Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, Sofia, Vol. 47 No. 3 (2017) pp.

25-58
DOI: 10.1515/jtam-2017-0013

HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER OF UNSTEADY

HYDROMAGNETIC FREE CONVECTION FLOW THROUGH
POROUS MEDIUM PAST A VERTICAL PLATE WITH UNIFORM
SURFACE HEAT FLUX

M OHAMED A BD E L -A ZIZ1,2∗ , A ISHAH S. YAHYA1

1
King Khalid University, Faculty of Science, Mathematics Department, Abha
9004, Saudi Arabia
2
Helwan University,Faculty of Science, Mathematics Department, P.O.Box,
11795, Cairo, Egypt
[Received 14 October 2016. Accepted 26 June 2017]

A BSTRACT: Simultaneous effects of thermal and concentration diffusions

in unsteady magnetohydrodynamic free convection flow past a moving plate
maintained at constant heat flux and embedded in a viscous fluid saturated
porous medium is presented. The transport model employed includes the ef-
fects of thermal radiation, heat sink, Soret and chemical reaction. The fluid
is considered as a gray absorbing-emitting but non-scattering medium and the
Rosseland approximation in the energy equations is used to describe the radia-
tive heat flux for optically thick fluid. The dimensionless coupled linear partial
differential equations are solved by using Laplace transform technique. Nu-
merical results for the velocity, temperature, concentration as well as the skin
friction coefficient and the rates of heat and mass transfer are shown graphi-
cally for different values of physical parameters involved.

K EY WORDS : Magnetic field; free convection; porous medium; heat flux; heat
absorption; chemical reaction.

1. I NTRODUCTION
Process involving coupled heat and mass transfer occurs frequently in nature. It oc-
curs not only due to the temperature differences, but also, due to concentration dif-
ferences or the combination of the two in different geophysical cases. Free convec-
tion flow of magnetohydrodynamic fluid has attracted many researchers in view of
its numerous applications in geophysics, astrophysics, meteorology, aerodynamics,
magnetohydrodynamic power generators and pumps, boundary layer control energy
generators, accelerators, aerodynamics heating, polymer technology, petroleum in-
dustry, purification of crude oil, and in material processing such as extrusion, metal
forming, continuous casting wire, and glass fiber drawing. Muthucumaraswamy et
∗
Corresponding author e-mail: m abdelaziz999@yahoo.com

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26 Mohamed Abd El-Aziz, Aishah S. Yahya

al. [1] investigated the flow past an impulsively started infinite vertical plate in the
presence of uniform heat and mass flux at the plate and presented an exact solu-
tion using Laplace transform technique. Chaudhary and Jain [2] have also studied
combined heat and mass transfer effects on MHD free convection flow past an oscil-
lating plate, whereas Sivaiah et al. [3] and Das and Jana [4] have studied heat and
mass transfer effects on MHD free convection flow past a vertical plate with different
boundary conditions.
Further, convection in porous media has gained significant attention in recent
years because of its importance in engineering applications such as geothermal sys-
tems, solid matrix heat exchangers, thermal insulations, oil extraction and store of
nuclear waste materials. Convection in porous media can also be applied to under-
ground coal gasification, ground water hydrology, iron blast furnaces, wall cooled
catalytic reactors, solar power collectors, energy efficient drying processes, cool-
ing of nuclear fuel in shipping flasks, cooling of electronic equipment and natural
convection in earth’s crust. Many studies, with applications, are gathered in a com-
prehensive review of convective heat transfer mechanisms through porous media in
the book by Nield and Bejan [5]. Also, several researchers considered hydromag-
netic natural convection flow past a porous plate considering different aspects of the
problem. Mention may be made of the research studies of Chamkha [6, 7], Kim [8],
Rahman and Sattar [9], Hayat and Abbas [10] and Rajesh and Varma [11]. In view of
such applications, Sattar [12] has discussed the free convection and mass transfer flow
through a porous medium past an infinite vertical porous plate with time-dependent
temperature and concentration. Rees and Pop [13] investigated the effects of trans-
verse surface waves on the free convective boundary layer induced by a uniform heat
flux vertical surface embedded in a porous medium. The magnetic effects on the free
convection and mass transfer flow through porous medium were studied by Acharya
et al. [14], whereas Cheng [15] had presented the phenomenon of natural convection
heat and mass transfer near a vertical wavy surface with constant wall temperature
and concentration in a porous medium. Toki [16] developed the analytical solutions
for free convection and mass transfer flow near a moving vertical porous plate. Re-
cently, Rajesh and Varma [17] observed the heat source effects on MHD flow through
a porous medium. Chaudhary and Jain [18] analyzed the magnetohydrodynamic free
convection flow past an accelerated surface embedded in a porous medium and ob-
tained the exact solutions for the velocity, temperature, and concentration fields using
Laplace transform method. The closed form solutions for the unsteady MHD free
convection flow with thermal radiation and mass transfer over a moving vertical plate
were developed by Das [19], while Pal and Talukdar [20] have studied the problem of
unsteady mixed convection with thermal radiation and first-order chemical reaction
on magnetohydrodynamics boundary layer flow of viscous, electrically conducting

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 Heat and Mass Transfer of Unsteady Hydromagnetic Free Convection Flow ... 27

fluid past a vertical permeable plate. Seth et al. [21] investigated the unsteady MHD
free convection flow with radiative heat transfer past an impulsively moving plate
with ramped wall temperature. The effects of Hall current and mass transfer on the
unsteady MHD free convection flow in a porous channel were analyzed by Khan et
al. [22].
The study of convective flow with heat and mass transfer under the influence of
chemical reaction has practical applications in many areas of science and engineer-
ing. This phenomenon plays an important role in the chemical industry, petroleum
industry, cooling of nuclear reactors, and packed-bed catalytic reactors so that it
has received a considerable amount of attention in recent years. Also, the study of
chemical reaction with heat transfer in a porous medium has important engineering
applications such as tubular reactors, oxidation of solid materials and synthesis of
ceramic materials. intensive studies have been carried out to investigate effects of
chemical reaction on different flow and fluid types. The effects of chemical reaction
and variable viscosity on hydromagnetic mixed convection heat and mass transfer
for Hiemenz flow through porous media with radiation were studied by Seddeek et
al. [23]. Mahdy [24] investigated the effect of chemical reaction and heat genera-
tion or absorption on double-diffusive convection from a vertical truncated cone in a
porous media with variable viscosity, whereas Alharbi et al. [25] presented the con-
vective heat and mass transfer of an incompressible MHD visco-elastic fluid flow
immersed in a porous medium over a stretching sheet with chemical reaction and
thermal stratification effects. Shateyi and Motsa [26] studied the problem of un-
steady MHD convective heat and mass transfer past an Infinite Vertical Plate in a
porous medium with thermal radiation in presence of heat generation/absorption and
chemical reaction. The combined effects of Soret and Dufour on an unsteady mixed
convection magnetohydrodynamics heat and mass transfer in a micropolar fluid sat-
urated Darcian porous medium in the presence of thermal radiation, heat generation,
Ohmic heating and chemical reaction have been investigated by Kasim et al. [27].
Ali et al. [28] developed the combined effects of heat and mass transfer on free con-
vection unsteady MHD flow of viscous fluid embedded in a porous medium.
The objective of this work is to extend the study of Ali et al. [28] to a vertical
plate with a uniform surface heat flux immersed in an absorbing fluid, that is, to study
the problem of free convection MHD flow of an incompressible, viscous, absorbing
fluid past an accelerated vertical plate with constant surface heat flux embedded in
a porous medium. The magnetic field is applied normal to the surface of the plate
which is electrically insulated. Analytical solutions are developed and the effects of
the pertinent parameters on the fluid flow, heat and mass transfer characteristics are
discussed in detail through graphs. To the best of authors’ knowledge, this problem
has not been studied before in literature and the reported results are new.

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28 Mohamed Abd El-Aziz, Aishah S. Yahya

2. A NALYSIS
Consider the unsteady one-dimensional flow of an incompressible, electrically con-
ducting and viscous fluid past an infinite vertical plate embedded in a porous medium
with constant heat flux at y ∗ = 0. The x∗ -axis is measured along the plate in the up-
ward direction and y ∗ -axis is measured normal to the plate in the outward direction.
A uniform magnetic field B0 is acting in the transverse direction to the flow. The
transversely applied magnetic field and magnetic Reynolds number are assumed to
be very small so that the induced magnetic field and the Hall effect are negligible.
The Soret and thermal buoyancy effects are also considered. The plate is infinite in
length, so all the field quantities become functions of space coordinate y ∗ and time t∗ .
Initially, the plate and the fluid are at same temperature T∞ ∗ and concentration C ∗ .
∞
∗
Subsequently, at time t > 0, the plate begins to move in its own plane and accel-
erates against the gravitational field with uniform acceleration f (t∗ ) in x∗ -direction.
Simultaneously, heat is supplied from the surface of the plate to the fluid, which is
maintained throughout the fluid flow at the uniform rate (qw 00 /k) and concentration

level is raised to Cw∗ as shown in Fig. 1. Under the above assumptions and invoking
the Boussinesq approximation, the governing equations of momentum, energy and
concentration are derived as follows:
∂u∗ ∂ 2 u∗ σB02 ∗ ν
(1) ∗
= ν ∗ 2 − u − ∗ u∗ + gβ(T ∗ − T∞ ∗
) + gβ ∗ (C ∗ − C∞
∗
),
∂t ∂y ρ K
∂T ∗ ∂2T ∗ ∂q ∗
(2) ρcp ∗ = k ∗ 2 − r∗ − Q0 (T ∗ − T∞ ∗
),
∂t ∂y ∂y
∂C ∗ ∂ 2 C ∗ DKT ∂ 2 T ∗
(3) = D + − Kr∗ (C ∗ − C∞∗
),
∂t∗ ∂y ∗ 2 Tm ∂y ∗ 2
with the following initial and boundary conditions:

t∗ ≤ 0 : u∗ = 0, T ∗ = T∞
∗
, C ∗ = C∞
∗
, ∀ y ∗ ≥ 0,
00
∂T ∗ q
(4) t∗ > 0 : u∗ = f (t∗ ), = − w, C ∗ = Cw∗ at y ∗ = 0,
∂y ∗ k
: u∗ −→ 0, ∗ ∗
T −→ T∞ , C ∗ −→ C∞
∗
as y ∗ −→ ∞,

in which f (t∗ ) is the uniform acceleration of the plate, x∗ and y ∗ are the distances
along and perpendicular to the plate, t∗ is the dimensional time, u∗ is the fluid ve-
locity in the x∗ -direction, T ∗ is the temperature of the fluid, T∞ ∗ is the free stream

temperature, C ∗ is the concentration, Cw∗ is the surface concentration, C∞ ∗ is the free

stream concentration, Q0 is the dimensional heat absorption coefficient, k is the ther-

00
mal conductivity, qr∗ is the radiative heat flux in x∗ -direction, qw is the constant heat

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 Heat and Mass Transfer of Unsteady Hydromagnetic Free Convection Flow ... 29

Fig. 1. Flow geometry and physical coordinate system.

