CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of Research

The latterly demand of materials in construction have led a high needs of building
material in numerous countries. It also will lead to the highly .in general, Concrete which
is a material used for every structural in the construction industries that is in compressive
strength but also in tensile strength. However, it is composed of mixture, cement, water
and one of some other components as additives. Furthermore, the coarse aggregate is in
most cases coarse gravel or overwhelm rocks though the fine aggregate is typically
gravels or sand.

Concrete turns into a fundamental material in human life. Through the high
flexural and compressive quality that concrete gives, it turns into the primary decision for
development ventures. The high quality of cement is picked up because of the response
with water. This response delivers a hydrated calcium silicate (CSH) and lime. The
hydrated silicate creates quality and the lime fills the voids. At the point when the request
of concrete increments because of development venture augment, the cost of cement
expands for a long time. Human began to look for elective material that is rich with silicate
and calcium to ensure the required cementious response with water

Therefore, to cut back the quantity of OPC in the concrete production, partial
cement replacement from different material ought to be used. Notably, wastage is that the
material that has non- business price and being abandoned with none care. For that reason,
rice husk ash which is one of the best partial replacements of cement which started to be
used in the cement industry decades ago is used in this study in the place of cement. The
most important benefit gained from rice husk ash in concrete is reducing permeability to
water and aggressive chemicals and properly cured concrete made with rice husk ash
creates a denser product because the size of the pores are reduced. This increases strength
and reduces permeability (Sabouni 2013).

However, Rice husk is characterized by low bulk density and high ash content
(18-22% by weight). the massive quantity of ash generated throughout combustion needs
to be unceasingly removed for a sleek operation of the system. silicon dioxide forms the
most part (90-97%) of the ash with trace amounts of CaO, MgO, K2O and

1.2 Objectives of the Research

The primary aim of this experimental work is to review the properties of concrete
with rice husk ash as a cement replacement partially. Preparation of combine style
Replacement of cement with RHA as totally different proportions with cement. However,
the objectives of the project are:

i. To examine the both chemical and physical properties of RHA to determine if it

can be used in the place of OPC

ii. To analyze the characteristics or properties of concrete containing different

percentage of RHA.

iii. To observe the percentage of RHA replacement that should be used in the concrete
production.

1,3 Problem Statement

rice husk ash is a waste material which is thought to be unsafe for the earth. As a
matter of first importance, by utilizing rice husk remains as a halfway trade for cement in
building works, its hurtful effect for the earth will be decreased. The issue of development
materials appeal will be understood by utilizing such waste material as a halfway
substitution for concrete. Another issue which will be tackled is the earth unsafe effect
produced by the concrete business. At long last, the issue of low compressive and flexural
quality will be settle

The utilization of rice husk ash in concrete as a cement substitute will lessen the
misuse of the agrarian rice husk and decrease the ecological contamination impact to the
earth and additionally diminishment in measure of concrete uses which is the most
noteworthy material cost in concrete. As per (Emphraim et. al, 2012), the substitution of
bond to rice husk ash in a few extent deliver the better in consistence and high
compressive quality contrast with the ordinary Portland concrete. so that in this
examination will be done to watch the impact of cement in new and solidified states with
various consuming temperature of rice husk ash

1.4 Scope of limitations research

The increasing demand for producing long lasting materials is the final results of
fast polluting surroundings. Supplementary cementations substances show to be effective
to meet maximum of the requirements of the durable concrete. Rice husk ash is observed
to be extra to different supplementary materials like silica fume and fly ash

The limitations of this project is to analyze the properties of concrete by doing

some laboratory tests of concrete containing different percentage of RHA as a cement
replacement partially. However, the scopes of work of this study bare as follows

i. the scope of this study will be focused on the application of the RHA in concrete
mix of cementations component concrete mixture. The RHA was used as a partial
replacement of cement, mixed with the fresh concrete with different percentages
and poured into moulds

ii. Compressive strength, which is the most important test due to its determination of
the durability of each percentage 5%, 10%, 15%, and compare it with normal
 cubes without any addition to test the durability differences and water absorption
test indicates the durability of the concrete for each ratio of 5%, 10%, 15%, 40%
and compare it with the control mix.

iii. The flexural and compressive tests were carried out in order to study the behavior
of specimens with different dosage of RHA

1.5 Significant of Study

This study is about investigating concrete properties containing RHA as cement

replacement such as the compressive strength of concrete. The replacement of cement
with RHA has their own benefit. The benefits of the RHA replacement in the concrete are
as below:

 To minimize the waste of the rice hull from the rice factories by using or recycled
it in order to produce RHA in the form of cement in concrete.

