Professional Documents
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MICROFILMED 1991
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Strategic Management in Nursing: A Concept Analysis
By
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Acknowledgements
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Table of Contents
Page
Title Page................................................... i
Acknowl edgements Page ii
Table of Contents......................................... iii
List of Tables............................................ vii
Abstract.................................................... ix
CHAPTER 1 .................................................... 2
INTRODUCTION.................................................2
Context and Significance of the Study...................2
Statement of the Problem............................... 10
Research Obj ectives..................................... 12
Definition of Terms..................................... 14
Summary.................................................. 16
CHAPTER I I .................................................. 18
CONCEPTS: A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE..................... 18
Philosophical Approaches............................... 18
Philosophy of Science............................... 18
Philosophical Approaches............................... 30
Nursing Science...................................... 3 0
Discussion: Philosophical Basis of This Study........ 39
Methodological Approaches.............................. 41
Wilson's Technique of Concept Analysis................ 41
Walker and Avant's Technique of Concept Analysis...... 44
The Hybrid Model of Concept Development............... 45
Rodgers' Technique of Concept Analysis................ 49
Comparison of Rodgers, Wilson, Walker and Avant, and
Schwartz-Barcott and Kim....... 52
Summary..................................................54
CHAPTER III.................................................57
METHODOLOGY.................................................57
Overview (Rodgers' Technique of Concept Analysis) ... ...57
Literature Search Procedures .......................... 59
Computer Searches....................................... 59
Dialog.................................................59
Health Planning and Administration...................60
Books in Print Plus...................................61
Manual Searches......................................... 61
Discussion............................................ 62
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Literature Sampling Procedures......................... 62
Overview.............................................. 62
Management Literature................................ 66
Journal Citations: Sampling Criteria........... 66
Book Citations: Sampling Criteria............... 68
Health Care Literature............................... 69
Journal Citations: Sampling Criteria........... 69
Book Citations: Sampling Criteria............... 69
Nursing Management Literature....................... 70
Journal Citations: Sampling Criteria........... 70
Book Citations: Sampling Criteria............... 70
Data Analysis............................................70
Overview.............................................. 70
Data Coding...........................................77
Concept Analysis Element Specification............. 79
Validity and Reliability................................ 82
Validity.............................................. 82
Reliability................................. .........83
Intrarater........................................ 83
Interrater........................................ 84
Summary.................................................. 85
CHAPTER I V .................................................. 87
RESULTS..................................................... 87
Introduction............................................. 87
Assumptions.............................................. 87
Results Related to Validity and Reliability........... 88
Validity.............................................. 88
Master Citation List Review Outcomes & Analysis.88
Management Discipline.............................89
Master Citation List Responses................... 89
Reliability...........................................90
Intrarater........................................ 90
Interrater........................................ 91
Results Related to Search & Sampling Outcomes.......... 91
Summary of Literatures............................... 91
Management Literature.............................93
Health Care Management Literature................94
Nursing Management Literature.................... 94
Sampling and Retrieval Outcomes.................. 95
Results Related to Research Objectives................. 97
Overview.............................................. 97
Management Literature............................... 100
Overview..........................................100
Relevant U s e ..................................... 101
Surrogate Terms.................................. 107
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V
Antecedents...................................... 110
Consequences..................................... 112
Related Concepts................................. 114
References........................................115
Attributes........................................120
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CHAPTER V .................................................. 209
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS................................... 209
Background.............................................. 209
Rationale for the Study................................ 209
Method of Analysis..................................... 210
Limitations............................................. 210
Findings................................................ 213
Philosophical Implications.............. 220
Nursing Management Implications....................... 222
Directions for Future Research........................ 222
REFERENCES................................................. 224
APPENDICES................................................. 233
A. Morgan's Metaphor Scheme........................... 233
B. Systems View Model..................................236
C. Wilson's (1963) Technique of Concept Analysis.... 237
D. Walker & Avant's Technique of Concept Analysis...238
E. Schwartz-Barcott and Kim's Hybrid Model.......... 239
F. Attributes of Health Policy and Related Themes...240
G. Overview of the DIALOG Information System.........241
H. Dialindex Categories ......................... 242
I. File-Specific DIALINDEX Search Outcomes........... 243
J. Year/Journal Matrix: Management Literature........247
K. Year/Journal Matrix: Health Care Management
Literature.......... 249
L. Year/Journal Matrix: Nursing Management
Literature.......... 250
M. Letter of Invitation: Reviewers.................. 251
N. Master Citation List Reviewers.................... 257
0. Master Citation List Form.......................... 259
P. Coding Instructions.................................260
Q. Concept Analysis Coding Form....................... 268
R. External Reader Interrater Reliability Record.... 269
VITA ........................................................270
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vii
List of Tables
Table Page
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viii
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Abstract
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management literature, five of these six attributes were
literatures.
