and active fixed tapered NiTi cutting
instruments, EndoSequence (Brassler
USA) and BioRaCe (FKG Dentaire)
provide file lines with alternating contact
points.7 Although this feature is intended
to mitigate taper lock, these file lines still
have a fixed tapered design over their
active portions. The clinical breakthrough
occurred when ProTaper (Dentsply Tulsa
Dental Specialties) came to market
utilising multiple increasing or decreasing
percentage tapers on a single file. This
revolutionary, progressively tapered
design limits each file’s cutting action to a
specific region of the canal and affords a
shorter sequence of files to safely
produce deep Schilderian shapes (Figure
8
4).
Fig. 3. These 2
SEM images
reveal the cross-
sectional and
lateral views of
an active file with
sharp cutting
Fig. 3
edges.
Fig. 4
Fig. 4. The ProTaper Shaping files cut
dominantly in their coronal and middle
one-thirds, whereas the Finishing files
cut primarily in their apical one-thirds.
During this period, manufacturers began
to focus on other methods to increase the
resistance to file separation. Some
manufacturers electropolished their files
to remove surface irregularities caused
from the traditional grinding process.
However, it has been clinically observed
and scientifically reported that
electropolishing dulls the sharp cutting
edges. As such, the perceived
advantages of electropolishing were
offset by the more undesirable inward
pressure required to advance a file to
length. Excessive inward pressure,
especially when utilising fixed tapered
files, invites taper lock, the screw effect,
and excessive torque on a rotary file
during work.9 To offset deficiencies in
general, or inefficiencies resulting from
electropolishing, more cross-sectional
designs have become available and
increased, yet more dangerous, rotational
speeds are advocated.
Third Generation
Improvements in NiTi metallurgy became
the hallmark of what may be identified as
the 3rd generation of mechanical shaping
files. In 2007, manufacturers began to
focus on utilising heating and cooling
methods to reduce cyclic fatigue and
improve safety when rotary NiTi
instruments work in more curved canals.10
The desired phase-transition point
between martensite and austenite can be
identified to produce a more clinically
optimal metal than NiTi, itself. This 3rd
generation of NiTi instruments
significantly reduces cyclic fatigue and,
hence, broken files. Examples of brand
lines that offer heat treatment technology
are Twisted File (SybronEndo), Hyflex
(Coltene Whaledent) and GT, Vortex, and
WaveOne (Dentsply Tulsa Dental
Specialties).
Fourth Generation
Another advancement in canal preparation
procedures utilises reciprocation, which
may be defined as any repetitive up-and-
down or back-and-forth motion. This
technology was first introduced in the late
1950s by the French dentist, Blanc.
Currently, the M4 (SybronEndo), Endo
Express (Essential Dental Systems), and
Endo-Eze (Ultradent) are examples of
systems that use a movement where the
clockwise (CW) and counterclockwise
(CCW) degrees of rotation are absolutely
equal. As compared to full rotation, a
reciprocating file that utilises an equal
bidirectional movement requires more
inward pressure to progress, will not cut as
efficiently as a same-size rotary file, and is
more limited in augering debris out of the
canal.
From these earlier experiences,
innovation in reciprocation technology led
to a 4th generation of instruments for
shaping canals. This generation of
instruments and related technology has
largely fulfilled the long hoped-for single-
file technique. ReDent-Nova (Henry
Schein) introduced the Self Adjusting File
(SAF). This file has a compressible open
tube design that is purported to exert
uniform pressure on the dentinal walls,
regardless of the cross-sectional
configuration of the canal. The SAF is
mechanically driven by a handpiece that
produces both a short 0.4mm vertical
amplitude stroke and vibrating movement
with constant irrigation.11 Another
emerging single-file technique is termed
One Shape (Micro Mega), to be
mentioned further in 5th generation
designs.
By far the most popular single-file concept
is termed WaveOne (Dentsply Tulsa
Dental Specialties and Maillefer) and
Reciproc (VDW). WaveOne represents a
convergence of the best design features
from the 2nd and 3rd generation of files,
coupled with a reciprocating motor that
drives any given file in unequal
bidirectional angles. The CCW engaging
angle is 5 times the CW disengaging
angle and is designed to be less than the
elastic limit of the file. Strategically, after 3
CCW and CW cutting cycles, the file will
have rotated 360º, or one circle (Figure
5). This novel reciprocating movement
allows a file to more readily progress,
efficiently cut, and effectively auger debris
out of the canal.12
Continued over page >>>
Dynamics 5