Figure 1: Flow geometry and physical coordinate system.
flux per unit area at the plate, β is the volumetric coefficient of thermal expansion,
β ∗ is the volumetric coefficient of expansion for concentration, ν is the kinematic
1.0 1.0
viscosity, µ is the fluid viscosity, ρ is the fluid density, cp is the specific heat capac-
0.8 σ is the electrical conductivity of the fluid,
ity, ∗
0.8 K is the permeability of the porous
medium, Tm is the mean fluid temperature, KT is the thermal-diffusion ratio, Kr∗ is
0.6 M = 0.0 , 1.0 , 2.0 , 3.0 0.6 K = 0.2 , 0.5 , 1.0 , 2.0
the chemical reaction constant and D is the mass diffusivity.
u
u

0.4 The radiative heat flux qr∗ under Rosseland 0.4approximation has the form

0.2 ∂T ∗ 4
−4σ ∗ 0.2
(5) qr∗ = ,
0.0 3k ∗ 0.0
∂y ∗
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
where σ ∗ is the Stefan-Boltzmann y constant and k ∗ is the mean absorption y coefficient.
It is assumed that the temperature differences within the flow are sufficiently small
Figure 2: Velocity profiles for different values of M when t = 1, Figure 3: Velocity profiles for different values of K when M = 1,
R such
= 0.5, that
P r = the
0.71, term
Gr = 1, T K∗ 4=is0.5,expressed
Gm = 1, γ as the tlinear
= 0.5, = 1, R =function of Gr
0.5, P r = 0.71, temperature.
= 1, Gm = 1, γ =Thus ex-
0.5, Sc = 0.22,
Sc = 0.22, Sr = 2 ∗,Q
4H = 0.1 ∗ Sr = 2, QH = 0.1
panding T about T∞ using Taylor series expansion and neglecting higher order
terms
T ∗ 4 ' T ∗ 4∞ + 4T ∗ 3∞ (T ∗ − T∞ ∗
) ' 4T ∗ 3∞ T ∗ − 3T ∗ 4∞
gives
−16σ ∗ T ∗ 3∞ ∂T ∗
(6) qr∗ = .
3k ∗ ∂y ∗
From (6), (2) reduces to the following form:
∂T ∗ ∂ 2 T ∗ 16σ ∗ T ∗ 3∞ ∂ 2 T ∗
(7) ρcp = k + − Q0 (T ∗ − T∞
∗
).
∂t∗ ∂y ∗ 2 3k ∗ ∂y ∗ 2
22

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30 Mohamed Abd El-Aziz, Aishah S. Yahya

Now, we take f (t∗ ) = At∗ and define the following non-dimensional variables:
T∗ − T∗ C ∗ − C∞
∗ u∗
θ =   r∞ , φ= , u= √ ,
00
qw 3 ν
2 Cw∗ − C∞
∗ 3
νA
k A
(8) r r
∗ 3 A ∗ 3 A2
y=y , t=t ,
ν2 ν
where A denotes the uniform acceleration of the plate in x-direction, u is the di-
mensionless velocity, y dimensionless coordinate perpendicular to the plate, t is the
dimensionless time, θ is the dimensionless temperature and φ is the dimensionless
species concentration. Substituting Eqs. (8) into Eqs. (1), (3) and (7) gives the
governing equations in dimensionless form
∂u ∂2u
(9) = − Hu + Grθ + Gmφ,
∂t ∂y 2
∂θ ∂2θ
(10) F∗ = 2 − Lθ,
∂t ∂y
∂φ 1 ∂ φ2 ∂2θ
(11) = + Sr − γφ,
∂t Sc ∂y 2 ∂y 2
with dimensionless initial and boundary conditions
t ≤ 0 : u = 0, θ = 0, φ = 0, y ≥ 0,
∂θ
(12) t > 0 : u = t, = −1, φ = 1 at y = 0,
∂y
: u → 0, θ → 0, φ → 0 as y → ∞,
where
r
√ 00 3 ν2
2 3
σB0 νA gβqw gβ ∗ (Cw∗ − C∞ ∗ )
M= , Gr = Gm =A, ,
ρA kA A
√ ∗3
1 ν 3 νA 1 νρcp 16σ ∗ T∞
= , H = M + , P r = , R = ,
K AK ∗ K k 3kk ∗
Q0 Pr ν
(13) QH = r , F∗ = , L = F ∗ QH , Sc = ,
3 A
2 1+R D
ρcp
ν
r
00 3 1
DKT qw r
νA ∗ 3 ν
Sr = , γ = Kr .
(Cw∗ − C∞∗ )T k
m A2

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 Heat and Mass Transfer of Unsteady Hydromagnetic Free Convection Flow ... 31

Here, M is the magnetic parameter, K is the dimensionless permeability, Sc is

Schmidt number, R is radiation parameter, Gr is Grashof number for heat trans-
fer , Gm is Grashof number for mass transfer, QH is the heat absorption parameter,
Sr is Soret number and γ is the chemical reaction parameter. It should be mentioned
here that γ > 0 indicates a destructive chemical reaction while γ < 0 corresponds to
a generative chemical reaction. The well-posed problems defined by (9) – (11) will
be solved by using the Laplace transform technique. Exact analytical expressions
for dimensionless temperature, concentration and velocity fields will be separately
obtained for Sc 6= 1 and Sc = 1.

2.1. T HE CASE S C 6= 1
By employing Laplace transform technique, we can obtain the solution of equations
(9), (10) and (11) subject to conditions (12). Therefore, the problem in the trans-
formed plane is given as
d2 u
(14) − (H + s)u + Grθ + Gmφ = 0,
dy 2
d2 θ
(15) − (L + F ∗ s)θ = 0,
dy 2
d2 φ d2 θ
(16) + Sr Sc − (s + γ) Sc φ = 0,
dy 2 dy 2
with the corresponding transformed boundary conditions
1
u(0, s) = , u(∞, s) = 0,
s2
dθ(0, s) 1
(17) =− , θ(∞, s) = 0,
dy s
1
φ(0, s) = , φ(∞, s) = 0,
s
where s is the Laplace transformation parameter. The solutions of (14),(15) and (16)
in the transformed s-plane are given by
√
√ √

exp − y H + s a1 s + QH exp − y H + s
(18) u(y, s) = −
s2 s(s − H ∗ )(s − H1∗ )
√ √
Gr∗ exp − y H + s



a2 exp − y H + s
+ p +
s(s − H ∗ ) F ∗ (s + QH ) s(s + a0 )
√ √
Gr∗ exp − y F ∗ (s + QH )

p

a3 s + QH exp − y H + s
+ −
s(s + a0 )(s − H1∗ )
p
s(s − H ∗ ) F ∗ (s + QH )

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32 Mohamed Abd El-Aziz, Aishah S. Yahya

√ p
p

a1 s + QH exp − y F ∗ (s + QH ) a2 exp − y Sc(γ + s)
+ −
s(s − H ∗ )(s − H1∗ ) s(s + a0 )
√ p

a3 s + QH exp − y Sc(γ + s)
− ,
s(s + a0 )(s − H1∗ )

 p 
exp −y F ∗ (s + QH )
(19) θ(y, s) = p ,
s F ∗ (s + QH )

 p  √  p 
exp −y Sc(s + γ) S ∗ s + QH exp −y Sc(s + γ)
(20) φ(y, s) = +
s s(s − H1∗ )
√  p 
S ∗ s + QH exp −y F ∗ (s + QH )
− ,
s(s − H1∗ )
where
Sc γ − H S ∗ Gm Gm
a0 = , a1 = ∗ , a2 = ,
Sc − 1 F −1 Sc − 1
√
GmS ∗ SrSc F ∗ Gr
(21) a3 = , S∗ = , Gr∗ = ∗ ,
Sc − 1 F ∗ − Sc F −1
H − F ∗ QH Scγ − F ∗ QH
H∗ = , H ∗
1 = .
F∗ − 1 F ∗ − Sc
The inverse Laplace transform of (18), (19) and (20) yields

(22) u(y, t) = I1 − I2 + I3 + I4 + I5 − I6 + I7 − I8 − I9 ,

 y √F ∗ p
"
1 p 
(23) θ(y, t) = √ ∗ exp(−y F ∗ QH ) erfc √ − QH t
2 F QH 2 t
 y √F ∗ p
#
p

− exp y F ∗ QH erfc √ + QH t ,
2 t

(24) φ(y, t) = J1 + J2 − J3 ,

where erf(x) is the error function and erfc(x) is the complementary error function
with

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Heat and Mass Transfer of Unsteady Hydromagnetic Free Convection Flow ... 33
"
1  y  √
 y √ 
I1 = t− √ exp − y H erfc √ − H t
2 2 H 2 t
√ √ 
  
 y   y
+ t+ √ exp y H erfc √ + H t ,
2 H 2 t

Z t "√
a1 H ∗ + QH ∗
p
∗+Q )

I2 = exp(H (t − u))erf (t − u)(H H
2 0 H∗
√ # "
QH p 
exp(H1∗ u) exp(−y H1∗ + H)
p
− ∗
erf QH (t − u)
H
 y q 
× erfc √ − u(H1∗ + H) + exp y H1∗ + H
p

2 u
#
 y q 
∗
× erfc √ + u(H1 + H) du,
2 u

 
Z t erf pQ (t − u)
Gr∗ H
I3 = √ exp (H ∗ u)
2 0 F ∗ QH
"
 √   y p 
× exp −y H ∗ + H erfc √ − u(H ∗ + H)
2 u
#
 √   y p 
+ exp y H ∗ + H erfc √ + u(H ∗ + H) du,
2 u

t
Z "
a2 p  y p 
I4 = exp(−a0 u) exp(−y H − a0 )erfc √ − u(H − a0 )
2 0 2 u
#
p  y p 
+ exp(y H − a0 )erfc √ + u(H − a0 ) du,
2 u

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34 Mohamed Abd El-Aziz, Aishah S. Yahya
Z t hp ∗ q 
a3 H + QH 1
I5 = exp(H1∗ (t − u))erf ∗
(t − u)(H1 + QH )
2 0 H1∗
√
QH p i
erf Q H −
(t − u)
H1∗
"  
 p  y p
× exp(−a0 u) exp −y H − a0 erfc √ − u(H − a0 )
2 u
#
 p   y p 
+ exp y H − a0 erfc √ + u(H − a0 ) du,
2 u

 
Z t h erf pQ (t − u) i
Gr∗ H
I6 = √ exp(H ∗ u)
2 0 F ∗ QH
 y √F ∗ p
"
p   
∗ ∗
× exp −y F (H + QH ) erfc √ − u(H ∗ + QH )
2 u
 y √F ∗ p
#
 p  
+ exp y F ∗ (H ∗ + QH ) erfc √ + u(H ∗ + QH ) du,
2 u

Z t hp ∗ q 
a1 H + QH 1
I7 = exp(H1∗ (t − u))erf ∗
(t − u)(H1 + QH )
2 0 H1∗
√
QH p i
erf− QH (t − u) exp(H ∗ u)
H1∗
 y √F ∗ p
"
 p  
× exp −y F ∗ (H ∗ + QH ) erfc √ − u(H ∗ + QH )
2 u
 y √F ∗ p
#
 p  
+ exp y F ∗ (H ∗ + QH ) erfc √ + u(H ∗ + QH ) du,
2 u

t  y √Sc p
Z "
a2 p   
I8 = exp(−a0 u) exp −y Sc(γ − a0 ) erfc √ − u(γ − a0 )
2 0 2 u
 p  √
 y Sc p 
#
+ exp y Sc(γ − a0 ) erfc √ + u(γ − a0 ) du,
2 u

