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Topic :

A. Temperature

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Let us reflect…
1. What are the differences between Heat and
Temperature?
2. Total heat in a sample of molten iron is much
less than the total heat of the water in the
ocean, True or False?
3. What are the scales used to measure
temperature? Still remember the formula of
scale conversion?
4. What is the lowest possible temperature for
substance in which no heat extracted?

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HEAT & TEMPERATURE

• Heat:
• Energy transferred due to temperature difference.
• Thermal energy which creates a change in temperature.
• Based on total kinetic energy of molecules in object
(internal energy).

• Temperature:
• The degree of hotness of a body on some
chosen scale (Celsius, Fahrenheit & Kelvin scale).
• Measure of average kinetic energy on the molecules
(internal energy) making up a substance.
• Proportional to average kinetic energy.

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HEAT & TEMPERATURE

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Temperature Scales:

1. Celsius Scale - Freezing point is marked 0°C

(Symbol: θ) - Boiling point is marked 100°C
2. Fahrenheit Scale - Freezing point is marked 32°F
(Symbol: F) - Boiling point is marked 212°F
3. Kelvin Scale - Freezing point is marked 273K
(Symbol:T) - Boiling point is marked 373K
SI Unit - Thermodynamic scale (adopted for
scientific measurement)

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FIXED POINTS & TEMPERATURE SCALE

CONVERSION

• The lower fixed point (freezing point) - the

melting point of pure ice.

• The upper fixed point (boiling point) - the

temperature of steam from water boiling
under standard atmospheric pressure.

T = ( 273 + θ ) K
F = (9/5) θ + 32
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FIXED POINTS & TEMPERATURE SCALE

CONVERSION

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Thermodynamic scale (absolute scale)

• Define by two fixed points:
1. Absolute zero (lowest possible temperature,
0K)
2. The triple point of water (temperature at
which ice, water and water vapour are in
thermal equilibrium, 273.16K)

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Example:

A dengue fever cadet has a

temperature of 40o C. Find his
temperature in Kelvin and
Fahrenheit.

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Let us think…

1. How is the construction of Liquid glass

thermometer?
2. Do you know max. and min.
thermometer?
3. What is thermocouple?

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Construction of a liquid glass thermometer

• One end of capillary tubing is heated, glass softens,
small bulb is blown to seal the end.
• Filling the thermometer - Place with its open end
beneath the surface of mercury in a jar while gently
heat up the bulb. Air inside expands and bubbles out.
On cooling, some mercury runs up into the tube due to
air contracts.
• Thermometer is taken out. Bulb heated to boil mercury.
Mercury vapour expelled all the air. Quickly inverted
again in mercury. Mercury fills on cooling. Alternating
heating and cooling to fill completely. Heat up at higher
temperature and sealed off the end.

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Maximum and Minimum Thermometer

• Maximum Thermometer - the bore of tube much

constricted close to the bulb. The mercury expanding in
the bulb forces its way past the constriction into the
stem. When temperature falls, the thread of mercury
fails to return into the bulb.

• Minimum Thermometer - a spirit thermometer with

glass index. When expansions occurs, the spirit flows
past the index, but when temperature falls, the
contracting spirit draw the index with it to register the
lowest temperature.

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Thermocouple

• When two dissimilar metals or alloys are joined together

at each end and the ends are at different temperatures,
an electromotive force will be developed causing a
current to flow around the circuit.
• The magnitude of the emf depends, on the temperature
different between the two junctions and on the
materials used.

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Let us reflect…
• The concept of thermal equilibrium?
• Why some substance will heat up more quickly
than others?
• Why some substances will stay hot longer
than others?
Example: fried chicken; fried noodles and
noodle soup

A. Temperature DNS Semester 1 / Heat & Optic / CKM / July 2014 / 14

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Which one will stay hot longer?

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Heat Capacity
• The heat required to raise the temperature of any given
mass of a substance by 1°C. (Unit: J/°C)
• The specific heat capacity of a substance is the quantity
of heat required to raise unit mass of that substance
through 1°C (Symbol: c, Unit: J/Kg °C)
• Heat energy is transmitted from hotter to colder
substance in contact until a common temperature is
reached.
• Providing no transfer of work is involved, heat gained by
one substance equals the heat lost by the other.