<<<<Continued from previous page
Fig. 5
Fig. 5. A WaveOne reciprocating file
utilises unequal CCW/CW angles to
improve efficiency, inward progression,
and augering debris out of the canal.
Fifth Generation
The 5th generation of shaping files has
been designed such that the centre of
mass and/or the centre of rotation are
offset (Figure 6). In rotation, files that
have an offset design produce a
mechanical wave of motion that travels
along the active length of the file. Like the
progressively percentage tapered design
of any given ProTaper file, this offset
design serves to further minimise the
engagement between the file and
dentin.13 In addition, an offset design
enhances augering debris out of a canal
and improves flexibility along the active
portion of a PTN file. The advantages of
an offset design will be discussed later in
this article.
Fig. 6
Fig. 6. A cross-section of a ProTaper
Next file. Note an offset mass desirably
reduces file engagement, provides
greater space debris, and improves
flexibility.
Commercial examples of file brands that
offer variations of this technology are
Revo-S, One Shape (Micro Mega) and
ProTaper Next (Dentsply Tulsa Dental
Specialties/Dentsply Maillefer). Today, the
safest, most efficient, and simplest file
systems utilise the most proven design
features from the past, coupled with the
most recent technological advancements
currently available. The following is a brief
technical description of the ProTaper Next
rotary file system.
6 Dynamics
ProTaper Next
There are 5 ProTaper Next (PTN) files
(Dentsply Tulsa Dental Specialties)
available, in different lengths, for shaping
canals, namely X1, X2, X3, X4, and X5
(Figure 7). In sequence, these files have
yellow, red, blue, double black, and
double yellow identification rings on their
handles, corresponding to sizes 17/04,
25/06, 30/07, 40/06, and 50/06,
respectively. The tapers just listed are
NOT fixed over the active portion of any
given PTN file. Appreciate the PTN X1
and X2 files have both an increasing and
decreasing percentage tapered design on
a single file; whereas the PTN X3, X4,
and X5 files have a fixed taper from D1-
D3, then a decreasing percentage
tapered design over the rest of their active
portions.
Fig. 7
Fig. 7. This image depicts the 5
ProTaper Next files. Most canals in
posterior teeth can be optimally shaped
using 2 or 3 instruments.
PTN files are the convergence of 3
significant design features, including
progressive percentage tapers on a single
file, M-wire technology, and the 5th
generation of continuous improvement,
the offset design. As a single example, the
PTN X1 file has a centered mass and axis
of rotation from D1-D3, whereas from D4-
D16, the X1 file has an offset mass of
rotation. Starting at 4%, the X1 file has 10
increasing percentage tapers from D1-
D11; whereas, from D12-D16, there are
decreasing percentage tapers to enhance
flexibility and conserve radicular dentin
during shaping procedures.
The PTN files are used at 300 rpm and a
torque of 2.0-5.2 Ncm, based on the
method of use. However, the authors
prefer a torque of 5.2 Ncm, as this level of
torque has been validated as profoundly
safe if clinicians perform meticulous glide
path management procedures and utilise
a deliberate outward brushing motion
when progressively shaping canals.14 In
the PTN technique, all files are used in
Dynamics
exactly the same way and the sequence
always follows the ISO color progression
and is always the same regardless of the
length, diameter, or curvature of a canal.
ProTaper Next Shaping Technique
The ProTaper Next shaping technique is
extraordinarily safe, efficient, and
simplistic when attention is focused on the
access preparation and glide path
management (GPM). As is required for
any shaping technique, straightline
access to each orifice is emphasised.
Attention is directed to flaring, flattening,
and finishing the internal axial walls. For
radicular access, the original ProTaper
system offers the auxiliary Shaping file,
termed SX. The SX file is used in a
brushing manner on the outstroke, to pre-
flare the orifice, eliminate triangles of
dentin, relocate the coronal most aspect
of a canal away from external root
concavities, or produce more shape, as
desired.
Perhaps the greatest challenge
performing endodontic treatment is to
find, follow, and predictably secure any
given canal to its terminus. Negotiating
and securing canals with small-sized
manual files requires a mechanical
strategy, skillful touch, patience, and
desire. A small-sized hand file is initially
used to scout, expand, and refine the
internal walls of the canal. Once the canal
can be manually reproduced, a dedicated
mechanical glide path file may be used to
expand the working width in preparation
for shaping procedures.15 To clarify, a
canal is secured when it is empty and has
a confirmed, smooth, and reproducible
glide path.
With an estimated working length and in
the presence of a viscous chelator, insert
a #10 file into the orifice and determine if
the file will easily move toward the
terminus of the canal. In shorter, wider,
and straighter canals, a #10 file can
usually be readily carried to the desired
working length. Once a #10 file is
confirmed loose at length, the glide path
may be further enlarged with either a #15
hand file or dedicated mechanical glide
path files, such as PathFiles (Dentsply
Tulsa Dental Specialties). The glide path
just described confirms sufficient existing
space is available to initiate mechanical
shaping procedures with the PTN X1 file.
 Dynamics
In other instances, certain endodontically
involved teeth have roots that harbour
longer, narrower, and more curved canals
(Figure 8a). In these situations, a #10 file
will oftentimes not initially go to length.
Generally, there is no need to select and
use size #06 and/or #08 hand files in an
effort to immediately reach the terminus
of the canal. Simply and gently work the
size #10 hand file, within any region of the
canal, until it is completely loose. PTN
files can be utilised to shape any region
of a canal that has a smooth and
reproducible glide path. Regardless of the
glide path and shaping sequence, the
endgame is to negotiate the entire length
of the canal, establish working length, and
confirm apical patency (Figure 8b). The
canal is secured and a glide path is
verified when a #10 file is loose at length
and can reproducibly slip, slide, and glide
over the apical one-third of the canal.
Fig. 8a
Fig. 8a. This radiographic image
reveals an endodontically involved
posterior bridge abutment. Note the
orientation of the prosthesis to the
underlying roots.
Fig. 8b
Fig. 8b. A working image reveals
coronal disassembly, isolation, and #10
files traversing through canals that
exhibit curvatures and recurvatures.
When any given canal is secured, the
access cavity is voluminously flushed with
a 6% solution of NaOCl. Shaping can
commence, starting with the PTN X1 file.
It should be emphasised that PTN files
are never utilised with an inward pumping
or pecking motion; rather, PTN files are
utilised with an outward brushing motion.
Importantly, this method of use will enable
any given PTN file to passively move
inward, follow the glide path, and
progress toward the working length. The
X1 file is carried through the access and
passively inserted into a pre-flared orifice
and secured canal. Before resistance,
immediately begin to deliberately brush
on the outstroke (Figure 8c). Brushing
creates lateral space and enables this file
to progress a few millimeters inward. A
brushing action serves to improve contact
between the file and dentin, especially in
canals that exhibit irregular cross-sections
or eccentricities off their rounder parts.
Fig. 8c
Fig. 8c. This video grab image shows a
mechanical wave of motion traveling
along the active portion of a PTN X1
Shaping file.
Continue with the PTN X1 file through the
body of the canal. After every few
millimeters of file progression, remove this
mechanical shaping file to inspect and
clean its flutes. Before reinserting the X1
file, it is critical to irrigate and flush out
gross debris, recapitulate with a #10 file
to break up residual debris and move it
into solution, then re-irrigate to liberate
this debris. In one or more passes,
continue with the X1 file until the full
working length is reached. To promote the
mechanical objectives, always irrigate,
recapitulate, and then re-irrigate after
removing any mechanical shaping file.
Select the PTN X2 file and let it begin to
run inward. Before resistance, laterally
brush against the dentinal walls, which, in
turn will enable the X2 file to passively
and progressively advance inward. The
X2 file will easily follow the path of the X1
file, progressively shape, and
incrementally advance toward length. If
this file bogs down and ceases to move
inward, remove the file and clean and
inspect its flutes. Again, irrigate,
recapitulate, and re-irrigate to promote the
mechanical objectives for shaping canals.
Continue with the X2 file until the working
length is reached; appreciate it may
require one or more passes, depending
on the length, width, and curvature of any
given canal (Figure 8d).
Fig. 8d
Fig. 8d. This video grab image reveals
a PTN X2 file at length in the MB
system.
Once the PTN X2 file has reached the
working length, it is removed. The shape
may be confirmed as finished when the
apical flutes of this file are visibly loaded
with dentin. Alternatively, the size of the
foramen may be gauged with a size 25/02
NiTi hand file. When the size #25 hand file
is snug at length, the shape is finished. If
the size 25/02 hand file is loose at length,
it simply means the foramen is larger than
0.25mm. In this instance, the foramen may
be gauged with a size 30/02 NiTi hand file.
If the size #30 hand file is snug at length,
the shape is done. However, if the size #30
hand file is short of the working length,
proceed to the PTN X3 file, following the
exact method just described for the PTN
X1 and X2 files.
The vast majority of canals will be optimally
shaped after using either the PTN X2 or X3
files (Figure 8e). The PTN X4 and X5 files
are primarily used to prepare and finish
larger diameter canals. When the apical
foramen is determined to be larger than a
PTN 50/06 X5 file, recognise other shaping
methods may be utilised to finish these
larger, typically less curved, and more
straightforward canals. What is important
is to appreciate that meticulously secured
canals promote shaping, 3-D cleaning, and
filling root canals systems (Figure 8f).
Fig. 8e
Fig. 8e. This video grab image shows a
PTN X3 file at length in the D system.
Continued over page >>>
Dynamics 7