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Heat and Mass Transfer of Unsteady Hydromagnetic Free Convection Flow ... 35
Z t hp ∗ q 
a3 H + QH
1
I9 = exp(H1∗ (t − u))erf ∗
(t − u)(H1 + QH )
2 0 H1∗
√
QH p i
− erf QH (t − u) exp(−a0 u)
H1∗
 y √Sc p
"
 p  
× exp −y Sc(γ − a0 ) erfc √ − u(γ − a0 )
2 u
 y √Sc p
#
 p  
+ exp y Sc(γ − a0 ) erfc √ + u(γ − a0 ) du,
2 u

 y √Sc √   y √Sc √ i
"
1 p p
J1 = exp(−y Scγ)erfc √ − γt +exp(y Sc γ)erfc √ + γt ,
2 2 t 2 t

Z th
S∗ p  exp(−Q (t − u)) i
p H exp (H1∗ u)
p
J2 = QH erf QH (t − u) +
2 0 π(t − u)
 y √Sc q
"  q  
× exp −y Sc(γ + H1∗ ) erfc √ − u(γ + H1∗ )
2 u
 y √Sc q
 q  #

+ exp y Sc(γ + H1∗ ) erfc √ + u(γ + H1∗ ) du,
2 u

Z th
S∗ p  exp (−Q (t − u)) i
p H exp (H1∗ u)
p
J3 = QH erf QH (t − u) +
2 0 π(t − u)
 y √F ∗ q
"  q  
∗ ∗
× exp −y F (H1 + QH ) erfc √ − u(H1∗ + QH )
2 u
 y √F ∗ q
 q  #

+ exp y F ∗ (H1∗ + QH ) erfc √ + u(H1∗ + QH ) du.
2 u

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36 Mohamed Abd El-Aziz, Aishah S. Yahya

2.2. T HE CASE S C = 1
In this case, the solutions of (14), (15) and (16) subject to the boundary conditions
(17) are given by

(25) u(y, t) = I1 − I10 + I3 + I11 + I12 − I6 + I13 − I14 − I15 ,

 y √F ∗ p
"
1  p
∗
 
(26≡ 23) θ(y, t) = √ ∗ exp −y F QH erfc √ − QH t
2 F QH 2 t
 y √F ∗ p
#
 p  
− exp y F ∗ QH erfc √ + QH t ,
2 t

(27) φ(y, t) = J4 + J5 − J6 ,

where
Z t "√
a4 H ∗ + QH ∗
p
∗+Q )

I10 = exp (H (t − u)) erf (t − u)(H H
2 0 H∗
√ # "
Q H p 
∗
 p
∗+H

− erf Q H (t − u) exp(H 2 u) exp −y H 2
H∗
 y q   p 
× erfc √ − u(H2∗ + H) + exp y H2∗ + H
2 u
#
 y q 
× erfc √ + u(H2 + H) du, ∗
2 u

a5 h  √   y √   √   y √ i
I11 = exp −y H erfc √ − H t +exp y H erfc √ + Ht ,
2 2 t 2 t

Z t"
a6 exp (−QH (t − u))
I12 = p + exp(H2∗ (t − u))
2 0 π(t − u)
#"
q   √ 
(t − u)(QH + H2∗ )
p
× erf QH + H2∗ exp −y H
#
 y √   √   y √ 
× erfc √ − H u + exp y H erfc √ + Hu du,
2 u 2 u

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 Heat and Mass Transfer of Unsteady Hydromagnetic Free Convection Flow ... 37

Z t "√
a4 H ∗ + QH ∗
p
∗+Q )

I13 = exp(H (t − u))erf (t − u)(H H
2 0 H∗
√ #
QH p 
− erf QH (t − u) exp(H2∗ u)
H∗
 y √F ∗ q
"  q  
× exp −y F ∗ (H2∗ + QH ) erfc √ − u(H2∗ + QH )
2 u
 y √F ∗ q
 q  #

+ exp y F ∗ (H2∗ + QH ) erfc √ + u(H2∗ + QH ) du,
2 u

#
a5 h √  y √  √  y √ 
I14 = exp(−y γ)erfc √ − γt + exp(y γ)erfc √ + γt ,
2 2 t 2 t

Z t" q 
a6 exp (−QH (t − u)) ∗ ∗
I15 = p +exp(H2 (t−u))erf (t − u)(QH + H2 )
2 0 π(t − u)
#"
√  y √ 
× QH + H2∗ exp (−y γ) erfc √ − γu
p
2 u
#
√  y √ 
+ exp (y γ) erfc √ + γ u du,
2 u

also
#
1h √  y √  √  y √ 
J4 = exp(−y γ)erfc √ − γt + exp(y γ)erfc √ + γt
2 2 t 2 t

Z th
S∗ exp(−QH (t − u)) i
J5 = 1
p p
QH erf( QH (t − u)) + p
2 0 π(t − u)
"
 y q 
∗
× exp(H2 u) exp(−y γ + H2 )erfc √ − u(γ + H2∗ )
p
∗
2 u
#
 y q 
+ exp(y γ + H2∗ ) erfc √ + u(γ + H2∗ ) du,
p
2 u

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38 Mohamed Abd El-Aziz, Aishah S. Yahya
Z th
S∗ exp(−QH (t − u)) i
J6 = 1 exp(H2∗ u)
p p
QH erf( QH (t − u)) + p
2 0 π(t − u)
 y √F ∗ q
"
q 
∗ ∗
exp(−y F (H2 + QH )) erfc √ − u(H2∗ + QH )
2 u
 y √F ∗ q
#
q 
+ exp(y F ∗ (H2∗ + QH )) erfc √ + u(H2∗ + QH ) du,
2 u

and
√
Sr F ∗ γ − F ∗ QH
S1∗
= ∗ , H2∗ = ,
F −1 F∗ − 1
S ∗ Gm Gm Gm S1∗
a4 = 1∗ , a5 = , a6 = .
F −1 γ−H γ−H
2.3. S KIN FRICTION
The expression of skin friction coefficient is given by
−µ ∂u∗  ∂u 
(28) τ= =− 
ρ(Aν)2/3 ∂y ∗ y∗ =0 ∂y y=0


= −(τ1 − τ2 + τ3 + τ4 + τ5 − τ6 + τ7 − τ8 − τ9 ),

where
∂Ii 
τi =  , i = 1, 2, ..., 9
∂ y y=0
and
√ √ !
1 2 t exp(−H t) erf( H t) √ √
τ1 = − √ + √ + 2t H erf( H t) ,
2 π H

Z t "√
a1 H ∗ + QH ∗
p
∗+Q )

τ2 = exp(H (t − u))erf (t − u)(H H
2 0 H∗
√ #
QH p 
− erf QH (t − u) exp(H1∗ u)
H∗
h −2 exp(−u(H ∗ + H)) q i
1
p
× √ ∗
− 2 H1 +H erf ∗
u (H1 + H) du,
πu

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Heat and Mass Transfer of Unsteady Hydromagnetic Free Convection Flow ... 39
 
Z t erf pQ (t − u) "
Gr∗ H −2 exp(−u(H ∗ + H))
τ3 = √ √
2 0 F ∗ QH πu
#
√ p 
− 2 H ∗ + H erf u (H ∗ + H) exp(H ∗ u)du,

t
Z "
a2 −2 exp(−u(H −a0 ))
τ4 = exp(−a0 u) √
2 0 πu
#
p p 
− 2 H − a0 erf u(H − a0 ) du,

Z t "p
H1∗ + QH
q 
a3 ∗ ∗
τ5 = exp(H1 (t − u))erf (t − u)(H1 + QH )
2 0 H1∗
√ # "
QH p  −2 exp(−u (H − a0 ))
− erf QH (t − u) exp(−a0 u) √
H1∗ πu
#
p p 
− 2 H − a0 erf u(H − a0 ) du,

Z t" √
Gr∗ −2 F ∗ exp(−u(H ∗ + QH )) p
τ6 = √ − 2 F ∗ (H ∗ + QH )
2 0 πu
" p #
QH (t − u)
#
p  erf
× erf u(H ∗ + QH ) exp(H ∗ u) √ ∗ du,
F QH

Z t "p ∗ q 
a1 H1 + QH ∗ ∗
τ7 = exp(H1 (t − u))erf (t − u)(H1 + QH )
2 0 H1∗
√ # " √
QH p 
∗ −2 F ∗ exp(−u(H ∗ + QH ))
− ∗ erf QH (t − u) exp(H u) √
H1 πu
#
p p 
− 2 F ∗ (H ∗ + QH ) erf u(H ∗ + QH ) du,

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40 Mohamed Abd El-Aziz, Aishah S. Yahya

Z t
" √
a2 −2 Sc exp(−u(γ − a0 ))
τ8 = exp(−a0 u) √
2 0 πu
#
p p 
− 2 Sc(γ − a0 ) erf u(γ − a0 ) du,

Z t "p ∗ q 
a3 H1 + QH ∗ ∗
τ9 = exp(H1 (t − u)) erf (t − u)(H1 + QH )
2 0 H1∗
√ # " √
QH p  −2 Sc exp(−u(γ − a0 ))
− ∗ erf QH (t − u) exp(−a0 u) √
H1 πu
#
p p 
− 2 Sc(γ − a0 ) erf u (γ − a0 ) du.

2.4. N USSELT NUMBER

The rate of heat transfer coefficient for the present problem is given as
p 00 √ ∗
3
ν 2 /A qw 1 F QH
(29) Nu = = = √ .
k(Tw∗ − T∞ ∗ ) θ(0, t) 1 − erfc QH t

2.5. S HERWOOD NUMBER

The rate of mass transfer coefficient is given by
p
3
ν 2 /A ∂C ∗  ∂φ 
(30) Sh = ∗ ∗ ∂y ∗ y ∗ =0
= = δ1 + δ2 − δ3 ,
Cw − C∞ ∂y y=0
 

∂J` 
where δ` = with ` = 1, 2, 3 and
∂y y=0


√
1 h −2 Sc exp(−γt) p √
i
δ1 = √ − 2 Scγ erf γt ,
2 πt

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 Heat and Mass Transfer of Unsteady Hydromagnetic Free Convection Flow ... 41

t
"
S∗
Z p 
exp(H1∗ u)
p
δ2 = QH erf QH (t − u)
2 0
#" √
exp(−QH (t − u)) −2 Sc exp(−u(H1∗ + γ))
+ p √
π(t − u) πu
q q #
− 2 Sc(H1∗ + γ) erf u(H1∗ + γ) du,

t
"
S∗
Z p 
exp(H1∗ u)
p
δ3 = QH erf QH (t − u)
2 0
#" √
exp(−QH (t − u)) −2 F ∗ exp(−u(H1∗ + QH ))
+ p √
π(t − u) πu
q q #
− 2 F ∗ (H1∗ + QH ) erf u (H1∗ + QH ) du.