 Reduction of air pollution by preventing the carbon omission in cement making.

 To minimize the cost of concrete by replacing cement into RHA partially.

 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

Currently, the rapidly increasing in construction industry have inspired on

research to produce the high quality of construction material to fulfil the highly demand
of the construction industry. Concrete is the most highly material that is used in structural
construction. The highly demand concrete with high strength lead many researchers to
carried out the research on partial cement replacement material. The addition of the other
material into the concrete mix will reduce the cost of construction material and increase
the strength of the concrete itself.

The quality of concrete depends on the quality of the raw materials used that are
cement, aggregates and water. It also depends on the rate of mixture, water/cement ratio,
the way of mixing, transporting, placing and compacting of concrete, quality of formwork
and curing process (Zakaria, 1997).

Rice husks are by-products of rice paddy milling industries that usually being
damped in many part of the world, especially in agricultural countries. Each tonne of
paddy rice can produces about 40 kg of ash. According to a recent review the global rice
paddy production in 2007 was as high as 640 million tonnes that results in approximately
130 million tonnes of rice husks as a waste product from the milling (Calpe, 2007).
 Recently, the use of rice husk ash (RHA) as cement replacement is a new trend in
concrete technology. The suitable of RHA to be cement replacement is due to its pozzolan
properties. Besides, it also will reduce the waste disposal problem of RHA rather that have
concerned in its sustainability (Chandra, 1997).

2.2 Concrete

Concrete is one the most common construction material which consists of 25 –

40% of cement, 60 – 70% aggregates while the rest forms of a portion of liquid especially
water . In addition, It also contains avoid which has a volume between 2 to 8% of the total
volume, (Somayaji, 2001). However, It might also classified different states that are new
and solidified states. First the newly concrete state is fresh and is just made and produced
right after the mixture of concrete that can be done slump test to check for its workability.
On the other hand, the hardened state is more solidified state which has compacted with
the accordance of time to achieve the expected strength. However,admixtures are capable
the production of control flow concrete, which is a highly flowable segregation resistant
concrete using conventional mix designs.

2.2.1 Concrete Composition

Concrete is the main component in the construction industry. The composition of

concrete consists of cement, water, and aggregates. The aggregates are classified into two
which are coarse aggregates and fine aggregates. The other material replacement is added
into the concrete mix to enhance the properties of concrete.
2.2.2 Cement

There are numerous sorts of cement accessible for making concrete. A few nations
have a national standard, for this research, Phoenix Portland Composite Cement was used
which is one of the basic components of concrete. this type of cement considers as the
common type of cement due to is the most used for the building around the world.
However, Portland cement consist of four ingredients which is silica, alumina, iron and
calcium

Additionally, Phoenix is the first Green Label Cement in Malaysia and is

appropriate for all broadly useful utilization. Phoenix have got many good advantages,
for example, enhancing similarity, enhancing cohesiveness, enhancing board life,
wealthier blend enhances surface complete, and decreases dying

2,2,3 Aggregates

Generally, aggregate is more important for a good concrete and it could be caused
for deterioration the concrete. The aggregate ingredients of a mix concrete are around 60
to 75 percentage of a total concrete volume. Coarse aggregate is any type of particles that
not exceed 0.19 inch. aggregate should be delivered separately to coarse and fine and its
expensive then the natural in aggregate (Mindess, 2005).

Aggregates are blended into cement, sand and water to control shrinkage of
concrete, lessen heat amid hydration process and creates solid which is reasonable for its
use other than diminishing expense. In any case, The workability of the concrete compares
to the size and the state of the aggregates. The shape and surface of the fine totals
influenced just workability in the meantime the qualities of the coarse aggregates
influence the mechanical properties of concrete by influencing the mechanical bond
2.2.4 Water

The amount of water in concrete mix controls numerous fresh and solidified
properties in concrete including workability, compressive qualities, porousness and water
tightness, sturdiness and weathering, drying shrinkage and potential for cracking.
Therefore, constraining and controlling the measure of water in concrete is essential for
both constructability and administration life.

Water is required to wet the surface of totals to create glue quality as the concrete
glue ties rapidly and attractively to the wet surface of the totals than to a dry surface.
Additionally, water is expected to make plastic blend of the different fixings in order to
grant workability to cement to encourage putting it in the coveted position. At last, by
artificially responding with bond, water delivers the coveted properties of the concert
(Mindess, 2005).

2.3 Cement replacement material

Replacement cement material is currently being used in the production of

concrete. The replacement cement material is such as fly ash, silica fume and rice husk
ash (RHA). This cement replacement can enhance the strength and properties of the
concrete.