<<<<Continued from previous page
Fig. 8f
Fig. 8f. This radiographic image
demonstrates the bridge provisionalised,
flowing shapes, and the importance of
treating root canal systems.
Discussion
From a clinical standpoint, the PTN rotary
system is a convergence of the most
proven and successful generational
designs from the past, coupled with the
most recent advances in critical path
technology. This brief discussion will
describe how design influences
performance.
The most successful generational design of
the past is the mechanical concept of
utilising a progressively percentage tapered
design on a single file. The patent protected
ProTaper Universal NiTi rotary file system
utilises both an increasing or decreasing
percentage tapered design on a single file.
This design feature serves to minimise the
contact between a file and dentin, which
decreases dangerous taper lock and the
screw effect, while increasing efficiency.8
Compared to a similarly-sized fixed tapered
file, a decreasing percentage tapered file
design, strategically improves flexibility,
limits shaping in the body of the canal, and
conserves coronal two-thirds dentin. Taking
advantage of this mechanical design, PTN
also utilises progressive tapers on a single
file. This design has contributed to the
ProTaper system becoming the #1 selling
file in the world, the #1 file choice of
endodontists, and the #1 system taught in
international dental schools to
undergraduate students.16
Another critical design feature that is
intended to benefit certain brand lines of
mechanical shaping files is metallurgy.
Although NiTi files have been shown to be
2-3 times more flexible than same-sized SS
files, additional metallurgical benefits have
been identified using heat treatment. R&D
has focused on heating and cooling
traditional NiTi, either pre- or post-
machining. Heat treatment serves to create
a more optimal phase transition point
8 Dynamics
between martensite and austenite. It should
be appreciated that the best transition point
is dependent on the cross-section of the file.
Research has shown that M-wire, a
metallurgically improved version of NiTi,
reduces cyclic fatigue by 400% when
comparing files of the same D0 diameter,
cross-section, and taper.17 This 3rd
generational advancement is a strategic
improvement to the overall clinical safety
and performance of the PTN rotary file
system.
The third design feature of PTN is related to
its offset cross-sectional design. There are
3 major advantages when a continuously
rotating file is designed so its mass of
rotation is offset.13
1. An offset design generates a traveling
mechanical wave of motion along the
active portion of a file. This swaggering
effect serves to minimise the
engagement between the file and dentin
compared to the action of a fixed tapered
file with a centered mass of rotation
(Figure 9). Reduced engagement limits
undesirable taper lock, the screw effect,
and the torque on any given file.
Fig. 9
Fig. 9. A PTN file has a progressively
tapered and offset design. These
features minimise engagement,
maximise debris removal, and improve
flexibility. By contrast, the bottom image
shows a fixed tapered file with a
centered mass and axis of rotation.
2. A file with an offset design affords more
cross-sectional space for enhanced
cutting, loading, and augering debris out
of a canal compared to a file with a
centered mass and axis of rotation
(Figure 9). Many instruments break as a
result of excessive intrablade debris
packed between the cutting flutes over
the active portion of a file. Importantly, an
offset file design decreases the
probability for laterally compacting debris
and blocking root canal system anatomy
(Figure 6).
3. A shaping file with an offset mass of
Dynamics
rotation will generate a mechanical wave
of motion analogous to the oscillation
noted along a sinusoidal wave (Figure
10). As a result of this design, any given
PTN file can cut a bigger envelope of
motion compared to a similarly-sized file
with a symmetrical mass and axis of
rotation (Figure 6). The clinical
advantage of this is a smaller-sized and
more flexible PTN file can cut the same-
size preparation as a larger and stiffer file
with a centered mass and axis of rotation
(Figure 9).
Fig. 10
Fig. 10. Similar to a sinusoidal wave, a
rotating PTN file produces a mechanical
wave of motion, or swaggering effect,
along its active portion.
Conclusion
Each new generation of shaping files has
had something to offer, has been
described in different ways, and has been
intended to improve on previous
generations. PTN has emerged as a 5th
generation system designed to bring the
most proven performance features from
the past together with the most recent
technological advancements. This system
should simplify rotary shaping procedures
by eliminating the number of files typically
used to shape canals and the so-called
hybrid techniques. Clinically, the PTN
shapes fulfill the 3 sacred tenets for
shaping canals, which are safety,
efficiency, and simplicity. Scientifically,
evidence-based research will be needed to
validate the potential benefits of this
system.
Acknowledgment
The authors would like to recognise Dr.
Michael J. Scianamblo for his work in the
field of critical path technology, which led
to the development of ProTaper Next.
Disclosure
Drs. Ruddle, Machtou, and West have a
financial interest in products they design
and develop, which includes the ProTaper
Universal system.
 Dynamics
References
1. Schilder H: Cleaning and shaping the root
canal, Dent Clin North Am 18:2, pp. 269-296,
April 1974.
2. Walia HM, Brantley WA, Gerstein H: An initial
investigation of the bending and torsional
properties of Nitinol root canal files, J Endod
14:7, pp. 346-351, 1988.
3. Thompson SA: An overview of nickel-titanium
alloys used in dentistry, Int Endod J 33:4, pp.
297-310, 2000.
4. Bryant ST, Dummer PM, Pitoni C, Bourba M,
Moghal S: Shaping ability of .04 and .06 taper
ProFile rotary nickel-titanium instruments in
simulated root canals, Int Endod J 32:3, pp.
155-164, 1999.
5. Kramkowski TR, Bahcall J: An in vitro
comparison of torsional stress and cyclic
fatigue resistance of ProFile GT and ProFile
GT Series X rotary nickel-titanium files, J
Endod 35:3, pp. 404-407, 2009.
6. Machtou, P, Ruddle CJ: Advancements in the
design of endodontic instruments for root
canal preparation, Alpha Omegan 97:4, pp. 8-
15, 2004.
7. Schäfer E, Vlassis M: Comparative
investigation of two rotary nickel-titanium
instruments: ProTaper versus RaCe. Part 2.
Cleaning effectiveness and shaping ability in
severely curved root canals of extracted teeth,
Int Endod J 37:4, pp. 239-248, 2004.
8. Ruddle CJ: The ProTaper endodontic system:
geometries, features, and guidelines for use,
Dent Today 20:10, pp. 60-67, 2001.
9. Boessler C, Paque F, Peters OA: The effect of
electropolishing on torque and force during
simulated root canal preparation with
ProTaper shaping files, J Endod 35:1, pp.
102-106, 2009.
10. Gutmann JL, Gao Y: Alteration in the
inherent metallic and surface properties of
nickel-titanium root nickel root canal
instruments enhance performance, durability
and safety: a focused review, Int Endod J
45:2, pp. 113-128, 2012.
11. Metzger Z, Teperovich E, Zary R, Cohen R, Hof
R: The self-adjusting file (SAF). Part 1: respecting
the root canal anatomy—a new concept of
endodontic files and its implementation, J Endod
36:4, pp. 679-690, 2010.
12. Yared G: Canal preparation using only one
Ni-Ti rotary instrument: preliminary
observations, Int Endod J 41:4, pp. 339-344,
2008.
13. Hashem AA, Ghoneim AG, Lutfy RA, Foda
MY, Omar GA: Geometric analysis of root
canals prepared by four rotary NiTi shaping
systems, J Endod, 38:7, pp. 996-1000, 2012.
14. Blum JY, Machtou P, Ruddle CJ, Micallef JP:
Analysis of mechanical preparations in
extracted teeth using the ProTaper rotary
instruments: value of the safety quotient, J
Endod 29:9, pp. 567-575, 2003.
15. West JD: The endodontic glidepath: secret
to rotary safety, Dent Today 29:9, pp. 86, 88,
90-93, 2010.
16. Dentsply International, personal
communication.
17. Johnson E, Lloyd A, Kuttler S, Namerow K:
Comparison between a novel nickel-titanium
alloy and 508 nitinol on the cyclic fatigue life
of ProFile 25/.04 rotary instruments, J Endod
34:11, pp. 1406-1409, 2008.