3. R ESULTS AND D ISCUSSIONS

We have formulated and solved the problem of the combined effects of heat and mass
transfer with free convection MHD flow of an incompressible viscous fluid through
a porous medium with constant heat flux at the plate. Final results are computed
for a variety of physical parameters, which are presented by means of graphs. The
results are obtained to illustrate the effects of magnetic field parameter M , dimen-
sionless permeability parameter K, Grashof numbers for heat and mass transfer Gr
and Gm, respectively, chemical reaction parameter γ, Prandtl number P r, heat ab-
sorption parameter QH , radiation parameter R, Schmidt number Sc, Soret number
Sr and dimensionless time t on the velocity, temperature and concentration profiles,
as well as the skin friction coefficient, Nusselt number and Sherwood number.
Control of boundary layer flow is of practical significance. Several methods have
been developed for the purpose of artificially controlling the behaviour of the bound-
ary layer. The application of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) principle is another
method for affecting the flow field in the desired direction by altering the structure
of the boundary layer. Figure 2 shows the velocity profiles for various values of
magnetic parameter (M = 0, 1, 2, 3). The velocity curves show that the rate of trans-
port is remarkably reduced with the increase of M . This result agrees qualitatively
with the expectations, since the magnetic field exerts a retarding effect on the free
convective flow.

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 Figure 1: Flow geometry and physical coordinate system.
42 Mohamed Abd El-Aziz, Aishah S. Yahya

1.0 1.0

0.8 0.8

0.6 M = 0.0 , 1.0 , 2.0 , 3.0 0.6 K = 0.2 , 0.5 , 1.0 , 2.

u
u

0.4 0.4

0.2 0.2

0.0 0.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5
y y

Figure 2:for
Fig. 2. Velocity profiles Velocity profiles
different valuesfor of
different
M when values
t =of1,MRwhen t =P1,r =Figure
= 0.5, 3: Velocity
0.71,Gr = 1, profiles for different values of
0.5, P r = 0.71, Gr = 1, K = 0.5, Gm = 1, γ = 0.5, t = 1, R = 0.5, P r = 0.71, Gr = 1, Gm = 1, γ =
K = 0.5,Gm = R1, =γ = 0.5, Sc = 0.22, Sr = 2, QH = 0.1. Sr = 2, QH = 0.1
Sc = 0.22, Sr = 2 ,QH = 0.1

The variation of velocity profile with dimensionless permeability parameter K is

presented in Fig. 3. This figure clearly indicates that the value of velocity profile
increases with increasing the dimensionless permeability parameter K. Physically,
this result can be achieved when the holes of the porous medium are very large so
that the resistance of the medium may be neglected.
Figure 4 is plotted to show the effect of Grashof number for heat transfer Gr on
the velocity profiles. It is observed that an increase in Grashof number Gr leads to
Figure an
1: Flow geometry
increase in and
thephysical coordinate
velocity. This issystem.
due to the fact that buoyancy force enhances fluid

1.0

0.8
22
M = 0.0 , 1.0 , 2.0 , 3.0 0.6 K = 0.2 , 0.5 , 1.0 , 2.0
u

0.4

0.2

0.0
1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
y y

: Velocity profiles for different values of M

Fig. 3. when Figurefor
t = 1,profiles
Velocity 3: Velocity
differentprofiles
valuesfor different
of K when valuesM
of K
=when M =
1, t = 1,1,R = 0.5, P r = 0.71,
, P r = 0.71, Gr = 1, K = 0.5, Gm = 1, γ = 0.5, t = 1, R = 0.5, P r = 0.71, Gr = 1, Gm = 1, γ = 0.5, Sc = 0.22,
2, Sr = 2 ,QH = 0.1 Gr = 1, Gm = 1, γSr== 0.5, 2, QHSc= =
0.10.22, Sr = 2, QH = 0.1.

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 Heat and Mass Transfer of Unsteady Hydromagnetic Free Convection Flow ... 43

1.4
1.4
1.2
1.2
1.0 Gr = 0.0 , 1.0 , 2.0 , 3.0 , 4.0 1.0
Gm = 0.0 , 1.0 , 2.0 , 3.0 ,
0.8 0.8

u
u

0.6 0.6
0.4 0.4
0.2 0.2
0.0 0.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 2 4 6
y y

Figurefor
Fig. 4. Velocity profiles 4: different
Velocity profiles
values forof
different
Gr when values
Mof=
Gr1, t =M1,=R =Figure
when 0.5, 5:P rVelocity
= 0.71,profiles for different values of Gm whe
1, t = 1, R = 0.5, P r = 0.71, K = 2, Gm = 1, γ = 0.5, 1, t = 1, R = 0.5, P r = 0.71, Gr = 1, K = 2, γ = 0.5, Sc
K = 2, Gm = 1, γSc ==0.5,
0.22,Sc
Sr= 0.22,
= 2, QH = Sr0.1= 2, QH = 0.1. ,Sr = 2, QH = 0.1

velocity and increases the boundary layer thickness with increase in the values of
1.0 1.0
Gr. It is also observed that distinctive peaks in the velocity profile occur in the fluid
adjacent to the wall0.8for higher values of Gr. The presence of the peaks 0.8 indicates
that the maximum value of fluid velocity occurs in the body of the fluid close to the
0.6 surface. Figure 5 illustrates the effect of Grashof
surface and not at the 0.6 number for Pr = 0.71 , 1.0 , 7.0 , 100.0
Γ = -1.0 , -0.5 , 0.0 , 1.0 , 3 .0
u
u

mass transfer Gm on the velocity profiles. As seen from this figure, the0.4 effect of Gm
0.4
on the fluid velocity is the same as that of Gr. This fact is achieved by comparing
Figs. 4 and 5. 0.2 0.2
Figure 6 represents the dimensionless velocity profiles u for increasing values of
0.0
0.0parameter γ. It is seen from this figure that augmenting
the chemical reaction values
0 2 4 6 8 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
y y

1.4 6: Velocity profiles for different values of γ when M = 1,

Figure Figure 7: Velocity profiles for different values of P r whe
t = 1, R = 0.5, P r = 0.71, Gr = 1, K = 2, Gm = 1, Sc = 0.22, 1, t = 1, R = 0.5, Gr = 1, K = 2, Gm = 1, γ = 0.5, Sc
Sr 1.2
= 2, QH = 0.1 Sr = 2, QH = 0.1
Gr = 0.0 , 1.0 , 2.0 , 3.0 , 4.0 1.0
Gm = 0.0 , 1.0 , 2.0 , 3.0 , 4.0
0.8
u

1.0
0.6
1.0
0.4
0.8
0.2 0.8
0.6 R = 0.5 , 1.5 , 3.0 , 4.5
0.0 QH = 0.1 , 1.0 , 2.0 , 3.0 0.6
u
u

1 2 3 4 5 6 0 2 4 6 8
0.4 0.4
y y

Fig.
: Velocity profiles for different values of 5.
GrVelocity 0.2for
Figure
when M =profiles 5: different
Velocity profiles
values forof
different
Gm when valuesM
of Gm
= 1,when
t =M1,=R 0.2 P r = 0.71,
= 0.5,
1, R = 0.5, P r = 0.71, K = 2, Gm = 1, γ = 0.5, 1, t = 1, R = 0.5, P r = 0.71, Gr = 1, K = 2, γ = 0.5, Sc = 0.22
2, Sr = 2, QH = 0.1
Gr = 1, K = 2, γ = ,Sr0.5,
= 2, Sc
QH = 0.22, Sr = 2, QH = 0.1.
= 0.1
0.0 0.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 2 4 6
y y
1.0
Figure 8: Velocity profiles for different values of QH when M = Figure 9: Velocity profiles for different values of R when
1, t = 1, R = 0.5, P r = 0.71, Gr = 1, K = 2, Gm = 1, γ = 0.5 t = 1, P r = 0.71, Gr = 1, K = 2, Gm = 1, γ = 0.5, Sc
,Sc0.8
= 0.22, Sr = 2 Sr = 2, QH = 0.1

0.6 Pr = 0.71 , 1.0 , 7.0 , 100.0

Γ = -1.0 , -0.5 , 0.0 , 1.0 , 3 .0
u

0.4 23

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0.0
 0.8 0.8

u
u
0.6 0.6
0.4 0.4
0.2 0.2
0.0 0.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 2 4 6
y y

Figure 4: Velocity profiles for different values of Gr when M = Figure 5: Velocity profiles for different values of Gm whe
1, t = 1, R = 0.5, P r = 0.71, K = 2, Gm = 1, γ = 0.5, 1, t = 1, R = 0.5, P r = 0.71, Gr = 1, K = 2, γ = 0.5, Sc
Sc = 0.22, Sr = 2, QH = 0.1 ,Sr = 2, QH = 0.1
44 Mohamed Abd El-Aziz, Aishah S. Yahya

1.0 1.0

0.8 0.8

0.6 0.6 Pr = 0.71 , 1.0 , 7.0 , 100.0

Γ = -1.0 , -0.5 , 0.0 , 1.0 , 3 .0

u
u

0.4 0.4

0.2 0.2

0.0 0.0
0 2 4 6 8 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
y y

1.4 for
Figure
Fig. 6. Velocity profiles 6: Velocity
differentprofiles
valuesfor different
of γ when values
Mof=γ when M 1,
1, t = R =Figure
= 1, 0.5, 7:
P rVelocity
= 0.71, profiles for different values of P r whe
t = 1, R = 0.5, P r = 0.71, Gr = 1, K = 2, Gm = 1, Sc = 0.22, 1, t = 1, R = 0.5, Gr = 1, K = 2, Gm = 1, γ = 0.5, Sc
Gr = 1, K = 2, Gm =
1.2 1, Sc =
Sr = 2, QH = 0.1 0.22, Sr = 2, Q H = 0.1. Sr = 2, QH = 0.1
Gr = 0.0 , 1.0 , 2.0 , 3.0 , 4.0 1.0
Gm = 0.0 , 1.0 , 2.0 , 3.0 , 4.0
0.8
u

of γ lead to fall in the

velocity of the fluid. Figure 7 is sketched to show the effects
1.0
0.6
of Prandtl number P0.4r on velocity profiles. Four different realistic values 1.0 of P r =
0.8
0.71, 1, 7 and 100 that are physically correspond to air, electrolytic solution, 0.8
water,
0.2
and engine oil, respectively
0.6
are chosen. It is observed that the velocity decreases with
0.0 Q = 0.1 , 1.0 , 2.0 , 3.0 R = 0.5 , 1.5 , 3.0 , 4.5
increasing values of Prandtl number P r. This
H is due to6 the fact that 0.6
fluid with large
u
u

1 2 3 4 5 6 0 2 4 8
y
P r has high viscosity
0.4and small thermal conductivity, y which make the fluid
0.4 thick and
causes a decrease in fluid velocity.
The influence of0.2presence
: Velocity profiles for different values of Gr when M = Figure 5: Velocity profiles for different values of Gm when M =
of the heat absorption parameter Q on
1, R = 0.5, P r = 0.71, K = 2, Gm = 1, γ = 0.5, 1, t = 1, R = 0.5, P r = 0.71, Gr = 1, K = 2, γ = 0.5, Sc = 0.22 H
0.2the velocity
2, Sr = 2, QH = 0.1 distribution in the,Sr
boundary
= 2, QH =layer
0.0
0.1 is presented in Fig. 8. It is obvious that 0.0 increasing
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 2 4 6
y y
1.0
Figure 8: Velocity profiles for different values of QH when M = Figure 9: Velocity profiles for different values of R when
1, t = 1, R = 0.5, P r = 0.71, Gr = 1, K = 2, Gm = 1, γ = 0.5 t = 1, P r = 0.71, Gr = 1, K = 2, Gm = 1, γ = 0.5, Sc
,Sc0.8
= 0.22, Sr = 2 Sr = 2, QH = 0.1