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Approximate specific heat capacity for some common materials

Material Specific Heat Capacity

( J kg-1 °C-1 )
Human Body 3500
Air 1000
Alumunium 900
Glass 840
Iron 460
Copper 390
Brass 370
Mercury 140
Water
Ice 2100
Liquid 4200
Steam 2000
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Heat Calculation (Sensible Heat)

• Heat Lost (Gain) = mass x specific heat capacity

x temperature changes

Q= mc(θ2 - θ1) unit: J

where m = mass in Kg
c = specific heat capacity in J/Kg °C
θ2= higher temperature in °C
θ1= lower temperature in °C
(θ 2 - θ 1) is the change in temperature

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Example 1
100 g of water at 100°C is mixed with 100 g of
water at room temperature (25°C). What is the
final temperature of the mixed water ?

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Example 2:
A copper cooking vessel contains 50 g water at
room temperature. How much energy is required
to boil the water in the vessel ? The mass of the
vessel is 0.5 kg. Specific heat of copper is 390
J/kg°C.

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Exercise 1
A hot water tank contains 80kg of water. The
water is initially at 30°C. (c for water = 4200
J/kg °C
a. Calculate the amount of energy that must
be transferred to the water to raise the
temperature to 70°C
b. If the temperature of the water dropped to
15°C from 30°C , how much energy needs
to be released from the water?

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Exercise 2

When the temperature of a 100 g iron bar drops

from 80°C to 10°C, the heat released is 3.22 x
103 J. What is the specific heat capacity of iron?

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Exercise 3
An iron bar at a temperature of 120°C is dropped
into 200g of water at 10°C. When thermal
equilibrium is reached, the temperature of the
water rises to 50°C.
a) What is the heat absorped by water?(ignore
the heat lost)
b) What is the heat released by the iron?
c) How many degrees the temperature of iron
drops by?
d) What is the mass of the iron bar?

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Exercise 4
A 2 kg block of copper at 100°C is put into a large
pot containing 5.0 litres of water at 20°C. What is
the final temperature of the mixture? (c for
copper = 390 J/kg °C )

Answer: 22.89°C

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Exercise 5
When a mass of 3 kg water is heated from 15
°C to 100°C in an 800g alumunium kettle,
how much heat do the kettle and the water
absorp?

c for alumunium = 0.88 x 103 J/kg °C

Answer: 1.13084 x 106 J

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Exercise 6
When a hot iron bar with a mass of 2 kg is
dropped into 10 litres of water, the
temperature of the water rises by 1.5°C. What
is the decrease in temperature of the iron
bar?

c for iron = 0.46 x 103 J/kg °C

Answer: 68.5°C

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Exercise 7
A block of iron of mass 2 kg at temperature
30°C is heated with an electric heater rated
100W for 1 minute. Find the rise in
temperature and the final temperature of the
block of the iron.
Specific capacity of iron = 452 J/kg °C

Answer: 6.64°C, 36.64°C

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Exercise 8

You want to heat up your coffee (240 ml) in a

microwave oven. If 1000 W of power is absorbed
by the coffee, how long does it take to raise the
temperature from 20o C to the boiling point.
Ignore the heat capacity of the cup.

Answer = 80.64s

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Exercise 9
The energy content of food is given in
kilocalories (kcal). A glass of beer has a energy
content of 150 kcal. If this beer is drunk by a 75
kg ALAM cadet (later caught by RO and
terminate from ALAM), what would be the
temperature rise assuming all the energy was
converted to heat and the student’s heat
capacity was at of human body.
(4.1858 Joules per calorie)
Answer: 2.4°C

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Let us think…
• Explain the process of thermal equilibrium when
thermometer is used to measure the temperature of a
human body.
• Explain the process of thermal equilibrium when a wet
towel is placed on the forehead of a person who has
high fever.
• Explain the application of specific heat capacity in
a) Cooking utensil
b) Engine cooling system

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