2.3.1 Fly Ash

Fly ash should consist mainly of alumina and silica and in a percentage higher
than 70% (Siddique 2003), class F fly ash is the one used in this project because it consists
of the requirement. An official letter from the school of Environmental Engineering was
taken to TNB power plant industry in Perak and the total amount of 40 kg was collected
for the project There are many researches that has been done in the uses of fly ash as the
partially cement replacement in concrete mix. Fly ash particle is generally spherical in
shape and range in size from 1.0 µm – 150 µm that largely determined by the type of dust
collection equipment use (Tangchirapat et al., 2009).

2.3.2 Silica fumes

Silica fume is a side-effect of delivering silicon metal or ferrosilicon amalgams.

A standout amongst the most gainful uses for silica seethe is in concrete. As a result of its
concoction and physical properties, it is an exceptionally responsive pozzolan. Concrete
containing silica smoke can have high quality and can be extremely tough. Silica smolder
is accessible from providers of solid admixtures and, when indicated, is basically included
amid solid creation. Setting, completing, and curing silica-seethe concrete require
extraordinary consideration with respect to the solid contractual worker

2.3.3 Rice husk ash

Rice husk ash debris is a result from the combustion the rice husk, which is to a
great degree common in Asia in light of the rice generation here. The rich land and tropical
atmosphere make for culminate conditions to develop rice and is exploited by these Asian
nations. The husk of the rice is expelled in the cultivating procedure before it is sold and
devoured. It has been discovered helpful to copy this rice husk in furnaces to make
different things. The rice husk fiery remains is then utilized as a substitute or admixture
in concrete. Consequently, the whole rice item is utilized as a part of a proficient and earth
well-disposed approach
2.3.3.1 Burning Process of Rice Husk

As specified over the nature of rice husk is extraordinarily reliant upon the
sort of combustion procedure experienced. Diverse kinds of burning are done, which are
detailed as follows:

2.3.3.1.1 Open – Field Burning

This method is carried under uncontrolled temperature of combustion in an open

area in order to produce rice husk ashes. A structure of crystalline is made when using
this method of burning which is of lower reactivity.

2.3.3.1.2 Fluidized -Bed Furnace Burning

Contrary to the open burning this method is burnt in a controlled temperate of

burning the rice husk to produce the ashes out of it. The combustion heat of rice husk is
used for the generation of electricity.

2.4 Properties of Fresh Concrete

Fresh concrete is concrete at the mixing stage that it can be transported, placed,
compacted and finished without harmful segregation. A proper mix should maintain its
uniformity inside the forms and avoid the excess in bleeding. The adequate strength can
be ensured by setting the concrete within a reasonable amount of time and hydrate in a
right manner (Somayaji, 2001). The properties of fresh concrete such as the workability,
the setting time of concrete, segregation and bleeding are very important properties as it
will affect the properties of the hardened concrete’s performance.
 2.4.1 Consistency

Consistency of a concrete blend is a measure of the firmness or messiness

or smoothness of the concrete mix. For compelling dealing with, setting and
compacting the concrete, consistency must be the same for each group. It is
consequently important to gauge consistency of concrete at customary interims.
Slump test is ordinarily used to quantify consistency of cement.

2.4.2 Workability

RHA particles are generally spherical in shape and reduce the water requirement
for a given slump. The spherical shape helps to reduce friction between aggregates and
between concrete and pump line and thus increases workability and improve pumpability
of concrete. Fly ash use in concrete increases fines volume and decreases water content
and thus reduces bleeding of concrete (Obla 2008).

2.4.3 Slump loss

From the season of blending, fresh concrete bit by bit loses consistency. This
offers ascend to the issues just if the concrete turns out to be too hardened to deal with,
place and compact legitimately. However, slump loss in concrete is caused because of the
reasons below:

 Hydration of cement (generating more heat)

 Loss of water by evaporation
 Absorption of water by dry aggregates
 Absorption of water by surfaces in contact with the concrete
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2.4.4 Compressive Characteristics

According to (Haque,2013), the study presents an experimental study on self-

compacting concrete (SCC). The obtained values of concrete compressive strength
according to the different used percentage of RHA cement content. However, a numerous
research made regarding this matte are shown below

Table 2.1: The compressive strength of concrete with optimum RHA percentage from
previous researchers

Researcher RHA percentage (%) Compressive strength (MPa)

Reddy (2013) 5% 49.39

Ramezanianpour (2007) 7 – 15% 42.8 – 46.9

Bakar et. al (2010) 10% 45.5

Emphraim et. al ( 2012) 10% 38.4

Dabai (2009) 10% 36.30

Kartini (2011) 20 – 30% 30 - 35

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