0.6 Pr = 0.71 , 1.0 , 7.0 , 100.0

Γ = -1.0 , -0.5 , 0.0 , 1.0 , 3 .0
u

0.4 23

0.2

0.0
2 4 6 8 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
y y

: Velocity profiles for different values of γ7.when

Fig. Figurefor
M = 1,profiles
Velocity 7: Velocity profiles
different valuesfor different values M
of P r when of P=
r when
1, t M
= =1, R = 0.5, Gr = 1,
= 0.5, P r = 0.71, Gr = 1, K = 2, Gm = 1, Sc = 0.22, 1, t = 1, R = 0.5, Gr = 1, K = 2, Gm = 1, γ = 0.5, Sc = 0.22,
QH = 0.1
K = 2, Gm = 1, γSr ==0.5,
2, QSc = 0.22, Sr = 2, QH = 0.1.
H = 0.1

1.0

0.8

QH = 0.1 , 1.0 , 2.0 , 3.0 R = 0.5 , 1.5 , 3.0 , 4.5

0.6
u

0.4
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0.0
 0.6 0.6 Pr = 0.71 , 1.0 , 7.0 , 100.0
Γ = -1.0 , -0.5 , 0.0 , 1.0 , 3 .0

u
u
0.4 0.4

0.2 0.2

0.0 0.0
0 2 4 6 8 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
y y

1.4 6: Velocity profiles for different values of γ when M = 1,

Figure Figure 7: Velocity profiles for different values of P r whe
t = 1, R = 0.5, P r = 0.71, Gr = 1, K = 2, Gm = 1, Sc = 0.22, 1, t = 1, R = 0.5, Gr = 1, K = 2, Gm = 1, γ = 0.5, Sc
Sr 1.2
= 2, QH = 0.1 Sr = 2, QH = 0.1
Heat
Gr = 0.0 , 1.0 , 2.0 , 3.0 and
, 4.0 Mass Transfer
1.0 of Unsteady Hydromagnetic Free Convection Flow ... 45
Gm = 0.0 , 1.0 , 2.0 , 3.0 , 4.0
0.8

u
1.0
0.6
1.0
0.4
0.8
0.2 0.8
0.6 R = 0.5 , 1.5 , 3.0 , 4.5
0.0 QH = 0.1 , 1.0 , 2.0 , 3.0 0.6

u
u

1 2 3 4 5 6 0 2 4 6 8
0.4 0.4
y y

: Velocity profiles for different values of Gr when M = 0.2 5: Velocity profiles for different values of Gm when M =
Figure 0.2
1, R = 0.5, P r = 0.71, K = 2, Gm = 1, γ = 0.5, 1, t = 1, R = 0.5, P r = 0.71, Gr = 1, K = 2, γ = 0.5, Sc = 0.22
2, Sr = 2, QH = 0.1 ,Sr = 2, QH = 0.1 0.0
0.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 2 4 6
y y
1.0
Figurefor
Fig. 8. Velocity profiles 8: different
Velocity profiles
values forof
different
QH when valuesM
of Q t =M1,=R =Figure
=H1,when 0.5, 9:P rVelocity
= 0.71,profiles for different values of R when
1, t = 1, R = 0.5, P r = 0.71, Gr = 1, K = 2, Gm = 1, γ = 0.5 t = 1, P r = 0.71, Gr = 1, K = 2, Gm = 1, γ = 0.5, Sc
Gr = 1, K = 2, Gm =
,Sc0.8 1, γ Sr
= 0.22, == 0.5,
2 Sc = 0.22, Sr = 2. Sr = 2, QH = 0.1

0.6 Pr = 0.71 , 1.0 , 7.0 , 100.0

Γ = -1.0 , -0.5the values
, 0.0 3 .0QH
, 1.0 , of produces a decrease in the velocity distributions of the fluid. This is
u

0.4
expected since the presence of a heat sink in the boundary layer absorbs 23 energy, which
in turn causes the temperature of the fluid to decrease. This decrease in temperature
0.2
produces a decrease in the flow field due to the buoyancy effect, which couples the
flow and thermal fields. 0.0
2 4 Figure
6 9 presents
8 the
0 effects
1 of 2radiation 3 parameter
4 5 R on 6 the 7velocity profiles. It
y y
is found that the velocity increases with increasing R. This result happens due to the
fact
Velocity profiles for different values of γthat
whenthe
M =large R values
1, Figure correspond
7: Velocity todifferent
profiles for an increased
values of dominance
P r when M =of conduction over
= 0.5, P r = 0.71, Gr = 1, K = 2, radiation
Gm = 1, Sc thereby 1, t = 1, R = 0.5,
= 0.22, increasing Gr = 1, K
buoyancy = 2, Gm
force = 1, vertical
(thus, γ = 0.5, Sc = 0.22,
velocity) and thickness of
QH = 0.1 Sr = 2, QH = 0.1
momentum boundary layer.

1.0

0.8

QH = 0.1 , 1.0 , 2.0 , 3.0 R = 0.5 , 1.5 , 3.0 , 4.5

0.6
u

0.4

0.2

0.0
1 2 3 4 5 6 0 2 4 6 8
y y

Fig.
Velocity profiles for different values 9.H Velocity
of Q Figurefor
when M =profiles 9: Velocity profiles
different valuesfor different
of R when valuesMof R
=when
1, t M
= =1,1,P r = 0.71, Gr = 1,
R = 0.5, P r = 0.71, Gr = 1, K = 2, Gm = 1, γ = 0.5 t = 1, P r = 0.71, Gr = 1, K = 2, Gm = 1, γ = 0.5, Sc = 0.22,
22, Sr = 2
K = 2, Gm = 1, γSr==0.5, 2, QSc = 0.22, Sr = 2, QH = 0.1.
H = 0.1

23

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 46 Mohamed Abd El-Aziz, Aishah S. Yahya

1.0 1.0

0.8 0.8

0.6 0.6 Sr = 2.5 , 4.5 , 6.5 , 8.0

u

u
0.4 Sc = 0.22 , 0.6 , 0.78 0.4

0.2 0.2

0.0 0.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
y y

Figure for
Fig. 10. Velocity profiles 10: different
Velocity profiles
values forof
different
Sc when values
Mof=Sc1,when
t =M1,=R =Figure
0.2, 11:
P rVelocity
= 0.71,profiles for different values of Sr whe
1, t = 1, R = 0.2, P r = 0.71, Gr = 1, K = 2, Gm = 1, γ = 0.5, 1, t = 1, R = 0.2 ,P r = 0.71, Gr = 1, K = 2, Gm = 1, γ
Gr = 1, K = 2, Gm Sr = 1,QγH =
= 2, 0.5, Sr = 2, QH = 0.1.
= 0.1 Sc = 0.22, QH = 0.1

Figure 10 shows the effect of Schmidt number Sc on the velocity profiles for
2.5
Sc = 0.22 (hydrogen), 0.6 (water vapor), and 0.78 (ammonia). It is observed that
the velocity decreases
2.0 with increasing Schmidt number values due to the 2.0 decrease in
the molecular diffusivity, which results in a decrease in the concentration and veloc-
1.5
ity boundary layer thickness. On the other hand, the effect of Soret number 1.5 Sr on
t = 1.0 , 1.5 , 2.0 , 2.5
u

is completely opposite to that of Schmidt number Sc as clearly

the velocity profiles1.0 t = 1.0 , 1.5 , 2.0 , 2.5
Θ

1.0
observed in Fig. 11. The variation of velocity profiles for different values of dimen-
sionless time t is shown
0.5 in Fig. 12. It is noticed that the velocity increases 0.5 with the
progression of time t. Moreover, the velocity in this figure takes the values of time t at
0.0
the plate (y = 0) and tends
0
to zero
2
for large
4
values6
of y, 8which is10a clear
0.0 verification
0 2 4 6
of the boundary conditions on the velocity given y in (12).
y
Figure 12: Velocity profiles for different values of t when M = 1,
Figure 13: Temperature profiles for different values of
R 1.0
= 0.5, P r = 0.71, Gr = 1, K = 2, Gm = 1, γ = 0.5,
P r = 0.71, QH = 0.1, R = 0.5
Sc = 0.22 ,Sr = 2 ,QH = 0.1
0.8

0.6 Sr = 2.5 , 4.5 , 6.5 , 8.0 3.0

1.5
u

Sc = 0.22 , 0.6 , 0.78 0.4 2.5

1.0 2.0
0.2
QH = 0.1 , 1.0 , 2.0 , 3.0 R = 0.5 , 1.5 , 3.0 , 4.5
1.5
Θ

0.0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0.5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1.0
y y 0.5
0: Velocity profiles for different values
Fig.of11.
Sc when M = profiles
Velocity Figure 11: Velocity
0.0 for differentprofiles
values for of
different
Sr whenvalues
Mof =
Sr 1,
when
t =M1,=R = 0.0
0.2,P r = 0.71,
R = 0.2, P r = 0.71, Gr = 1, K = 2, Gm = 1, γ = 0.5, 1, t = 1, R = 0.2 ,P r = 0.71, Gr = 1, K = 2, Gm = 1, γ = 0.5,
QH = 0.1 Gr = 1, K = 2, Gm = 1,
0 γ = 0.5,
1
Sc = 0.22, QH = 0.1 Sc = 0.22,
2 Q H =
3 0.1. 4 5 0 2 4 6 8
y y

Figure 14: Temperature profiles for different values of QH when Figure 15: Temperature profiles for different values of R
P r = 0.71, R = 0.5, t = 1 P r = 0.71, QH = 0.1 ,t = 1

2.0

1.5
t = 1.0 , 1.5 , 2.0 , 2.5 24
t = 1.0 , 1.5 , 2.0 , 2.5
Θ

1.0
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0.5
 0.6 0.6 Sr = 2.5 , 4.5 , 6.5 , 8.0

u
0.4 Sc = 0.22 , 0.6 , 0.78 0.4

0.2 0.2

0.0 0.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
y y

Figure 10: Velocity profiles for different values of Sc when M = Figure 11: Velocity profiles for different values of Sr whe
1, t = 1, R = 0.2, P r = 0.71, Gr = 1, K = 2, Gm = 1, γ = 0.5, 1, t = 1, R = 0.2 ,P r = 0.71, Gr = 1, K = 2, Gm = 1, γ
Sr = 2, QH = 0.1 Sc = 0.22, QH = 0.1
Heat and Mass Transfer of Unsteady Hydromagnetic Free Convection Flow ... 47

