IPv6, IoT, and Smart Cities

Pr.
Pr. Aref Meddeb
Ecole Nationale d’Ingénieurs de Sousse
Networked Objects, Control & Communication Systems Laboratory
University of Sousse

Towards an IPv6 Roadmap for Tunisia

Sousse, March 8th, 2017
© Aref Meddeb 2017
 Outline

• Intro
• IoT Service Definition
• IoT Service Regulation
• IoT Architectures
• Conclusion

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 Introduction

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 IoT Smart City Concept

• Use of IoT infrastructure to improve

socio-economic conditions and
enable sustainable urban
development.

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 Cisco’s Smart City Framework

• A Smart City Framework is a simple decision

methodology that enables both the public and
private sectors to plan and implement Smart City
initiatives more effectively.
• Most cities actually undergo this process in an
intuitive way rather than in a clearly structured
manner.
• A structured method not only will enable
efficiencies in city infrastructures, but also
transparencies into how cities work.
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 Smart City Framework Layers

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 Stakeholder Roles and
Responsibilities (Cisco Systems)

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 Smart City use cases

https://media.licdn.com

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 Smart Citi
Cities
es & IPv6

• IP-based networks are a key component in the

IoT as it is the only technology to offer
ubiquitous, cost-effective connectivity.
• IPv6 brings virtually unlimited addressing
scalability required for smart cities as we move
from the current 13 billion devices connected to
the Internet today to the predicted 50 billion
devices expected to be networked by 2025.
• IPv6 is critical for all smart city projects which will
depend on publicly routable IP addresses for
sensing, monitoring, and data collection.
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 Intro
• While time-to-market constraints are
accelerating the deployment of a variety of
fragmented and proprietary IoT products,
there is still a lack of understanding of what an
IoT service is meant to be, what its
consequences are, and how to promote
standard IoT services.
• IoT service definition, regulation, and
standardization are key issues.

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 Intro : Massive IoT

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 Radar chart for IoT applications
requirements

Ericsson, “Cellular networks for massive IoT,” White Paper, Jan. 2016.

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 Intro: IoT Service Definition
• So far, implications and impact of IoT are not fully
understood and should be explored by Standards
Organizations and Industry Consortia so that
strategic roadmaps can be developed.
• In particular, there are significant gaps between
legislative mechanisms concerning privacy
between many countries such as Europe, Canada,
and the US.
• Fragmented IoT implementations exacerbate this
issue and could potentially drive the user away
from IoT.
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 Intro: IoT Security Threats
• Since its inception, there were several
movements and actions opposing IoT.
• RFID deployment in schools is raising a lot of
opposition (rfidinschools.com).
• Some seem to find IoT scary and frightening.
• There are fears that a sort of “global
government” will become able to control the
world population to the extent where citizens
may be remotely governed, tracked, and even
“alienated”.
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 Intro: The TSP Paradigm
• Perhaps the most challenging obstacles on the way
towards IoT are Trust, Security and Privacy (TSP).
• Questions include:
– will customers feel comfortable having their bank account,
insurance, location, and health information available on
the net and accessible by or via objects?
– How to protect ourselves, homes, computers, cars etc.
from illegal monitoring and/or remote control?
– How to authenticate sensed data and tag reading?
• With IoT devices deployed everywhere, successful
attacks can be very embarrassing.

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 Intro: Industrial IoT
• IoT applications in industrial environments bring
a plethora of concerns.
• Industrials may be sceptical when it comes to
introduce communicating devices in their
premises such as offices, plants, and supply
chain.
• Businesses may be worried about fraudulent
access to their inventories, work orders, and
strategic business plans.
• Remote monitoring and/or control can be of
drastic consequences.
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 Intro: IoT Regulation
• A recent consultation that drew over 600 responses from industry,
governments, academia, citizens, and consumer groups shows that
opinions differ on what policymaking is needed for IoT.
• Industry stakeholders argue that unnecessary regulation could cripple
innovation and compromise IoT business models.
• Consumers, on the other hand, are worried about the potential impact of
IoT with regards to data protection and privacy.
• Innovation cannot be done at the expense of fundamental human rights.
• It may not be fair to place the emphasis solely on the potential problems
of IoT. In fact, IoT is expected to grow mainly through users’ trust.