Dr. Clifford J. Ruddle, DDS, FICD, FACD

Dr. Clifford J. Ruddle is Founder and Director of Advanced Endodontics, an international educational source, in
Santa Barbara, California. He is an Assistant Professor of Graduate Endodontics at Loma Linda University and
University of California, Los Angeles, is an Associate Clinical Professor at University of California, San Francisco,
and is an Adjunct Assistant Professor of Endodontics at University of the Pacific, School of Dentistry. As an inventor,
Dr. Ruddle has designed and developed several instruments and devices that are widely used internationally. He
is well known for providing superb endodontic education through his lectures, clinical articles, training manuals,
videos and DVDs. Additionally, he maintains a private practice in Santa Barbara, California.
He can be reached at (800) 753-3636 or www.endoruddle.com.

Prof. Pierre Machtou, DDS, MS, PhD, FICD

Prof. Dr. Pierre Machtou graduated in 1967 from Paris 7-Denis Diderot University. He completed his studies and
became a full professor in 1997. Prof. Machtou is the past Scientific Director and General Secretary of the French
Endodontic Society. He is a member of numerous national and international endodontic and dental associations.
In 2006, he was the recipient of the Pierre Fauchard’s Elmer S. Best Memorial Award. Prof. Machtou continues
to lecture extensively in many countries and venues worldwide. He is the sole endodontic author of two textbooks,
co-editor of another textbook, and has additionally written 9 endodontic book chapters and 70 articles in peer-
reviewed journals.

Dr. John West, DDS, MSD

As the founder and director of the Center for Endodontics, Dr. West continues to be recognised as one of the
premier educators in clinical and interdisciplinary endodontics. John West received his DDS from the University
of Washington in 1971 where he is an Affiliate Associate Professor. He then received his MSD in endodontics at
Boston University Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine in 1975 where he is a clinical instructor and has
been awarded the Distinguished Alumni Award. Dr. West has presented unmatched endodontic continuing
education in North America, South America, and Europe while maintaining a private practice in Tacoma,
Washington. Dr. West’s memberships include: 2009 president and fellow of the American Academy of Esthetic
Dentistry and 2010 president of the Academy of Microscope Enhanced Dentistry, the Northwest Network for Dental
Excellence, and the International College of Dentists. He is a 2010 consultant for the ADA’s prestigious ADA Board
of Trustees where he serves as a consultant to the ADA Council on Dental Practice.

Dynamics 9
 Dynamics

Time Required to Remove GuttaCore™ Thermafil® Plus and

Thermoplasticized Gutta-percha from Moderately Curved Root
Canals with ProTaper® Files
By Robert T. Beasley, DMD, Anne E. Williamson, DDS, MS, Bruce C. Justman, DDS, Fang Qian, PhD
Department of Endodontics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa

Study objective Results

To evaluate the time required to re-treat GuttaCore, Thermafil Significantly quicker time for reaching working length (T1)
Plus and traditional gutta-percha obturations in moderately and for filling material removal (T2) in GuttaCore Group.
curved canals with ProTaper Universal Retreatment and
Finishing files.

Study design
Canal preparation:
70 mesial roots of mandibular molars without previous
endodontic treatment were prepared to ISO size 30 with 0.04
taper and divided in 3 groups:
Group 1: Warm vertical obturation (n=20)
Group 2: Thermafil Plus (n=20)
Group 3: GuttaCore (n=20)
Control (n=10)

Canal obturation:
Group 1: canal coating with AH Plus® sealer followed by
Groups Mean File File
obturation using a continuous-wave technique of gutta-percha Curvature unwinding separation
compaction (mm3)

Group 2: canal coating with AH Plus sealer followed by ___

Warm 24.2± 3 (D3)
obturation with Thermafil Plus following manufacturer vertical 7.1
instructions
Thermafil 23.0± 4 (D3) 3 (D3)
Group 3: canal coating with AH Plus sealer followed by 6.2
obturation with GuttaCore following manufacturer instructions
___
GuttaCore 24.2± 2 (D3)
Retreatment: 6.2
Instrumentation in a crown-down fashion with ProTaper
Retreatment files D1, D2, D3 and ProTaper Universal F3

Conclusion
• GuttaCore obturation was significantly quicker to remove than Thermafil Plus or thermoplasticized gutta-percha (*P < .05).
• GuttaCore retreatment is respectively 22.0% and 33.3% time saving compared to thermoplasticized gutta-percha and
Thermafil Plus.
• GuttaCore retreatment did not induce file separation or significant risk of file unwinding.

Reference: J Endod. 2013 Jan;39(1):125-8

10 Dynamics
crosslinked gutta-percha core obturator

Gutta-percha Crosslinked gutta-percha core

•superior 3D fills
• ease of retreatment
• post space simplified

Distributed by

www.dentsplymea.com
 Dynamics

Clinical Success with

Simple Restorations
The performance of restorations made with SDR® and Ceram·X® mono+ is compared with the performance of restorations made with
Ceram·X mono+ only in a clinical study by Professor J. W. V. Van Dijken, Biomaterial Research Group, Umea, and Associate Professor
U. Pallesen, Copenhagen. Results after 12 months

Objectives
Clinical evaluation of the bulk fill composite SDR, in Class I and Class II cavities, bonded with the single step self-etching primer
Xeno® V+ and covered with the nanoceramic resin composite Ceram·X mono+.

Design
Prospective, longitudinal, controlled, randomised clinical study; method according to ADA Guidelines for Resin Based Composites for
Posterior Restorations (2001).

Number of Restorations
200 (76 Class I, 124 Class II) on 84 patients.

Test Materials
Xeno V+, Ceram·X mono+ and SDR.

Control Materials
Xeno V+, Ceram·X mono+.

Method of Evaluation
Clinical examination, rating according to Van Dijken (1986).

Success Criteria
Determination of the effectiveness of the restorations was carried out by assessing the following parameters:
• Secondary caries
• Anatomic form
• Marginal adaptation
• Marginal discolouration
• Surface roughness
• Colour match

These were assessed by using the slightly modified US Public Health Service criteria. For marginal adaptation and discolouration,
the involvement of marginal excess was noted. Postoperative sensitivity was also analysed.

12 Dynamics
 Dynamics
Detailed results at 12 months Class I and Class II

T=Xeno V+, SDR, CXm+

Criteria C=Xeno V+, CXm+ n Alpha Bravo Charlie Delta

T 98 95.00% 4.00% 1.00% n/a

Anatomic form C 98 98.00% 2.00% 0.00%
T 98 99.00% 0.00% 1.00% 0.00%
Marginal adapation C 98 100.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
T 98 89.70% 10.30% 0.00% n/a
Colour match
C 98 94.90% 5.10% 0.00%
T 98 96.9% 3.10% 0.00% n/a
Marginal discolouration
C 98 99.00% 1.00% 0.00%
T 98 100.00% 0.00% 0.00% n/a
Surface roughness
C 98 100.00% 0.00% 0.00%
Secondary caries T 98 100.00% 0.00%
n/a
C 98 100.00% 0.00%

Conclusion of Principal Investigator at Baseline

No significant differences were seen between the two experimental restorations for the evaluated variables in the two cavity classes.
In some of the restorations the adhesive could be detected as local small white marginal lines.

Conclusion of the Principal Investigator at 12 months

No significant differences were seen between the two experimental restorations for the evaluated variables in the two cavity classes.