2.5

2.0 2.0

1.5 1.5
t = 1.0 , 1.5 , 2.0 , 2.5
u

t = 1.0 , 1.5 , 2.0 , 2.5

Θ
1.0 1.0

0.5 0.5

0.0 0.0
0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6
y y
Figure
1.0 12:for
Fig. 12. Velocity profiles Velocity profiles
different for different
values of t values
whenofMt when
= 1,M =
R1,= Figure
0.5, P13:r = 0.71, profiles
Temperature for different values of
R = 0.5, P r = 0.71, Gr = 1, K = 2, Gm = 1, γ = 0.5,
Gr = 1, K = 2, Gm = 1, γ = 0.5, Sc = 0.22, Sr = 2, Q H = 0.1. P r = 0.71, QH = 0.1, R = 0.5
Sc = 0.22 ,Sr = 2 ,QH = 0.1
0.8

It is observed in 0.6
Fig. 13 that the fluidSrtemperature
= 2.5 , 4.5 , 6.5θ ,is
8.0enhanced in the boundary
3.0
1.5
u

Sc = 0.22 , 0.6layer
, 0.78with an increase in the thermal boundary layer thickness as the time t increases.
0.4 2.5
Figure 14 has been plotted to depict the variation of temperature profiles against
y for different values 0.2of heat absorption parameter QH by fixing other
1.0 2.0physical pa-
rameters. It is observed from this graph QH = that 1.0 , 2.0 , 3.0 θ decreases with increasing
0.1 , temperature R = 0.5 , 1.5 , 3.0 , 4.5
1.5
Θ

Θ
QH for the same reason 0.0 mentioned above.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1.0 parameter
0.5 15 that the temperature θ increases as the radiation
It is observed in Fig.
y y
R increases. This is because the large R values correspond to an increased 0.5 dominance
0: Velocity profiles for different values of Sc when M = Figure 11: Velocity profiles for different values of Sr when M =
of conduction over radiation
R = 0.2, P r = 0.71, Gr = 1, K = 2, Gm = 1, γ = 0.5, 1, 0.0
thereby increasing the thickness of the thermal
t = 1, R = 0.2 ,P r = 0.71, Gr = 1, K = 2, Gm = 1, γ = 0.5, 0.0
boundary
QH = 0.1 layer. Sc = 0.22,
0 Q H = 0.1
1 2 3 4 5 0 2 4 6 8
y y

Figure 14: Temperature profiles for different values of QH when Figure 15: Temperature profiles for different values of R
P r = 0.71, R = 0.5, t = 1 P r = 0.71, QH = 0.1 ,t = 1

2.0

1.5
t = 1.0 , 1.5 , 2.0 , 2.5
t = 1.0 , 1.5 , 2.0 , 2.5 24
Θ

1.0

0.5

0.0
2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8
y y
2: Velocity profiles for different values of t when M = 1,
Figure 13: Temperature
for differentprofiles
valuesforofdifferent
t whenvalues
P r =of 0.71,
t whenQ = 0.1, R = 0.5.
5, P r = 0.71, Gr = 1, K = 2, Fig. Gm = 13.1,Temperature
γ = 0.5, profiles H
P r = 0.71, QH = 0.1, R = 0.5
2 ,Sr = 2 ,QH = 0.1

3.0

2.5

2.0
QH = 0.1 , 1.0 , 2.0 , 3.0 R = 0.5 , 1.5 , 3.0 , 4.5
1.5
Θ

1.0
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0.0
 1.5 1.5
0.2 t = 1.0 , 1.5 , 2.0 , 2.5

u
t = 1.0 , 1.5 , 2.0 , 2.5

Θ
1.0 1.0
0.0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0.5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0.5
y y
0.0 0.0
0: Velocity profiles for different values of Sc when M = Figure 011: Velocity
2 profiles for4 different values
6 of Sr8when M =
10
R = 0.2, P r = 0.71, Gr = 1, K = 2, Gm = 1, γ = 0.5, 1, t = 1, R = 0.2 ,P r = 0.71, Gr = 1, K = 2, Gm = 1, γ = 0.5, 0 2 4 6
QH = 0.1 Sc = 0.22, QH = 0.1 y y
Figure 12: Velocity profiles for different values of t when M = 1,
Figure 13: Temperature profiles for different values of
R = 0.5, P r = 0.71, Gr = 1, K = 2, Gm = 1, γ = 0.5,
P r = 0.71, QH = 0.1, R = 0.5
Sc = 0.22 ,Sr = 2 ,QH = 0.1
48 Mohamed Abd El-Aziz, Aishah S. Yahya
2.0
3.0
1.5
1.5
t = 1.0 , 1.5 , 2.0 , 2.5 2.5
t = 1.0 , 1.5 , 2.0 , 2.5
Θ 1.0
1.0 2.0
QH = 0.1 , 1.0 , 2.0 , 3.0 R = 0.5 , 1.5 , 3.0 , 4.5
1.5
Θ

Θ
0.5
0.5 1.0
0.0
2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 0.5
y y
0.0 0.0
2: Velocity profiles for different values of t when M = 1, 0 2 4 6 8
Figure 013: Temperature
1 2 for different
profiles 3 4 of t when5
values
5, P r = 0.71, Gr = 1, K = 2, Gm = 1, γ = 0.5,
P r = 0.71, QH = 0.1, R = 0.5 y y
22 ,Sr = 2 ,QH = 0.1
Fig. 14. Temperature profiles
Figure for different
14: Temperature values
profiles of QH values
for different whenofPQrH = 0.71,Figure
when R = 0.5, t = 1.
15: Temperature profiles for different values of
P r = 0.71, R = 0.5, t = 1 P r = 0.71, QH = 0.1 ,t = 1
3.0

2.5

2.0 24
QH = 0.1 , 1.0 , 2.0 , 3.0 R = 0.5 , 1.5 , 3.0 , 4.5
1.5
Θ

1.0

0.5

0.0
1 2 3 4 5 0 2 4 6 8 10
y y

4: Temperature profiles for differentFig. 15.

values Temperature
of Q H when
profiles
Figure for different
15: Temperature values
profiles of R when
for different P rof =
values 0.71,
R when QH = 0.1, t = 1.
71, R = 0.5, t = 1 P r = 0.71, QH = 0.1 ,t = 1
1.0
1.5
0.8

24 1.0 0.6
Pr = 0.71 , 1.0 , 7.0 , 100.0 t = 1.0 , 1.5 , 2.0 , 2.5
Φ
Θ

0.4
0.5
0.2

0.0 0.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 0 2 4 6 8 10
y y
Fig. 16. Temperature
Figureprofiles for different
16: Temperature values
profiles of P rvalues
for different whenof Q = 3, RFigure
P rHwhen = 0.5,
17: tConcentration
= 1. profiles for different values of
QH = 0.1 ,R = 0.5, t = 1 P r = 0.71, Sc = 0.22, γ = 0.2, QH = 0.1, Sr = 0.5, R =

1.0 1.0

0.8 0.8
Sr = 0.0 , 1.0 , 2.0 , 3.0
0.6 0.6
Sc = 0.22 , 0.6 , 0.78
Φ

0.4 0.4

0.2 0.2
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0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6
y y
 Heat and Mass Transfer of Unsteady Hydromagnetic Free Convection Flow ... 49

It is evident from Fig. 16, that as the values of P r increases from 0.71 to 100,
we can find a decrease in the temperature profile and hence there is a decrease in
thermal boundary layer thickness and more uniform temperature distribution across
the boundary layer. Physically, this behaviour is due to the fact that with increasing
Prandtl number, the thermal conductivity of the fluid decreases and the fluid viscosity
increases which in turn results in a decrease in the thermal boundary layer thickness.
The evolution of concentration φ with progression of dimensionless time t is de-
picted in Fig. 17. It is clear that the concentration profiles increase with increasing
t. Further, this figure verifies the boundary conditions of concentration given in (12).
Initially, concentration takes the value 1 and later for large values of y (y > 0) it
tends to zero with the increase of t.

1.0
1.5
1.0
0.8
0.8
1.0 0.6
Pr = 0.71 , 1.0 , 7.0 , 100.0 t = 1.0 , 1.5 , 2.0 , 2.5

Φ
Θ

0.6
Pr = 0.71 , 1.0 , 7.0 , 100.0 t = 1.0 , 1.5 , 2.0 , 2.5 0.4
Φ

0.5
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.0 0.0
0.0 0 1 2 3 4 5 0 2 4 6 8 10
1 2 3 4 5 0 2 4 6y 8 10 12 y
y y
Figure 16: Temperature profiles for different values of P r when Figure 17: Concentration profiles for different values of
Fig. 17. Concentration
6: Temperature profiles for different values of P r when
QH profiles for0.5,
= 0.1 ,R = different
t=1 values of t when P r = 0.71, ScP=r =0.22,
Figure 17: Concentration profiles for different values of t when
0.71, γSc== 0.2,
0.22, γ = 0.2, QH = 0.1, Sr = 0.5, R =
1 ,R = 0.5, t = 1 QH = 0.1, Sr = 0.5,
PrR = 0.5.
= 0.71, Sc = 0.22, γ = 0.2, QH = 0.1, Sr = 0.5, R = 0.5

1.0 1.0
1.0
0.8 0.8
0.8 Sr = 0.0 , 1.0 , 2.0 , 3.0
Sr = 0.0 , 1.0 , 2.0 , 3.0 0.6 0.6
Sc = 0.22 , 0.6 , 0.78
Φ

0.6
0.4 Sc = 0.22 , 0.6 , 0.78 0.4
Φ

0.4
0.2 0.2
0.2
0.0 0.0
0.0 0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6
2 4 6 8 0 2 4 y 6 8 y
y Fig. 18. Concentration profiles for different values y of Sr when P r = 0.71, Sc = 0.22,
Figure 18: Concentration profiles for different values of Sr when Figure 19: Concentration profiles for different values of S
γ = 0.2, QH = 0.1,PR r ==0.71,
0.5,Sct ==0.22,
1. γ = 0.2, Q = 0.1, R = 0.5, t = 1 P r = 0.71, γ = 0.2, QH = 0.1, Sr = 0.5, R = 0.5, t = 1
8: Concentration profiles for different values of Sr when Figure 19: Concentration profilesHfor different values of Sc when
71, Sc = 0.22, γ = 0.2, QH = 0.1, R = 0.5, t = 1 P r = 0.71, γ = 0.2, QH = 0.1, Sr = 0.5, R = 0.5, t = 1

1.5
1.0
1.5 Pr = 0.71
0.8 Pr = 0.71 Pr = 7.0
PrΓ= 7.0
= -1.0 , -0.5 , 0.0 , 1.0 , 3.0 1.0
Γ = -1.0 , -0.5 , 0.0 , 1.0 , 3.0 0.6
1.0 Gr = 0.0 , 1.0 , 2.0
Τ
Τ Φ

Gr = 0.0 , 1.0 , 2.0

0.4 0.5
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0.2
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0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
 0.6
Pr = 0.71 , 1.0 , 7.0 , 100.0 t = 1.0 , 1.5 , 2.0 , 2.5

Φ
0.4

0.2

0.0
1 2 3 4 5 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
y y

6: Temperature profiles for different values of P r when Figure 17: Concentration profiles for different values of t when 1.0
1 ,R = 0.5, t = 1 P r1.5
= 0.71, Sc = 0.22, γ = 0.2, QH = 0.1, Sr = 0.5, R = 0.5
50 Mohamed Abd El-Aziz, Aishah S. Yahya
0.8