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xi
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
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3
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4
variables.
a preferred future.
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and adaptation.
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6
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7
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8
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9
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10
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11
clear.
that offered by Walker and Avant (1988) who state that when
properties.
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Research Objectives
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literatures.
literatures.
management 1iteratures.
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14
Definition of Terms
meaning to a phenomenon.
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considered to be appropriate.
characteristics of a concept.
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16
Summary
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provided.
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CHAPTER II
Philosophical Approaches
Philosophy of Science
18
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19
This core group became known as the Vienna Circle, and the
concept implies
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20
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first.
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22
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23
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expanded context.
this phenomenon.
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28
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understanding of concepts.
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Philosophical Approaches
Nursing Science
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Avant, 1988).
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regarding concepts:
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Table 1
mental images
or abstract
ideas.
derived
abstract phenomenon;
to describe,
classify or
designate a
phenomenon
common usage
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34
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35
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36
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component to concepts.
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38
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39
use.
a definition of a concept*
linguistic behaviors.
a concept's use.
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40
related concepts.
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41
Methodological Approaches
Barcott and Kim (1986) and Rodgers (1987, 1989) all propose
steps.
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42
perspective.
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43
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44
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concepts.
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46
model in nursing.
that the focus is not the concept itself, but rather the
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47
contrary.
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48
research questions.
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49
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50
process.
meaning.
concepts.
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51
Appendix F.
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52
illegitimate cases.
definition of referents.
model case.
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53
differences.
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54
Summary
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55
historicist perspective.
(1972).
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56
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CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
Overview
concept.
if possible.
interest.
57
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58
for data collection. The written word and the spoken word
expression.
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59
file or database.
Computer Searches
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60
23/37%).
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61
Manual Searches
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Discussion
the fact that journals can and are indexed by more than one
Overview
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63
Probability Sampling:
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64
probability.
3. Limitations include:
meaning of a construct.
Nonprobability Sampling:
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65
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66
across disciplines
Management Literature
literature as follows:
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67
concept (antecedents).
region or industry).
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68
managers, etc.).
strategic management.
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69
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70
sample.
this group.
study.
Data Analysis
Overview
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71
years.
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72
one with steps consistent with both views, was used. This
findings.
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73
were selected for this because they are the most common
categories.
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74
describe a process.
of the following:
concept.
environments.
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75
management.
management.
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76
of strategic management.
strategic management.
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77
strategic management.
Data Coding
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78
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79
example.
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80
organizations".
(e.g., an antecedent).
of themes it represented.
depicted in Table 2.
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81
Table 2
themes
into groups
shared feature
into sets
analysis elements.
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82
Validity
topic.
strategic management.
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in Appendix N.
Reliability
Intrarater
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84
averaged.
Interrater
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85
Record (Appendix R ) .
Summary
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86
discussed.
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CHAPTER IV
RESULTS
Introduction
Assumptions
87
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88
practice.
Validity
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89
Management Discipline:
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90
Reliability
Intrarater
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91
Interrater
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92
Table 3
Management Management
JOURNAL CITATIONS
BOOK CITATIONS
Sample selected 15 3 3
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93
Management Literature
211
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94
search. Due to the small number, all were entered into the
books.
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95
books.
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96
Table 4
HEALTH CARE
NURSING
TOTALS:
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97
Overview
view of concepts.
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98
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99
literatures.
literatures.
management literatures.
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100
Management Literature
Overview
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101
conceptual change.
Relevant Use
research objectives.
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102
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103
models of strategy.
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104
Table 5
in the environment.
organizational action.
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105
model of strategy.
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106
the linear model, however, the adaptive model still did not
strategy, emerged.
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107
concept of strategy.
Surrogate Terms
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108
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109
Table 6
Management Literature
1986, 1989
Strategic Decision-
Organizational
Adaptation 1978
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110
Antecedents
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Ill
Table 7
growth
EFFORT
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112
Consequences
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113
Table 8
guidance
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114
Related Concepts
strategic management.
Table 9
Management Literature
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115
References
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116
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117
organizations.
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118
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119
Table 10
crisis agencies
technology associations
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120
Attributes
in management practice.
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121
Table 11
STRATEGY STRUCTURE
BEHAVIOR PERSPECTIVE
Organization | Environment
INFLUENTIALS SYSTEMS
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122
technology.
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123
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124
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125
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126
national corporations
strategic thinking.
outcome achievement.
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127
continue to do so.
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128
strategic management.
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129
meaning.
Overview
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130
strategic management.
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131
organizations.
Relevant Use
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132
frequency of appearance.
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133
Table 12
OF CITATION CITED
management
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134
each is linked.
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135
Table 13
planning techniques.
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136
Surrogate Terms
identified.
management writers.
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137
Table 14
1988, 1989
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138
Antecedents
was identified.