Conclusion of the Sponsor at 12 months

No significant difference was seen between the two techniques (SDR-based and conventional non-based). The use of SDR, which
involves a simpler and shorter placement technique, seems to have no negative impact on restoration quality.

Both SDR-based and non-SDR based posterior Ceram·X restorations performed well with a survival rate close to 100%.

Indications for
®
SDR now
extended
The range of indications for SDR, the 4mm bulk fill composite material, have
been extended.

In addition to use as a base in cavity Class I and II direct restorations and a

liner under direct restorative materials, SDR has been approved as a fissure
sealant, for core build-ups and small Class I restorations in direct occlusal
contact without a separate enamel cap. These extended indications mean that
SDR is also ideal for use in paediatric dentistry.

SDR is the original bulk filling material with unique self-

levelling properties still unsurpassed when it comes to
simplifying the restoration of posterior teeth.

Dynamics 13

Dyract : Differentiated ®
for 20 Years
Dyract was first presented to the world at the FDI congress in Göteborg (Sweden) in September 1993. Since then, there has
hardly been a material that has been discussed and studied more intensively.1 The following article demonstrates that the
intended application of Dyract reflects a very modern approach in adhesive dentistry.
History
In the late 1980s, DENTSPLY DeTrey, worked on the
development of a light-cured material that was to be presented in
a paste form, could be used without acid-etching and that would
be a meaningful substitution for a glass ionomer. Gordon
Blackwell, an experienced development chemist with patents in
glass ionomers, resin-based adhesives and acid-modified resins
(Engelbrecht, 1989) worked on laying the foundation for a new
material: Dyract. The overall aim of Dyract was to combine the
best properties from composites such as surface hardness,
physical strength, low shrinkage and resistance to wear with the
best properties of glass ionomers such as the release of fluoride
ions and low technique tolerance. The brand name was created
by Rolf Käse and was developed to reflect how the specific
composition of Dyract enables the curing of the material to take
place in two reactions (“dy”) and (“ract”).
When Dyract was first developed, it was used together with
Dyract PSA (primer, sealer, adhesive) for the pre-treatment of the
cavity. Today, the etching of dentin with phosphoric acid and the
application of an adhesive is preferred as standard clinical
practice. The ability to achieve reliable adhesion through the
simple application of a bond and subsequent light curing has
been a large contributor to the success of Dyract. Another critical
success factor for Dyract was the expansion of indications to
include the restoration of deciduous teeth – this meant that there
was finally a generally accepted alternative to the conventional
amalgam which had been the standard in paediatric dentistry
(Kramer et al., 2007). In 1997 Dyract was indicated for
restoration placement under occlusal load in posterior teeth. To
date, approximately 250 million Dyract restorations have been
placed worldwide.
Features of Dyract:
Special Chemical Properties:
By integrating acid groups into polymerisable resins (Blackwell,
1993) and combining with basic glass ionomer fillers, Dyract
behaves like a composite resin during light-curing – the resins
immediately form a stable network by way of a free-radical
polymerisation. This network also chemically binds the partially
silanised fillers (Figure 1).
Fig. 1. Radical
polymerisation
whilst light
curing takes
Fig. 1 place
14 Dynamics
Dynamics
As the paste formulation of Dyract doesn’t contain water, no acid-
base reaction can take place between the acidic groups and the
basic glass ionomer fillers. This means, unlike conventional glass
ionomers, Dyract can only be set through light curing. The acid-
base reaction sets in only after water is absorbed. Similarly to
glass ionomers, when the acid-based reaction does set in,
fluoride is released – almost as a by-product of the ionic reaction
(Figure 2). The initial fluoride release of Dyract is not as high as
traditional glass ionomers. However, long-term testing at the
University of Copenhagen demonstrates that the level of fluoride
that is released by Dyract after one year is comparable to a
conventional glass ionomer (Asmussen et al., 2002).
Fig. 2. Acid-
base reaction
after water
uptake,
resulting
fluoride
Fig. 2 release
Caries Protective Effect
Many laboratory studies have shown that the fluoride release
from Dyract has an inhibitory effect on the development of
carious lesions (Wiegand et al., 2007). During an in-situ study at
the University of Göttingen, two groups of subjects were required
to wear a removable appliance that simulated proximal contacts
between intact enamel and a restorative material; either Dyract,
or the composite Spectrum® TPH3® (Figure 3). A caries
protective effect was demonstrated for the Dyract group and was
significantly higher than that of the Spectrum TPH3 group, even
though a fluoride toothpaste solution was applied twice daily to all
specimens (Lennon et al., 2007).
Fig. 3. Simulated
proximal contact
for in-situ study to
investigate caries
protective effect
of restorative
materials (Lennon
Fig. 3 et al., 2007)
Dynamics
Strength Comparable to Composites
Laboratory studies at the Universities of Marburg and Erlangen
have demonstrated that Dyract has a marginal quality (Figure
4) that is comparable to conventional composites
(Frankenberger, 2013). Further studies testing mechanical
properties such as flexural strength (Figure 5) and flexural
fatigue (Figure 6) also demonstrate Dyract to be comparable
to conventional restorative composites (Lohbauer, 2013).
Fig. 4
Fig. 4.1 Evaluation of marginal quality under scanning
electron microscopy: percentage of perfect margins
(Frankenberger, 2013 and 2009)
Fig. 5
Fig. 5.2,3 Flexural Strength under 4-point loading (Lohbauer,
2013 and 2009)
Fig. 6
Fig. 6. Flexural fatigue limit (Lohbauer , 2013 and 2009)
10 Year Clinical Data
The University of Munich conducted a study to assess the
suitability of Dyract for permanent restorations in the posterior
region (Hickel, 2013). Three groups were set up, comparing
Dyract/Xeno® III with QuiXfil®/Xeno III and Tetric
Ceram/Syntac1 to test annual failure rates. Ten years after
placement, 102 of the restorations were examined by
independent experts. The annual failure rate in the
Dyract/Xeno III group was 1.8%, this was not statistically
different from the failure rate of the Tetric Ceram/Syntac group
and identical to the failure rate of the QuiXfil/Xeno III group
(Figure 7).
Fig. 7
Fig. 7. Success rate, failures and annual failure rate (AFR)
after 10 years (Manhart et al., 2013)
Outlook
Dyract provides proven mechanical strength comparable to
conventional composites, caries protective effect on proximal
surfaces (demonstrated in-situ) and is indicated for permanent
posterior restorations with buccovestibular dimensions of up
to two thirds of intercuspal distance. On this basis, it can be
concluded that this filling material is ideal for the initial
treatment for carious lesions, not only by restoring the lesion
itself with a clinically proven material, but by exerting a
prophylactic effect on adjacent proximal surfaces through a
continuous release of fluoride.
References
1. Tetric Evo Ceram and Syntac are registered trademarks of Ivoclar
Vivadent Limited
2. Filtek Z250 and Filtek Supreme XT are registered trademarks of 3M
3. Venus Diamond is a registered trademark of Hereaus Kulzer
Asmussen E, Peutzfeldt A (2002). Long-term fluoride release from a
glass ionomer cement, a compomer, and from experimental resin
composites. Acta Odontol Scand. 2002 Mar;60(2):93-7.
Blackwell G (1993). US patent 5,218,070: Dental/medical composition
and use.
Engelbrecht J (1989). US patent 4,872,936: Polymerizable cement
mixtures.
Frankenberger R (2013). Study report 14.1460.
Frankenberger R (2009). Study report 14.1351.
Krämer N, Frankenberger R (2007). Compomers in restorative therapy
of children: a literature review. Int J Paediatr Dent. 17:2-9.
Krejci I, Gebrauer L, Häusler T, Lutz F (1994). Kompomere –
Amalgamersatz für Milchzahnkavitäten? Schweiz Monatsschr
Zahnmed 104: 724–730.
Lennon ÁM, Wiegand A, Buchalla W, Attin T (2007). Approximal caries
developmentin contact with fluoride releasing and non-fluoride
releasing restorativematerials – an in situ study. Eur J Oral Sci
115:497-501.
Lohbauer U (2013). Study report 14.1461.
Lohbauer U (2009). Study report 14.1436.
Manhart J, Hickel R (2013). Report 10-year recall 4.361.
Wiegand A, Buchalla W, Attin T (2007). Review on fluoride-releasing
restorative materials--fluoride release and uptake characteristics,
antibacterial activity and influence on caries formation. Dent Mater.
23:343-62.
Dynamics 15