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 Intro: IoT Standards
• While there are claims about the need for common IoT
standards, there are actually an overwhelming number
of standards for IoT, emanating from mainstream
Standards Development Organizations (SDOs) mainly
IETF, ITU-T, IEEE, ETSI, ISO/IEC, and the International
Society of Automation (ISA), as well as other state-
funded and international projects.
• Without unified efforts, instead of converging towards
common standards, this overwhelming number of
proposals might contribute in further exacerbating the
confusion about IoT services and regulation.

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 IoT Service Definitions
• The term Internet of Things was first introduced back in
1999 by the Auto-ID labs (autoidlabs.org) (former Auto-
ID Center of MIT), primarily for networked Radio
Frequency Identification (RFID) devices.
• Since then, the concept has evolved and nowadays, IoT
encompasses plenty of other technologies including
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN), Near Field
Communications (NFC), Biotechnology and Body Area
Networks (BAN), Machine-to-Machine (M2M)
Communications, and other “legacy” Personal Area
Networks (PAN) such as WiFi, Bluetooth, etc.

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 From Web 3.0 to RFID
• Some proposals assimilate IoT to Web 3.0, others
claim it is primarily based on RFID and systems
alike, others assimilate IoT to Machine-to-
Machine (M2M) communications, while others
focus on WSN.
• Perhaps, IoT is all of this.
• Between web semantics, radio frequency
identification, and sensor networks there is a
huge vacuum that needs to be filled out by
adequate standards and definitions to pave the
way towards an IoT ecosystem.
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 IoT Technologies
• Figure 1 depicts a high level IoT standalone or “Silo”
architecture with most commonly used verticals
including IPv6 over Low-Power Wireless Personal Area
Networks (6LoWPAN), Zigbee (www.zigbee.org), Z-
Wave (www.z-wave.com), WirelessHART
(http://en.hartcomm.org), ISA100.11a, Bluetooth Low
Energy , RFID, ISO/IEC 18000-7 (DASH7), BACNet (
http://bacnet.org), LonWorks (www.onmark.org), KNX
(http://knx.org), and INSTEON (www.insteon.com).
• These are interconnected via an IPv6 backbone to
familiar or legacy technologies such as 3G/4G/5G, WiFi,
LiFi, Home Plug, Vehicular Networks (VANETs), as well
as PSTN and IPv4 enterprise networks.
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 IoT Architecture
PSTN
WiFi/LiFi/PLC/Bluetooth
/LiFi/PLC/Bluetooth
Application Servers
Gateway

Gateway
Home Network NFC
RFID
Gateway DASH7
etc.

IPv6 Backbone
Gateway Gateway

3G/4G/5G

Gateway Gateway
KNX
WSN BACNet
LonWorks
INSTEON
Gateway UPB
VANET
6LowPAN X.10
Zigbee etc.
TCP/IP
Enterprise Z-Wave
Network WirelessHART
ISA100.11a
BLE
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 Interoperability is a major issue
• There is a myriad of home automation “industry standards”.
• Popular wired technologies include X-10 (X-10.com), Universal
Powerline Bus (UPB), KNX, LonWorks, and BACnet.
• Z-Wave and ZigBee are some of the most popular wireless
solutions.
• INSTEON is a combined wireless/wired solution.
• WirelessHART and ISA100.11a are two of the most popular
technologies used for smart plant, field process, and automation
systems yet they do not interoperate at all, although they both rely
on the IEEE 802.15.4 MAC layer.
• Each of these solutions has its own advantages and drawbacks but
the most important concern is that often they do not interoperate.

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 Semantic Interoperability
• Beyond technical and syntactic
interoperability, semantic interoperability
constitutes another challenge to IoT systems.
• In a fully heterogeneous environment,
semantic interoperability uses a common
ontology for describing resources across
fragmented IoT systems .

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 IoT & Big Data
• As a result of the proliferation of big data, cloud
computing, and sensor networks, “Sensing as a
Service” is emerging as a promising IoT paradigm
aiming at leveraging the sensed “big” Data.
• If all gathered big data is not processed, it may be
useless to sense it.
• In the smart city domain, the huge amount of video
streams, environmental monitoring, surveillance, and
traffic control may be vey difficult to track.
• If all sensed information is made available on the net,
then there is almost surely someone who might make
use of parts of this information.

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 IoT Regulation

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 IoT Service Regulation
• While Regulation of the traditional Internet is
primarily driven by service, regulation of IoT is
primarily driven by trust, security and privacy.
• Some fear that regulation might cripple the
development of IoT.