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13 9
associated themes.
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140
Table 15
economic recession
NEW APPROACH
STAKEHOLDER ACTIONS
increased numbers
new constituencies
idea promotion
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141
Consequences
associated themes.
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142
Table 16
MAKING PROCESS
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143
Related Concepts
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144
Table 17
— resource management
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145
References
references.
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Table 18
— MD groups — pharmacies
— nursing departments
PHENOMENA SYSTEMS
— change — multi-national
corporations
— national systems
PEOPLE
— oneself
— organization members
— managers/other groups
— external stakeholders
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147
organization.
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148
Attributes
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149
Table 19
STRATEGY STRUCTURE
Implementation
BEHAVIOR PERSPECTIVE
Organization
Flexible/Adaptable Vision
Capability Commitment
Leadership Entrepreneurship
INFLUENTIALS SYSTEMS
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150
literature.
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151
culture.
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152
Overview
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153
management in nursing.
(Fox & Fox, 1983, p. 11). This work used Drucker's (1974)
decisions.
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154
strategic planning.
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155
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156
environmental opportunities.
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157
Relevant Use
literature were:
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158
1. as a planning method.
climate.
strategy.
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Table 20
OF CITATION CITED
2. A means to strengthen
1989
7. A framework to examine
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160
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161
Table 21
implementation of strategy.
environment.
thinking.
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162
Surrogate Terms
identified.
literatures.
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163
Table 22
YEARS
1988 (3)
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164
Antecedents
associated themes.
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165
Table 23
industry
ASSURANCE
DECLINING
RESOURCES
workforce changes
reimbursement issues
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166
Consequences
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167
Table 24
(QUALITATIVE) (QUANTITATIVE)
PLAN/ACTION LINKS
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168
Related Concepts
literature.
Table 25
Forecasting
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169
References
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170
Table 2 6
nursing hospitals
other departments
PEOPLE RESOURCES
social resources
political resources
PHENOMENA
change
cost/quality outcomes
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171
Attributes
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172
Table 27
STRATEGY BEHAVIOR
INFLUENTIALS PERSPECTIVE
Person_____ |
_____ Context
SYSTEMS
Interrelationships Organization/Environment
Linkages
7S Framework
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173
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174
study.
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175
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them.
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hospital.
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model case.
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179
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180
method.
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of this framework.
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Overview
context.
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183
these disciplines.
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contexts.
Relevant Use
were present.
planning, which for some time (e.g., Ansoff & Hayes, 1976)
desired outcomes.
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185
Surrogate Terms
Antecedents
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186
strategic planning.
Consequences
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187
this area.
Related Concepts
summarized as follows:
organization, etc.).
literatures.
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188
literatures.
References
disciplines.
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189
literature.
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literature.
departments.
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department/division level.
literature.
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192
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Attributes
Overview
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194
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195
literature.
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196
of themes:
interpersonal systems.
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197
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198
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199
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200
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Influentials.
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202
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203
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in this study.
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this technique.
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Table 28
concept to be analyzed.
concept.
concept of interest.
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Summary
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CHAPTER V
209
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Method of Analysis
study.
Limitations
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211
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213
study.
Findings
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attributes. Collectively, the findings in these seven
were as follows:
management.
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215
disciplines.
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216
Conclusions
management.
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217
analysis methodology.
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218
dimensions.
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phenomena.
(see Stull & Pinkerton, 1988; Young & Hayne, 1988) and
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220
follows:
(such as change).
Philosophical Implications
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221
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222
now has a concept which it can use to meet the present and
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223
public sector.
organization.
nursing).
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References
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225
References
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227
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228
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229
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230
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231
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Appendicies
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PLEASE NOTE
233-235
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236
Appendix B
Stage 3
action Nursing
ORGANIZATIONAL Domain
EFFECTIVENES
A
INTERFACE QUALITY
NURSING
PRODUCT
concern'
!
Organizational action
Domain
— 1--------------------^SYSTEM VITALITY^----------------
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237
Appendix C
7. Invent a case
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238
Appendix D
1. Select a concept
discover
Appleton-Century-Crofts.