Air Polishing
Salim Rayman, R.D.H., M.P.A.
Associate Professor, Dental Hygiene Program
Eugenio Maria de Hostos Community College of the City University of New York
Email: srayman@hostos.cuny.edu Telephone: 718.319.7945
Elvir Dincer, D.D.S.
Associate Professor, Dental Hygiene Program
Eugenio Maria de Hostos Community College of the City University of New York
Email: edincer@hostos.cuny.edu Telephone: 718.319.7944
Educational Objectives:
1. Discuss the indications for use of air
polishing
2. Review the science of air polishing
including advantages and benefits of
using air polishing
3. Implement appropriate air polishing
technique
4. Understand maintenance of air
polishing systems
Introduction
The concept of air polishing is based on a
technology developed by Dr. Robert Black
in 1945. Dr. Black invented a device
called the Air Dent which used
compressed air, water and a highly
abrasive powder to eliminate pain from
cavity preparation, making anesthesia
unnecessary. While the Air Dent
presented many problems, the technology
became the first step in air polishing
devices. Air polishing was first marketed
in 1976 and from then forth it became
widely available.1 Air powder polishing is
accomplished by the propulsion of
abrasive particles through a mixture of
compressed air and water through a
handpiece nozzle.2 The handpiece nozzle
through which the slurry is propelled is
activated with a foot control. The psi
produced depends on the type of air
powder polisher being used. Air powder
polishers are manufactured hand piece
units that attach directly to the air/water
connector on the dental unit, as separate
units, or in combination with an ultrasonic
scaler.
16 Dynamics
Indications for use
Coronal polishing is a cosmetic procedure
designed to remove extrinsic stains from
the enamel surfaces of the teeth. This
can be accomplished by abrasion and
erosion of the extrinsic stain. The most
common technique for stain removal is
rubber cup polishing. This technique uses
an abrasive polishing agent and a slowly
revolving polishing cup to abrade stain
from the tooth surface.3 Air powder
polishing is accomplished by erosion of
extrinsic stains by suspended abrasive
particles within a moving fluid. Kinetic
energy propels the air powder polishing
slurry particles against the tooth surface
thus removing stain.4 (Figure 1)
Before
Fig. 1
After
Fig. 1
Fig. 1. Removal of extrinsic stains
(Image courtesy of Yosi Behroozan,
DDS/DENTSPLY Professional)
The air-powder polisher is shown to be
Dynamics
efficient, safe and effective in removing
extrinsic stain and plaque biofilm for tooth
surfaces.5 It is equally effective in
decreasing root surface roughness after
instrumentation.6 It is also reported to
remove plaque biofilm and staining as
effectively as a rubber cup and does so in
less time.2 Patients exhibit extensive
staining on root surfaces, specifically on
areas of recession and at the
cementoenamel junction. Removing
those stains with a curet, has shown to
have reduced root structure. However,
when stain removal is for aesthetic
reasons, the air-powder polisher is
preferable to the curet. The air-powder
polisher removes less root structure than
the curet in simulated three month recalls
for three years. The stain was also
removed more than three times faster
with the air-powder polisher.5 Using the
air-powder polisher also creates less
discomfort for patients who have dentinal
hypersensitivity because the sodium
bicarbonate particles embed in the
dentinal tubules, lessening dentinal
hypersensitivity discomfort almost
immediately.7 In vitro, research has shown
that there is little or no disruption of
enamel, cementum, and dentin surfaces
with air-powder polishing.8 Other research
points out that air-powder polishing can
render cementum surfaces uniformly
smooth, compared to traditional polishing
or the use of curets.5
The air-powder polisher can remove
subgingival bacteria through the Venturi
effect. This occurs when the air-water -
powder spray is directed at a 90 degree
 Dynamics
angle to the interproximal spaces so that
a vacuum is created that extracts tissue
fluids, including subgingival bacteria from
the subgingival space.9 The air-powder
polisher has been used for debridement
of Class V abraded areas before
placement of glass ionomer cements.
When compared to cleaning the area with
a rubber-cup polisher, the air powder
polished tooth had less microleakage
around the enamel-cement interface.10
Similar results were noted when using the
air-powder polisher before sealant
application. It was reported to be superior
to rubber-cup polishing in preparing
enamel for etching and sealants.11
Deeper resin penetration into enamel and
increased sealant bond strength was also
reported in comparison with traditional
polishing with pumice and water.12 In
addition, clinicians prefer using the air-
powder polisher on orthodontic patients
and research has shown that it does not
affect the bracket adhesive system.
Types of Powder
The most common type of abrasive
particle used with the air-powder polisher
is sodium bicarbonate, which is treated to
be free-flowing with calcium phosphate
and silica. Sodium bicarbonate is a food
grade material and each particle is
approximately 74 mcm in size.13 The
Mohs hardness number for sodium
bicarbonate is 2.5, compared to pumice,
which has a Mohs hardness number of 6.
Sodium bicarbonate is safe for use on
enamel, amalgam, gold, porcelain,
implants (titanium), and orthodontic
materials. However, should be avoided on
all types of composites, glass ionomers,
and luting agents (cements).13 When used
on implants, air polishing with sodium
bicarbonate, should not be directed
subgingivally, thus it is the method of
choice for decontamination of implants.14
A sodium free powder for air powder
polishing is available. (Figure 2. Jet
Fresh from DENTSPLY). It was
developed for patients who are sodium
intolerant. This powder is made of
aluminum trihydroxide, which has a Mohs
hardness number of 2.5 to 3.5 and a
particle range in mesh size from 80 mcm
to 325 mcm. Aluminum trihydroxide
powder is safe for enamel, however, it is
too abrasive for use on other tooth
structures and its use should be avoided
on all dental materials.15 While aluminum
trihydroxide use does not cause surface
disruption to porcelain, the luting agent
can be removed causing a compromise in
the margin integrity that could quickly lead
to decay.4
Fig. 2. Jet Fresh
sodium free
Fig. 2
prophy powder
Patient Assessment
Due to the various indications and
contraindications for use of the air-powder
polisher, the patient assessment and
treatment planning are critical. Patient
assessment includes a thorough health
history evaluation to rule out patients on
a physician-directed sodium restricted
diet and hypertension. However, the
amount of sodium bicarbonate ingested
during air polishing is not sufficient to
cause an increase in blood pressure or
blood levels of sodium or alkalosis.16
Patients that are contraindicated also
include those with end-stage renal
disease, immunocompromised,
communicable infection, Addison’s
disease or Cushing’s disease. In addition,
patients who have respiratory problems
such as chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease or any condition that interferes
with breathing or swallowing should avoid
this treatment. These patients are
compromised by the aerosols created by
air-powder polishing and they are also
vulnerable to the development of
pneumonia.4 Contraindications for using
the air-powder polisher also include
patients taking potassium, anti-diuretics or
steroid therapy which can disrupt the
acid/base balance.
Contraindications for use of the air-
powder polisher also extends to the hard
and soft tissues therefore, the dental
history assessment is paramount. Hard
tissue that is present with any composite
resins, sealants or glass ionomers should
be avoided due to susceptibility of surface
roughness or pitting. Porcelain margins
and margins of all restorations can be
altered by extensive exposure of the air-
powder polisher which can lead to loss of
marginal integrity, surface roughness,
staining and pitting.1 Exposed cementum
or dentin are structures that are not as
mineralised as enamel therefore more
susceptible to abrasion. In addition,
patients that present with active
periodontal conditions with soft and
spongy tissue, the air-powder polisher
can be susceptible to air embolism or
small blood clots. Lastly, pediatric patients
with deciduous teeth or newly erupted
permanent teeth are contraindicated.
Patient Preparation
It is with utmost importance that before
using the air-powder polisher, the clinician
must prepare both themselves and the
patient. Patient preparation would include
a thorough explanation of the procedure,
review of medical history and taking of
blood pressure. Clinician should place a
disposable or plastic drape over patient’s
clothing, provide the patient with safety
glasses and removal of contact lenses. In
addition, position the patient more upright
and apply non-petroleum lubricant to the
lips to protect from the abrasive spray
which can dry the lips. When the clinician
performs air-powder polishing, aerosols of
microorganisms that contaminate
surfaces several feet from the operative
site have been reported. Therefore,
instructing the patient to use an
antimicrobial preprocedural rinse, such as
0.12% chlorhexidine, reduces bacterial
contamination of aerosols.18
Air-powder polishing unit and operator
preparation
The clinician should be appropriately
protected when performing air-powder
polishing. The use of standard
precautions, which include wearing fluid
resistant protective apparel, face shield or
protective safety glasses with side shield,
gloves and well-fitting mask with high
filtration capabilities.19 In addition, due to
the high aerosols contamination the use
of a high-speed evacuation system is
recommended. Clinicians should always
follow the manufacturer’s directions for
use specific to the air-polishing unit being
used.
Unit preparation includes obtaining all the
necessary equipment such as the air-
powder polishing unit and abrasive
powder according to patient selection.
The unit and hand piece nozzle is
prepared according to manufacturer’s
instructions and the powder compartment
filled with the appropriate product for the
device being used (Figure 3).
Continued over page >>>
Dynamics 17