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 IoT Service Regulation
• So far, a large part of the Internet community
is opposing Internet Regulation.
• The Internet Society (internetsociety.org)
works to ensure that three key aspects of the
Internet are retained:
– permissionless innovation
– open access
– collaboration

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 IoT Service Regulation
• One of the most important arguments is that
regulators may not be able to anticipate how
IoT will evolve and that regulatory rules could
have unintended consequences.
• Vinton Cerf: “Regulation is tricky…we’re going
to have to experience the problems before we
understand the nature of the problems.”

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 IoT Service Regulation: Tunisia
• On 14 February, the Ministry of Communication
Technologies and the Digital Economy launched a
call for tenders for the licensing of the
deployment and operation of IoT networks in the
863-870 MHz band.
• Open until 31 March, this call for tender is part of
the implementation of the national strategic plan
and the development program of Tunisia digital.

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 IoT Service Regulation: Tunisia
• In order to take into account the practices and
realities of the sector, and especially not to
elaborate conditions and modalities above
ground for the allocation of licenses, the
Ministry took into account the opinions of
seven local start-ups who participated in the
consultations of The National Frequencies
Agency from 20 May to 17 June 2016.

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IoT Architectures

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 IoT Protocol Stacks

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 IoT Architectures
• There is no widely agreed-upon architecture
for IoT, rendering interoperability of different
IoT systems very difficult.
• Many proprietary IoT solutions have been
deployed in various domains. These solutions
often adopt vertical stand alone architectures,
referred to as “Silo architectures” that support
a small set of embedded applications.

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 IoT Silo Architecture

IoT Servers

Internet
IoT Gateway IoT Gateway

IoT IoT application

Developpement

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 IETF: Information Centric
Network--IoT (ICN
Network (ICN--IoT)
• ICN-IoT leverages the main features of ICN,
providing seamless mobility support, scalability,
and efficient content and service delivery.
• ICN-IoT supports context-based scenarios, which
are very common for many IoT applications.
• ICN-IoT focuses on popular IoT scenarios such as
smart homes, transportation, healthcare, grid,
etc.

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 Information Centric Network-
Network-IoT

IoT Smart Home IoT Smart Transport IoT Smart Health IoT Smart Grid
Management Management Care Management Management

ICN

Smart Home Smart Transport Smart Health Care Smart Grid

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 IETF Core Architecture

• The Core IoT architecture aims to be flexible

by incorporating the properties of a
centralized architecture whilst at the same
time allowing devices to be paired together
initially, without the need for a trusted third
party.

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 IETF Core Architecture
• Some key new security features that go beyond
current IT paradigms are to take into account the
lifecycle of a thing.
• A “thing” needs to go through various stages
during its lifecycle:
– Manufactured
– Installed
– Commissioned
– Running
– Updated
– Reconfigured
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 The life cycle of a Thing

Manufactured Decommissioned
SW update
Installed Removed/Replaced
Application reconfigured
Commissioned
Application running Application running Re-ownership/ Re-commissioned

Operational Operational Operational

Bootstrapping Maintenance/re-bootstrapping Maintenance/re-bootstrapping

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 IETF Core Architecture
• In the manufacturing and installation phases,
the thing is Bootstrapped while during the
commissioning and running phases, the thing
is Operational.
• In each stage, security credentials and
ownership information may need to be
updated.

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 IETF Core Architecture

HTML, XML,… CoAP, XMPP,…

TLS/DTLS DTLS

TCP/UDP IPv6 Backbone UDP

IPv6 IPv6/6LowPAN

MAC (802.3, 802.15.4 MAC

802.1x,…) 802.15.4 PHY
PHY

IPv6 equipment 6LowPAN IoT device

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 ITU
ITU--T IoT Architecture
• ITU-T SG17 is currently working on
cybersecurity, security management,
architectures, and frameworks, identity
management, protection of personal
information, and the security of applications
and services for IoT, smart grid, smartphones,
web services, social networks, cloud
computing, mobile financial systems, IPTV,
and telebiometrics.
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 ITU
ITU--T & Smart Cities
• ITU-T SG20: IoT and its applications including smart
cities and communities (SC&C)
• Forum held in Singapore in Jan. 2016 dealing with
development challenges in creating a smart world that
facilitates sustainable economic development along
with a high quality of life within smart sustainable
cities.
• This forum brought together smart city stakeholders,
managers and engineers working with IoT applications,
service providers planning on delivering IoT solutions,
and policy and standards makers.