1.0
1.0 0.6
Pr = 0.71 , 1.0 , 7.0 , 100.0 t = 1.0 , 1.5 , 2.0 , 2.5

Φ
Θ
0.8 0.4
Sr = 0.0 , 1.0 , 2.0 , 3.0 0.5
0.6 0.2
Sc = 0.22 , 0.6 , 0.78
Φ

0.4
0.0 0.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 0 2 4 6 8 10
0.2 y y

Figure
0.0 16: Temperature profiles for different values of P r when Figure 17: Concentration profiles for different values of
2 4 6 8 QH = 0.1 ,R = 0.5, t = 1 P r = 0.71, Sc = 0.22, γ = 0.2, QH = 0.1, Sr = 0.5, R =
0 2 4 6 8
y y

8: Concentration profiles for different values

Fig. Sr when Figure
19. ofConcentration 19: Concentration
profiles
1.0 profiles
for different for different
values of Sc values
whenofPSc
r=when
0.71, γ1.0
= 0.2, QH =
71, Sc = 0.22, γ = 0.2, QH = 0.1, R = 0.5, t = 1 P r = 0.71, γ = 0.2, QH = 0.1, Sr = 0.5, R = 0.5, t = 1
0.1, Sr = 0.5, R = 0.5, t = 1.
0.8 0.8
Sr = 0.0 , 1.0 , 2.0 , 3.0
The effects of Soret1.5
0.6 number Sr on the concentration profiles are shown 0.6 in Fig. 18.
Sc = 0.22 , 0.6 , 0.78
The trend shows that φ increases withPrincreasing = 0.71
Φ

Φ
values of Sr. Figure 19 observes
0.4 Pr = 7.0 0.4
the influence of Sc on the concentration φ. It is evident from this figure that the
Γ = -1.0 , -0.5 , 0.0 , 1.0 , 3.0 1.0
increasing values of0.2Sc lead Gr to= fall in the concentration profiles. Physically,
0.0 , 1.0 , 2.0 0.2 the
increase of Sc means a decrease of molecular diffusion D. Hence, the concentration
Τ

0.0 0.0
of the species is higher 0.5 for small values of Sc and lower for large values of Sc.
0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6
The effect of the chemical reaction parameter γ on the concentration φ is shown in
y y
Fig. 20. It is noticed from this figure that there is a marked effect of increasing values
of γ on concentration Figure 18: Concentration
0.0distribution profiles
in the for different
boundary values It
layer. of Sr clearlyFigure
is when 19: Concentration
observed from profiles for different values of S
P r = 0.71,
0.0 Sc = 0.2
0.22, γ = 0.2,
0.4QH = 0.1,0.6 R = 0.5,0.8
t=1 1.0 P r = 0.71, γ = 0.2, QH = 0.1, Sr = 0.5, R = 0.5, t = 1
2 4 this figure that increasing values of γ decreases the concentration of species in the
6 8
y t
Figure 21: Skin friction variation for various values of Gr, P r
0: Concentration profiles for different values of γ when 1.5
and1.0
t when M = 1, K = 0.5, R = 0.2, Gm = 1, γ = 0.5, Sc = 2,
71, Sc = 0.22, QH = 0.1, Sr = 0.5, R = 0.5, t = 1 Sr = 2.5, QH = 0.1 Pr = 0.71
0.8 Pr = 7.0
Γ = -1.0 , -0.5 , 0.0 , 1.0 , 3.0 1.0
0.6 Gr = 0.0 , 1.0 , 2.0
Τ
Φ

0.4 0.5
25
0.2

0.0 0.0
0 2 4 6 8 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
y t
Figure 21: Skin friction variation for various values of
Figureprofiles
Fig. 20. Concentration 20: Concentration profiles
for different for different
values of γ values
whenofPγrwhen
= 0.714, Sc =
and t when 0.22,
M = 1, K = 0.5, R = 0.2, Gm = 1, γ = 0.5,
P r = 0.71, Sc = 0.22, QH = 0.1, Sr = 0.5, R = 0.5, t = 1 Sr = 2.5, QH = 0.1
QH = 0.1, Sr = 0.5, R = 0.5, t = 1.

25

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 Pr = 0.71 , 1.0 , 7.0 , 100.0 t = 1.0 , 1.5 , 2.0 , 2.5

Φ
0.4

0.2

0.0
1 2 3 4 5 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
y y

6: Temperature profiles for different values of P r when Figure 17: Concentration profiles for different values of t when
1 ,R = 0.5, t = 1 P r = 0.71, Sc = 0.22, γ = 0.2, QH = 0.1, Sr = 0.5, R = 0.5

Heat and Mass Transfer of Unsteady Hydromagnetic Free Convection Flow ... 51
1.0
boundary layer. This happens because large values of γ reduce the solutal boundary
0.8
Sr = 0.0 , 1.0layer
, 2.0 , thickness
3.0 and increase the mass transfer.
Variations of skin0.6 friction coefficient τ versus the dimensionless time t are plotted
Sc = 0.22 , 0.6 , 0.78
in Fig. 21 for various values of Prandtl number P r and Grashof number of heat
Φ

transfer Gr. It is revealed0.4 from this figure that τ greatly increases as t increases for
all values of P r and Gr. 0.2 Also, it is noticed from this figure that with increasing values
of P r and for all values of t, τ slowly decreases when Gr = 0 while the opposite
behaviour happens during 0.0 Gr > 0. Moreover, τ is decreased on increasing Gr for
2 4 6 values 8of t and P r. Figure
all 0 212also shows 4 that the 6 influence 8 of Gr on τ for fluids
y y
having small P r is more pronounced than those having large P r. Furthermore, the
effect
8: Concentration profiles for different valuesof P rwhen
of Sr on τ Figure
is found to be moreprofiles
19: Concentration significant with
for different large
values when of Gr (Gr = 2)
of Scvalues
than small values Pofr =
71, Sc = 0.22, γ = 0.2, QH = 0.1, R = 0.5, t = 1
Gr 0.71, γ = 0.2, QH = 0.1, Sr = 0.5, R = 0.5, t = 1
(Gr = 0).

1.5
Pr = 0.71
Pr = 7.0
Γ = -1.0 , -0.5 , 0.0 , 1.0 , 3.0 1.0
Gr = 0.0 , 1.0 , 2.0
Τ

0.5

0.0
2 4 6 8 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
y t

Fig.values
21. ofSkin Figure
friction 21: Skin
variation forfriction variation
various valuesforof
various
Gr, P values
r andof tGr, Pr
when M = 1, K = 0.5,
0: Concentration profiles for different γ when and t when M = 1, K = 0.5, R = 0.2, Gm = 1, γ = 0.5, Sc = 2,
71, Sc = 0.22, QH = 0.1, Sr = 0.5, R R= =0.5,
0.2,t =Gm1 = 1, Srγ= 0.5, Sc =
= 2.5, Q = 0.1 2, Sr = 2.5, Q H = 0.1.
H

3.0
1.0 Sc = 0.22 K = 0.5
0.9 Sc = 0.6 2.5
K = 1.0

25 0.8 2.0 QH = 0.1 , 1.0 , 2.0

0.7
Τ

1.5
0.6 Γ = -0.5 , 0 , 0.5
1.0
0.5
0.4 0.5

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
R M
Figure
Fig. 22. Skin friction 22: Skin
variation forfriction variation
various valuesforofvarious
Sc, γvalues of when
and R Sc, γ M = 1,23:KSkin
Figure = 0.5,
friction variation for various values of
and R when M = 1, K = 0.5, Gm = 1, Sr = 2.5, P r = 0.71, and M when Gm = 1, Sr = 2.5, P r = 0.71, Gr = 1,
Gm = 1, Sr = 2.5,GrP = r 1,
= Q0.71, Gr = 1,
H = 0.1, t = 1.
Q H = 0.1, t = 1. Sc = 0.5, γ = 1, R = 0.2

1.6
1.4 0.3 t =
Sr = 1.0 , 2.0 , 3.0
1.2 t =
0.2
1.0
0.1
Τ

Sh

0.8
0.0 Unauthenticated
0.6
Download Date | 9/23/17 2:53 AM
-0.1
0.4
Gm = 0.0 , 1.0 , 2.0
-0.2
 52 Mohamed Abd El-Aziz, Aishah S. Yahya

It is noticed from Fig. 22 that the skin friction τ is greatly decreased as the radia-
tion parameter R increased for all values of γ and Sc. Also, Fig. 22 illustrates that,
for given R and Sc, τ is increased with an increase of chemical reaction parameter γ.
Furthermore, for a given R and increasing values of Sc, τ is decreased in case of gen-
erative reaction γ < 0 while the reverse behaviour is happened in case of destructive
reaction γ > 0. Moreover, in case of γ = 0, τ reduces slightly when R ≤ R0 ' 1.6
and then rises slowly when R > R0 .
Figure 23 shows the variation of τ versus the magnetic field parameter M for
different values of heat absorption parameter QH and dimensionless permeability
parameter K. It is clear from this figure that for all values of M , τ is decreased
with an increase of K for all values of QH . A quite opposite attitude is shown on τ
3.0
1.0 Sc = 0.22 K = 0.5
3.0 2.5
0.9 Sc = 0.6 K = 1.0
Sc = 0.22 K = 0.5
Sc = 0.6 2.5
0.8 2.0
K = 1.0 QH = 0.1 , 1.0 , 2.0
0.7
Τ

Τ
2.0 QH = 0.1 , 1.0 , 2.0 1.5
0.6
Τ

1.5 Γ = -0.5 , 0 , 0.5

1.0
0.5
Γ = -0.5 , 0 , 0.5
1.0 0.5
0.4
0.50.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
R M
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
R Figure 22: Skin friction variationMfor various values of Sc, γ Figure 23: Skin friction variation for various values of
and R when M = 1, K = 0.5, Gm = 1, Sr = 2.5, P r = 0.71, and M when Gm = 1, Sr = 2.5, P r = 0.71, Gr = 1,
Fig.values
2: Skin friction variation for various 23. Skin friction
of Sc, γ Gr variation
= 1,23:
Figure =for
QH Skin various
0.1, values of
t = 1. variation
friction
QH , K values
for various
and M when Gm = 1, Sr = 2.5,
of QH ,K Sc = 0.5, γ = 1, R = 0.2
when M = 1, K = 0.5, Gm = 1, Sr P= r=2.5,0.71,
P r =Gr = 1,and
0.71, t=M 1, Sc =
when Gm0.5,
= 1,γ Sr= =1, 2.5,
R= P r0.2.
= 0.71, Gr = 1, t = 1,
QH = 0.1, t = 1. Sc = 0.5, γ = 1, R = 0.2

1.6
1.4 0.3 t =
Sr = 1.0 , 2.0 , 3.0
1.2
0.3 t =
Sr = 1.0 , 2.0 , 3.0 t = 1.0 0.2
1.0 t = 2.0
0.2 0.1
Τ