<<<<Continued from previous page
The unit should be turned on for at least
15 seconds to eliminate residual powder
or moisture in the lines. Also, water lines
need to be flushed before use, according
to the recommendations of the Center for
Disease Control and Prevention.20 When
filling the chamber with abrasive powder
the unit must be turned off and filled with
powder to the top of the center tube. The
clinician can place their finger over the
tube in the middle of the chamber to
prevent powder from blocking the air line.
Next, the clinician needs to use the
control on top of the powder chamber cap
to adjust the powder flow according to
patient’s needs. For patients with heavy
stains the control knob should be turned
to H for heavy powder flow, approximately
12 o’ clock position. For patients with light
staining, the control knob should be set at
L for reduced powder flow which is
approximately the 6 o’clock position
(Figure 4).
Fig. 3
Fig. 3. Fill the powder chamber with an
abrasive recommended by the
manufacturer
Fig. 4
Fig. 4. Powder control knob
An aerosol-reduction device that connects
the saliva ejector or high speed
evacuation system to the air-polisher
hand piece has been shown to be
effective in controlling and reducing air-
powder aerosols, thus decreasing the
potential for disease transmission.21 This
device which is referred to as an Aerosol
Reduction device, reduces or eliminates
the visible aerosols normally produced
during air-powder polishing. Additionally,
the Aerosol Reduction device (Figure 5)
18 Dynamics
eliminates the use of exact angulations
with cup/nozzle, use of gauze, hand
cupping and patient positioning. Other
advantages to the Aerosol Reduction
device are that it minimises the possibility
of tooth abrasion since the cup is placed
on the tooth as with traditional polishing
techniques. When using the Aerosol
Reduction device the clinician must follow
manufacturer’s instructions on
assembling and disassembling. This
aerosol reduction device contains two
parts, a disposable cup that attaches to
the air powder polisher nozzle and a clear
tube extension which is attached to the
saliva ejector or HVE.
Fig. 5
Fig. 5. Aerosol Reduction device
(Raintree Essix)
Clinical Technique
There is a universal air-powder polishing
technique that can be used with all types
of systems, however manufacturers may
have different instructions for their
equipment.4 The recommended technique
prevents undue aerosols from deflecting
back to the clinician or being directed into
the patient soft tissues. The use of high
speed evacuation or Aerosol Reduction
device is the most efficient control of the
aerosol spray. While positioning of the
patient and operator are basically
unchanged, direct vision and access
become fundamentally important when
the polisher is active.20 Positioning the
patient slightly upright at 45 degrees with
the patient’s head toward the operator
and reclining to treat maxillary lingual
surfaces provide a better field of vision
and increase patient comfort. Placing
moistened 2” x 2” gauze square over the
tongue or on the patient’s lip near the
work area will help reduce burning and
stinging experienced by some patients.
The rheostat has two compressions
levels; full compression releases the
aerosol powder-abrasive from the tip and
halfway compression produces a stream
of water for rinsing and cleaning. It is
recommended that the clinician check the
Dynamics
amount of water and powder coming from
the unit before activation in patients’
mouth so to test the sensitivity of the
alternating cycles and to confirm the
powder to water ratio.20
The clinician should establish and
maintain a systemic pattern when using
the air-powder polisher. The nozzle tip
should be an appropriate distance from
the tooth surface which is approximately
3mm to 4mm. Holding the nozzle further
away from the tooth surface is not
recommended because it minimises the
abrasive action and increases aerosol
production. Cupping the lip with the index
finger and thumb to pool water in
vestibule minimises aerosol and eases
evacuation. The nozzle tip should also be
angled diagonally so that the spray is
directed toward the middle third of the
tooth. The clinician will use a constant
circular motion, sweeping or paint-brush
motion from interproximal to
interproximal. In addition, a systematic
approach by polishing one or two teeth at
a time will ensure that all tooth surfaces
are adequately polished. Alternate cycles
of full-compression powder-spray and
half-compression rinse every two or three
teeth will increase efficiency and patient
comfort.20 The clinician must polish each
tooth for approximately 1 to 2 seconds
and should avoid loss of tooth structure by
subjecting the tooth to no more than ten
seconds of air polish slurry. Root surfaces
should also be avoided or less time spent
because they abrade more rapidly than
enamel.
The DENTSPLY Cavitron Jet Plus has a
Tap-On™ technology (Figure 6) which
eliminates the need for the clinician to
pump the pedal by automatically cycling
between rinse and polish. This Tap-On™
technology works by way of tapping the
foot pedal once which will enable an
automatic air polishing/rinse cycle that
lasts for approximately one minute and
tapping the pedal a second time disables
the automatic air polishing/rinse cycle.
The DENTSPLY Cavitron Jet Plus™
device autocycles work via short, medium
and long settings (Figure 7) and are
timed cycles of one minute that
automatically alternate between air
powder polishing and rinse (water only)
without having to use the foot pedal to
alternate between the two.
 Dynamics
A single tap to the foot pedal starts each
one minute cycle and each cycle begins
with a 2 to 3 second stream of water. The
“short” autocycle is a .75 second of air-
powder polishing followed by a 1.25
seconds rinse; the “medium” autocycle is
a 2 second air-powder polishing followed
by a 1 second rinse; the “long” autocycle
is a 3 second air-powder polishing
followed by a 2 second rinse. The
“manual” cycle setting uses the Tap On™
foot technology control to manually