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239
Appendix E
THEORETICAL PHASE
1. Selecting a concept
FIELDWORK PHASE
2. Negotiating entry
3. Selecting cases
data
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240
Appendix F
expenditures
services
personnel
Support Legislation
Non-support
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241
Appendix G
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242
Appendix H
Dialindex Categories
Books
Reviews
Business Economics
Management
Market Research
Government
Medicine
Humanities
Social Science
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243
Appendix I
1989
1989
1989
1989
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244
Appendix I : continued
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2 4 5
Appendix I : continued
ASI/102 1 1979-1989
Psychinfo/11 33 1967-1989
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246
Appendix I : continued
ArchitecDB/179 1 1989
USPolSci/93 11 1975-1989
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247
Appendix J
Decision Sciences 1 1
Calif Mgt Review 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 8
Bankers Magazine 1 1
Managerial Planning 1 1 2 2 6
Management Solutions 1 1
Business Horizons 1 1 1 3
Management Decisions 2 2 4
Journal of Business 1 1
Business Quarterly 1 1
J. Enterprise Mgt 1 1
Economist 1 1
Intemat11 J. Mgt 1 1
J. Sm Business Mgt 1 1
J. Business Strategy 1 1 2 3 2 1 1 11
J. Business Ethics 1 1
Planning Review 1 1 1 3
Tech.xore&Soc.Chg 1 1
Strategic Mgt J. 21 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 13
Intemat11 J.Manpower 1 1
J.App.Behav.Science 1 1 2
Long Range Planningl 2 1 4 1 3 3 15
Acad of Mgt Review 1 2 5 3 3 3 2 19
Acad of Mgt Proceed. 1 1
Business 1 1 1 3
Management World 1 1
Survey of Business 1 1
TREE T r a n s a c tio n s 1 1
J. of General Mgt 1 2 3
Public Admin Review 1 1 2
Public Prod Review 1 1
I’ erfaces 1 2 3
Credit Union Exec 1 1
Human Relations Mgt 1 1 2
J.Amer Plan Assoc 1 1
Industry Week 3 3
Baylor Business Rev 1 1
Acad of Mgt Journal 1 1 2
Admin in Social Work 1 1
Business Forum 1 1
Mgt Intemat'1 Rev 1 1
Quality Progress 1 2 3
Mgt Accounting 1 1
R & D Management 1 1 2
SUBTOTAL 2 3 2 1 1 2 0 6 11 12 4 26 12 11 20 2 131
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248
Appendix J: continued
Financial Exec 1
Euro J.of O.R. 1
Intemat'1 J. Q&R 1
T m g & Devel J. 1
Intemat'1 Stu M&O 1 2
Project Mgt J. 1 1
Sloan Mgt Review 1 2
Management Review 1 1 3
Organizational Dy 1 2
Chief Executive 2
Exec Excellence 2 2
J. of Management 1 5
Exec Speeches 1
IIE Transactions
Vital Speeches
Mgt Science
J. Euro Indus T m g
CA Magazine
Futures 1
J. of Mgt Studies 2
Futurist 1
Eng.Costs.Prod.Eoon 1
Indus & Cammer.Tmg 1
Colum.J. World Bus 1
J. of Marketing 1
Practising Mgr 1
Optimum
Harvard Bus Rev 1
Perspective 1
J.of O.R.Society
Bank Sys & Equip 1
SUBTOTALS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 4 2 6 15 16 4 49
SUBTOTALS 2 3 2 1 1 2 0 6 11 12 4 26 16 12 11 20 2 131
(Prior Page)
TOTALS 2 3 2 1 1 2 0 8 11 12 4 30 18 18 26 36 6 180
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249
Appendix K
TOTAL 2 1 0 0 4 6 4 3 14 8 14 13 6 75
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Appendix L
J. NUrsing Administration 1 1 2 2 1 7
Nursing Clinics 1 1
Nursing Management 1 1 2
Nursing Economics 1 1
SGA Journal 1 1
Nursing Research 1 1
OR Manager 1 1
TOTAIS 0 2 2 3 0 7 3 17
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251
Appendix M
(inside address)
Dear (name),
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252
Appendix H: continued
Sincerely,
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Appendix M: Continued
Attachment 1
concept
of interest
335.
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254
Appendix M: continued
Attachment 2
2. Company/corporate/industry reports
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255
Appendix M: continued
Attachment 2: continued
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256
Appendix M: continued
Attachment 3
Response Form
Signature
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257
Appendix N
Management Rationale
Health Care
Austin, TX 78712
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Appendix N: continued
Nursing
Valencia, CA 91355
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Appendix O
PART I
DISCIPLINE:
Management/Health Care/Nursing
Assessment Decision
PART II
Thank you.
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260
Appendix P
Coding Instructions
Introduction
the categories into which to code the texts, along with the
literature.
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261
Appendix P: continued
interruptions.
present.
can be coded.
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262
Appendix P: continued
TOTALS 22 100%
coding.
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263
Appendix P: continued
are the most common places where writers indicate how they
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Appendix P: continued
strategic management.
of the following:
in it.
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265
Appendix P: continued
planning.
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Appendix P: continued
strategic management.
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267
Appendix P: continued
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268
Appendix Q
CITATION: __________________________________
USE:
SURROGATE TERMS:
DEFINITIONS i
ATTRIBUTES:
ANTECEDENTS:
CONSEQUENCES.
RELATED CONCEPTS:
REFERENCES:
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269
Appendix R
COMMENTS:
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Vita
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