Design for Static Load

Objective
Strengthen the knowledge: static and strength of material.
Know how to do analysis on component under static load
Find the relationship between these topics
Know how to use Table in appendix A

Notation

Axis: Right Hand Rule

• To maintain the position of X, Y and Z axis

• To show the rotation direction of Moment and Torsion

Force: arrow with single head

Eg: Fx = 10 kN, Fy = 20 kN and Fz = 30 kN
F = (10i + 20j + 30k) kN

FY

Fx
FZ

Static load design 1

Moment and torsion: arrow with two head on direction of rotation.
Eg: Mx = 10 Nm, My = 20 Nm and Mz = 30 Nm
M = (10i + 20j + 30k) Nm

My

Mx
Mz

Are torsion and moment same and why they are named differently?

My

Mx
Mz

My

Mx
Mz

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Static:

F x 0 F
y 0 F z 0

M x 0 M y 0 M z 0

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Example: Application of Table 1.1

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Discuss the following problem

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Based on T, which one has higher force value (F1 or F2). If pulley diameter is D, find F1 in function of D
and T.

Find F1 in function of D (sprocket diameter) and d (pulley diameter)

F=600 N

F=600 N
Chain

Sprocket

Pulley

F2
Ball Bearing Shaft rotated at
350 rpm (ccw)
F1=1.75F2
V-Belt

Isometric View

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1. 3-80 pp 140

2. 3-84 pp 140

3. 3-68 pp 137

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FBD Figure 3-72, 3-73

INDETERMINATE PROBLEM

Example Indeterminate structure

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Static load design 9
Static load design 10
Static load design 11
 STRESS ANALYSIS

Axial Load (P)

P
Axial Stress

A
A: cross sectional area
P

Stresses on element

Shear load (V) : can be neglected when the part is subjected to

bending or torsion

V
Transverse shear stress

A
A: cross sectional area
V

Static load design 12

Moment
Mc M
Bending stress
 
I Z
c: distance from the center axis
M
I: second moment of area (last page, Table
A-6 to A-8 pp1008 - 1012)
Z: section modulus (Table A-6 to A-8)

Stresses on element

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 Torsion

Tr
Shear Stress 
J
R: distance from center axis
J: second polar of moment
T inertia

Note:
In design we are responsible our design is safe against failure.
Therefore, parameters such A, I, Z and J play important role as well
as the loads themselves.

Note
We should identify the most critical element in order to proceed with
our analysis.

We should calculate the maximum stresses resulted from stress on

the element of the most the critical position. How?

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Compounded Load

P
M

P M Compounded

A A A

B, D B, D B, D

C C C

Which element is most critical and why?

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 T

T
M

T M Compounded

A A A

B, D B, D B, D

C C C

Which element is most critical and why?

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 M2

M1

M1
M2

M1 M2 Compounded

A A A

B, D B, D B, D

C C C

Which element is most critical and why?

Static load design 17

Mohr Circle
Mohr Circle is used to represent graphically the state of stress on the
entire structure.

Element

τxy

sxy

Refer to Eq 3-13, 3-14 pp 77, 78 to calculate the principal stress

Read Mohr Circle background theory: Section 3-6 (pp 70 – 84)

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STATIC FAILURE THEORIES (Chap 5)
Ductile materials (yield criteria)
 Maximum shear stress (MSS): Sec 5-4 pp 211
 Distortion energy (DE): Sec 5-5 pp 213
 Ductile Coulomb-Mohr (DCM): Sec 5-6 pp 219

Brittle materials
 Maximum normal stress (MNS) Sec 5-8
 Brittle Coulomb-Mohr (BCM) Sec 5-9
 Modified Mohr (MM) Sec 5-9

Maximum shear stress Theory (MSS)

Yielding begins whenever the maximum shear stress in any element

equals or exceeds the maximum shear stress in a tension test
specimen of the same material when that specimen begins to yield.

LIMIT DUE YIELDING

LIMIT DUE TO SHEAR

Syc Syt

Static load design 19

 Therefore, any Mohr
circle generated from
the most critical element
must lie inside this limit
Syc Syt

Failure occurs when the Mohr

Syc Syt
circle lies outside the limits

When the limits are plot

against sa and sb.
Case1: when sa and sb are +ve
Case2: when sa is +ve and sb is –ve
Case3: when sa and sb are -ve

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 QB

Sy

Case 1

Syc
QA
Sy

Case 2

Syc

Case 3

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Distortion Energy Theory (DE)

The effective stress is called Von Misses

 '   A2   A B   B2
 '   x2   x  y   y2  3 xy2
If sy = 0

 '   x2  3 xy2
Therefore failure happens when ’ > Sy.
To plot the graph sa against sb for DE Theory, ’ = Sy.

QB

Sy

Syc
QA
Sy

Syc

Static load design 22

 sB

Sy

Load Line

Syc
sA
Sy

Pure Shear Ln
Syc

Load line and its meaning on MSS and DE.

Line when it is drawn from (0, 0) to another point and this line across
the (a, b) of the Mohr Circle of the element.
Intersection between load line and the MSS and DE Curve: point of
yielding according the theories defn. Any stresses exceed these
intersecting point is considered fail due to yielding (FS < 1 ).
Before the intersection point (FS > 1)
At the intersection point (FS = 1)
Beyond the intersection point (FS < 1 )  NO GO

Pure Shear Line

When the element is subject to shear only. The intersection of this
line with MSS and DE curve will remark the relationship between yield
stress and shear yield stress. There
MSS : Ssy = 0.5 Sy
DE: Ssy = 0.577 Sy

Static load design 23

 Static failure using mathematical approach

Three-dimensional Stresses (Section 3-7 pp 82)

τxy

3 2 1

sxy

Principal Stresses 3 < 2 < 1

Maximum Shear Stress

When there is no pressure, z is equal to zero, therefore one of

principal stress must equal to zero.

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What is the value of 3, 2, 1 and τmax for a, b and c?

MSST theory

1   3
Maximum shear
 max 
2
Sy
Allowable shear stress
S sy 
2n

Sy
n
Safety factor 1   3

Static load design 25

DET

Total stress  '   x2  3 xy2

 '   A2   A B   B2

Sy
n
Safety factor
'
*NOTE
Please differentiate between

• stresses on element  x , xy
• 2D Principal stresses  A, B
• 3D Principal stresses 1,  2 ,  3

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Brittle Material

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Note:
Please take note of the following appendix
(All the tables on the appendices should be at your finger tips)

Table A-6 to A-8

Table A-9

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Table A-18

Table A-20 to A-22

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