alternate between air-powder polishing
and rinse.
Fig. 6
Fig. 6. DENTSPLY Cavitron Jet Plus
with Tap-On™ technology
Fig. 7
Fig. 7. Settings: Manual, Short,
Medium, and Long
When air-polishing the anterior teeth the
tip should be directed at a 60 degree angle
to the tooth, posterior teeth an angle of 80
degree and for occlusal surfaces a 90
degree angle is recommended. If using
the Jet Shield, the clinician will apply the
disposable cup (attached to the nozzle) to
the middle third of the tooth with light
pressure to flare the cup. The clinician will
then pivot the nozzle inside the cup to
adapt to all areas of the tooth surface and
polish for two seconds of spray for each
segment of tooth.
Completion of air-polishing procedure
At completion of the air-polishing
procedure the clinician should rinse the
teeth thoroughly, floss all interproximal
surfaces and inspect the teeth for any
remaining stain. Thorough rinsing is
essential after air powder polishing
because of the basic nature of the sodium
bicarbonate.20 If stain is still present,
reinstrumentation and or use of the air
powder polisher may be indicated. Any
debris should be wiped off the patient’s
face with a moist towel and offer
additional lip balm. The Aerosol Reduction
device should be disposed of and the
nozzle should be cleaned with a wire-
cleaning tool to prevent clogging. Nozzle
tips must be autoclaved after each use
and the entire unit should be disinfected
with an Environmental Protection Agency
approved disinfectant. Using a disposable
barrier will help minimise disinfecting
time.22 At the end of the day the unit
should be turned off, remove powder from
chamber and discard the unused powder
to prevent clogging of lines. Also, keep
powder chamber and air lines free of
moisture, which can cause the system to
fail.22 The clinician will then remove any
residual powder from the chamber with a
HVE and activate the unit for
approximately fifteen seconds to clear any
powder remaining in the chamber.
Conclusion
Therapeutic polishing is the removal of
toxins from the unexposed root surfaces,
which results in a decrease in disease
parameters. Polishing root surfaces is
possible with both the rubber-cup or air-
powder polisher, however the rationale for
selecting the air-powder polisher is for its
effectiveness and efficacy.20 The clinician
should follow the precautions and
considerations presented when polishing
for therapeutic benefits with the air-
powder polisher. The clinician should be
aware to direct the air-powder spray
against the tooth surface, not the exposed
soft tissues. Most importantly the clinician
must consider all options; aesthetic,
therapeutic, and patient goals, when
designing a treatment plan that meets the
patient specific needs.
References:
1. Gutmann ME. Air polishing: A comprehensive
review of the literature. Journal of Dental Hygiene,
Vol. 72, Number 3, 1998, 47-56.
2. Weaks, LM, Lescher NB, Barnes CM, Holroyd SV.
Clinical evaluation of the Prophy-Jet as an
instrument for routine removal of tooth stain and
plaque. J Periodontal. 1984;55:486-488.
3. Nield-Gehrig JS. Fundamentals of Periodontal
Instrumentation and Advanced Root
Instrumentation. 6th ed. LWW; 2008:599.
4. Barnes, CM. An In-depth Look at Air Polishing.
Dimensions of Dental Hygiene, 2010; 8 (3): 32, 34-
36, 40.
5. Berkstein S et al: Supraginvial root surface
removal during maintenance procedures utilising
an air-powder abrasive system or hand scaling. J
Periodontal 1987; 58:327-330
6. Leknes KN, Lie T. Influence of polishing
procedures on sonic scaling root surface
roughnesss. J Periondontal 1991; 62:659-662.
7. Bester SP, de Wet FA, Nel JC, Dressen CH. The
effect of airborne particle abrasion on the dentin
smear layer and dentin; an in vitro investigation.
Int J Pros. 1995; 8:46-50.
8. Gutmann ME. Air polishing: a comprehensive
review of the literature. J Dent Hyg. 1998:73:47-
56.
9. Barnes CM. The management of aerosols with air
polishing delivery systems. J Dent Hyg.
1991;65:280-282.
10. Cooley RL, Lubow RM, Patrissi GA: The effect of
an air-powder abrasive on glass ionomer
microleakage. General Dentistry . 1989; 37(1):16-
18.
11. Garcia-Godoy F, Medlock JW: An SEM study of
the effects of air-polishing on fissure surfaces.
Quintessence Int. 1988; 7:465-467.
12. Brocklehurst PR, Joshi RI, Northeast SE. The
effect of air-polishing occlusal surfaces on the
penetration of fissures by a sealant. Int J Paediatr
Dent. 1992; 2:157-162.
13. Barnes CM, Hayes EF, Leinfelder KF. Effects of
an airabrasive polishing system on restored
surfaces. General Dentistry. 1987; 35(3):186-189.
14. Barnes CM, Fleming LS, Mueninghoff LA. SEM
evaluation of the in-vitro effects of an air abrasive
system on various implant surfaces. Int J Oral
Maxillofac Implants. 1991; 6:463-469.
15. Johnson WW et al. An in-vitro investigation of the
effects on an aluminum air polishing powder
delivered via the Prophy Jet on dental restorative
materials. J Prosthodont. 2004; 13:1-7.
16 . Snyder JA, McVay JT, Brown FH. The effects of
air abrasive polishing on blood pH and electrolyte
concentrations in healthy mongrel dogs. J
Periodontol. 1990; 61:81-86.
17. Glenwright HD, Knibbs PJ, Burdon DW.
Atmospheric contamination during use of an air
polisher. Br Dent J. 1985; 159(9):294-297.
18. Worral SF, Knibbs PJ, Gelenwrikght HD. Methods
of reducing bacterial contamination of the
atmosphere arising from use of an air-polihser. Br
Dent J. 1987; 163:118-119.
19. Molinari JA. Face masks: effective personal
protection. Compend Cont Educ Dent. 1996;
17(9):818-821.
20. Daniel SJ, Harfst SA, Wilder RS. Mosby’s Dental
Hygiene Concepts, Cases and Competencies.
2nd Ed. St. Louis, Mosby;2008: 615.
21. Muzzin KB, King TB, Berry CW: Assessing the
clinical effectiveness of an aerosol reduction
device for the air polisher. J AM Dent Assoc. 1999;
130(9):1354-1359.
22. Cooper MD and Wiechmann L. Essentials of
Dental Hygiene Clinical Skills. New Jersey,
Pearson;2006:115-123.
Dynamics 19
 For dental professionals striving for greater comfort!

scaling and air polishing:

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