Sh

0.8
0.1 0.0
Sh

0.6
0.0 -0.1
0.4
Gm = 0.0 , 1.0 , 2.0
-0.1
0.2 -0.2
Gm = 0.0 , 1.0 , 2.0
-0.20 2 4 6 8 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
Sr R
2 4 6 8 0.0
Fig. 24. Skin friction variation for0.5various
1.0
values 1.5
of Gm 2.0
and Sr 2.5
when3.0
P r = 0.71, Gr = 1,
Sr Figure 24: Skin friction variation for various values of Gm and
Sc = 0.5, γ = 1, R = 0.2, K = 0.5, Q = 0.1,Rt = 1, M = 1.
Sr when P r = 0.71, Gr =
Figure 25: Sherwood number variation for various value
H 1, Sc = 0.5, γ = 1, R = 0.2, K = 0.5, t and R when Sc = 0.3, γ = 0.2, P r = 0.71, QH = 0.1
4: Skin friction variation for various values of Gm and Q H = 0.1,
Figure 25: tSherwood
= 1, M =number
1 variation for various values of Sr,
P r = 0.71, Gr = 1, Sc = 0.5, γ = 1, R = 0.2, K = 0.5, t and R when Sc = 0.3, γ = 0.2, P r = 0.71, QH = 0.1
1, t = 1, M = 1

0.6
-0.24
0.6 0.4 Sc = 0.22 , 0.6 , 0.78
-0.25
0.4 Sc = 0.22 , 0.6 , 0.78 0.2
-0.26
Sh
Sh Sh

0.2 0.0
-0.27
0.0 -0.2
-0.28 Unauthenticated
-0.2 Pr = 0.71 , 1.0 , 7.0 -0.4 Date | 9/23/17 2:53 AM
Download
-0.29
Pr = 0.71 , 1.0 , 7.0 -0.4 -0.6
 3.0
1.0 Sc = 0.22 K = 0.5
Heat and Mass Transfer
3.0 of Unsteady Hydromagnetic Free Convection2.5Flow ... 53
0.9 Sc = 0.6 K = 1.0
Sc = 0.22 K = 0.5
Sc = 0.6 0.8
2.5 2.0 QH = 0.1 , 1.0 , 2.0
with increasing values of QH for given K =M 1.0 and K. Furthermore, and for all values
0.7

Τ
of QH , τ is induced2.0as M increases QH = 0.1during K = 0.5. As K increases
, 1.0 , 2.0 1.5 to 1, and
when QH > 0.1, τ 0.6 Τ is slightlyΓdecreased
= -0.5 , 0 ,when0.5 M ≤ M0 ' 0.4 whereas the reverse
1.5 1.0
effect is noticed when 0.5 M > M0 . Moreover, the maximum effect of QH on τ is
Γ = -0.5 , 0 , 0.5
attained in the hydrodynamic
1.0
0.4 flow case (M = 0), when the magnetic field 0.5 is absent.
Figure 24 illustrates that, for given values of Soret number Sr, τ is decreased with
0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
an increase in the values of Grashof number Rfor mass transfer Gm. Also, an increase M
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 in the values
2.0 2.5 3.0Sr leads
of 0.0to a decrease
0.5 1.0in the1.5values2.0of τ for
2.5 Gm 3.0
> 0. In contrast, no
R Figure 22: Skin friction variation for various values of Sc, γ Figure 23: Skin friction variation for various values o
effect is noticed onandτ Rwhen Gm = 0 for any Mvalue of Sr.
when M = 1, K = 0.5, Gm = 1, Sr = 2.5, P r = 0.71, and M when Gm = 1, Sr = 2.5, P r = 0.71, Gr = 1
22: Skin friction variation for various From Fig.
Sc, 25
γ itGris= noticed
1, QH = 0.1, t =the
1. Sherwood number decreases Sc
values of Figure 23: Skin that
friction variation for various values of QH ,K as=the
0.5, radiation
γ = 1, R = 0.2
when M = 1, K = 0.5, Gm = 1, Sr = 2.5, P r = 0.71, and M when Gm = 1, Sr = 2.5, P r = 0.71, Gr = 1, t = 1,
QH = 0.1, t = 1.
parameter R is increased for all values of Sr and t, while it increases with increasing
Sc = 0.5, γ = 1, R = 0.2
values of Sr and t for any value of R. Figure 26 is aimed to explore the effects of
1.6
1.4 0.3 t =
Sr = 1.0 , 2.0 , 3.0
1.2 t =
0.3 0.2
Sr = 1.0 , 2.0 , 3.0 t = 1.0
1.0 t = 2.0
0.2 0.1
Τ

Sh
0.8
0.1 0.0
0.6
Sh

0.0 -0.1
0.4
Gm = 0.0 , 1.0 , 2.0
-0.1
0.2 -0.2
Gm = 0.0 , 1.0 , 2.0
-0.20 2 4 6 8 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
Sr R
2 4 6 8 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
Sr Figure 24: Skin friction variation for various values of Gm and Figure 25: Sherwood number variation for various value
R
Sr when P r = 0.71, Gr = 1, Sc = 0.5, γ = 1, R = 0.2, K = 0.5, t and R when Sc = 0.3, γ = 0.2, P r = 0.71, QH = 0.1
Fig.
4: Skin friction variation for various 25.of Sherwood
values Qnumber = 1, M = 1for various values of Sr, t and R
H = 0.1, tvariation
Gm and Figure when Sc = 0.3,
25: Sherwood number variation for various values of Sr,
P r = 0.71, Gr = 1, Sc = 0.5, γ = γ1, =
R= 0.2,
0.2,P
Kr==0.5,
0.71,t and
QHR=when0.1.Sc = 0.3, γ = 0.2, P r = 0.71, QH = 0.1
.1, t = 1, M = 1

0.6
-0.24
0.6 0.4 Sc = 0.22 , 0.6 , 0.78
-0.25
0.4 Sc = 0.22 , 0.6 , 0.78 0.2
-0.26
Sh
Sh

0.2 0.0
-0.27
-0.2
Sh

0.0
-0.28
-0.2 Pr = 0.71 , 1.0 , 7.0 -0.4
-0.29
Pr = 0.71 , 1.0 , 7.0 -0.4 -0.6
0.0 0.5 1.5 1.02.0 2.5 3.0 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5
-0.6 QH Γ
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0
Fig. 26. Sherwood number
Figure 26:variation
Sherwood for various values of P r and Q when γ = 0.2, Sc =
QH number Γ for various values ofHP r Figure 27: Sherwood number variation for various valu
variation
0.3, Sr = 0.5, t = 1,
andRQ=
H 1.
when γ = 0.2, Sc = 0.3, Sr = 0.5, t = 1, R = 1 and γ when P r = 0.71, t = 1, QH = 1, R = 1, Sr = 1
6: Sherwood number variation for various values of P r Figure 27: Sherwood number variation for various values of Sc
when γ = 0.2, Sc = 0.3, Sr = 0.5, t = 1, R = 1 and γ when P r = 0.71, t = 1, QH = 1, R = 1, Sr = 1

26
26

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 0.1

Sh
0.0

-0.1
Gm = 0.0 , 1.0 , 2.0
-0.2
2 4 6 8 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
Sr R
4: Skin friction variation for various values of Gm and Figure 25: Sherwood number variation for various values of Sr,
P r = 0.71, Gr = 1, Sc = 0.5, γ = 1, R = 0.2, K = 0.5, t and R when Sc = 0.3, γ = 0.2, P r = 0.71, QH = 0.1
1, t = 1, M = 1
54 Mohamed Abd El-Aziz, Aishah S. Yahya

0.6

0.4 Sc = 0.22 , 0.6 , 0.78

0.2
Sh

0.0

-0.2

Pr = 0.71 , 1.0 , 7.0 -0.4

-0.6
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0
QH Γ
6: Sherwood number variation for Fig. 27.values
various Sherwood
of P r number variation for various values of Sc and γ when
Figure 27: Sherwood number variation for various values of Sc
P r = 0.71, t = 1,
when γ = 0.2, Sc = 0.3, Sr = 0.5,Q H 1,=R1,
t= =R 1 = 1, Srand
= γ1.when P r = 0.71, t = 1, QH = 1, R = 1, Sr = 1

Prandtl number P r on the Sherwood number Sh versus heat absorption parameter

QH . It is noticed that Sh is increased as QH increases for all values of P r. The same
attitude happens26with increasing values of P r for any selected value of QH .
It can be seen from Fig. 27 that the Sherwood number Sh is reduced with an
increase of γ for all values of Schmidt number Sc. Also, this figure illustrates that
with increasing values of Sc, Sh is increasing when γ ≤ γ0 ' 0.1 and it is decreasing
when γ > γ0 .
The effects of QH and t on the Nusselt number N u versus the radiation parameter
R are shown in Fig. 28. It is clear that N u is greatly decreased with increasing
R. Also, for all values of R, higher Nusselt numbers are noticed at large values of
QH . Moreover, an increase in the values of t leads to a decrease in the values of
Nusselt number for all values of QH and R. Further, the maximum effect of t on N u

1.4 3.0
QH = 0.1 , 2.0 , 3.0 t = 1.0
Pr = 0.71 , 1.0 , 7.0
1.2 t = 2.0 2.5
1.0 2.0
Nu

Nu

0.8
1.5
0.6
1.0
0.4
0.5
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
R R
Fig. 28. Nusselt number
Figure 28:variation for various
Nusselt number values
variation of QH
for various , t and
values RH ,when
of Q P r 29:
Figure = 0.71.
Nusselt number variation for various value
t and R when P r = 0.71 and R when QH = 1, t = 1

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 Heat and Mass Transfer of Unsteady Hydromagnetic Free Convection Flow ... 55

3.0
QH = 0.1 , 2.0 , 3.0 t = 1.0
Pr = 0.71 , 1.0 , 7.0
t = 2.0 2.5

2.0
Nu

1.5

1.0

0.5
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
R R
Fig.values
8: Nusselt number variation for various 29. Nusselt
of QH , number variation
Figure 29: for various
Nusselt number values
variation of P r and
for various Rofwhen
values Pr QH = 1, t = 1.
when P r = 0.71 and R when QH = 1, t = 1

occurs for lower values of QH (QH = 0.1) whereas the effect of QH becomes more
significant for higher values of t (t = 2).
Finally, Fig. 29 reveals, for a given P r, that the effect of increasing values of R is
to reduce Nusselt number N u. A contrast influence is noticed on N u with increasing
values of P r for a selected value of R.

4. C ONCLUSIONS
The problem of unsteady MHD free convection flow of an incompressible and elec-
trically conducting fluid past a vertical plate embedded in a porous medium with
constant heat flux is provided. The exact solutions are obtained by using Laplace
transform method. The significant findings are summarized below:

(1) The impact of permeability parameter K, Grashof numbers for heat transfer
Gr and mass transfer Gm, chemical reaction parameter γ, heat absorption
parameter QH and radiation parameter R on the skin friction shows quite the
opposite effect to that of the velocity of the fluid.
27
(2) Similar to the first conclusion, the influence of P r, QH , R and t on Nusselt
number N u is quite the reverse to that of the temperature of the fluid.

(3) The fluid concentration decreases with increasing values of γ and Sc, whereas
it increases when Sr and t are increased.

(4) Sherwood number profiles show an increase with augmenting P r, Sr and t

while the reverse attitude happens with increasing γ and R.

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56 Mohamed Abd El-Aziz, Aishah S. Yahya

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors are very thankful to the reviewers for their encouraging comments and
constructive suggestions to improve the presentation of the manuscript. Also, the
authors would like to express their gratitude to King Khalid University, Saudi Arabia,
for providing administrative and technical support.

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