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 IEEE IoT Standards
• The IEEE P2413 project “Standard for an
Architectural Framework for the Internet of
Things” aims to accelerate the growth of the
IoT market by enabling cross-domain
interaction and platform unification through
increased system compatibility,
interoperability and functional
exchangeability.

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 IEEE Architectural Framework
IoT Vendors

IoT Consumers

IoT Providers Healthcare

Education
IoT Regulators Home &
Building

Media

IoT Retail
Architecture
Framework

Logostics

Energy

Transportati
on Manufacturi
ng

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 IEEE Smart Cities Community

• World urbanization continues to grow with

the total population living in cities forecast to
increase by 75% by 2050.
• There is an increased demand for intelligent,
sustainable environments that offer citizens a
high quality of life.
• This is typically characterized as the evolution
to Smart Cities.

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 IEEE Smart Cities Community

• A Smart City brings together technology,

government, and society; and includes :
– A smart economy
– Smart energy
– Smart mobility
– A smart environment
– Smart living
– Smart governance

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 IEEE Smart Cities Community

• This creates an opportunity for IEEE to:

– Assist municipalities in managing the transition to
urbanization.
– Raise awareness of the benefits and downsides of
technology and help guide its appropriate uses

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 IEEE Smart Cities Community :
Tunisia
• Under the IEEE Smart Cities Initiative; the IEEE
Tunisia section is dedicated to assist Tunisian
municipalities with the transition into more
intelligent, sustainable urbanized
environments.

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 ETSI M2M Architecture
• The ETSI Technical Specification (TS) 102 690
describes a functional architecture, including the
related reference points and the service
capabilities, identifiers, information model,
procedures for bootstrapping, security,
management, charging, and M2M
communications implementation guidance.
• TS 102 690 introduces an M2M security
framework for underlying functions and related
key hierarchy.

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 ETSI M2M Architecture
M2M

M2M Application
Managemen
M2M Service
t Functions
Network Capabilities
Domain
Network
Core Network
Managemen
t
Access Network Functions

M2M Application
M2MGateway
M2M Service
Capabilities

Device and
Gateway M2M Area M2M Application
Domain Network M2M
M2M Service
Device
Capabilities

M2M Device
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 ISO/IEC IoT standards
• ISO/IEC JTC 1/SWG 5 does not actually develop
standards but rather consolidates the IoT
standardization activities, both internal and
external to ISO/IEC.
• The result is a number of documents, including
the IoT mind map and a collection of definitions
for the IoT, M2M, Machine Type Communications
(MTC), and Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS).
• DASH7 is based on an the ISO/IEC 18000-7
standard as a low power active RFID system.
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 Object Name Service (ONS)
• Object Name Service (ONS) leverages the Domain Name
System (DNS) to discover object names based on the
Electronic Product Code (EPC).
• ONS is a component of EPCglobal, which relies on the use
of RFID technology and distributed services to provide
information about objects via the Internet.
• ONS can be accessed by EPC applications looking for
information associated with objects.
• ONS links between EPC numbers and EPC Information
Services (EPCIS).

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 ONS Lookup

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 Emerging IoT Architectures
• While the IETF, ITU-T, ETSI, and ISO/IEC are
actively working on IoT standards, many other
projects are being carried out to support and
promote IoT worldwide; ranging from Initiatives
(www.iot-i.eu/public), Alliances (www.ipso-
alliance.org/), Forums (www.iot-forum.eu/),
Consortiums (http://iofthings.org/), Architectures
(www.iot-a.eu/), Research Clusters
(www.internet-of-things-research.eu/),
Communities (www.fiware.org); and the list goes
on.

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 European Internet of Things
Architecture
• IoT-A (www.iot-a.eu) is working on
establishing an architectural Reference Model
(RM), providing unified protocols and M2M
interfaces.
• One of the main objectives of IoT-A is to
provide “system calls” and “architecture
interfaces description” for future designers to
develop interoperable IoT systems.

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 European Internet of Things
Architecture
• IoT-A is based on state of the art rather than
clean-slate approaches.
• The RM and the Reference Architecture (RA)
provided by IoT-A both provide a description
of greater abstraction than what is inherent to
actual systems and applications.

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 IoT
IoT--A Reference Model
IoT IoT Trust,
Communication Security &
Model Privacy Model

IoT Functional
Model

IoT Information
Model

IoT Domain Model

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 European Internet of Things
Architecture
• According to IoT-A, the OSI model “fails to depict
the overall complexity of IoT systems as it is
meant to represent single technology stacks.”
• Instead of focusing on a specific realisation of the
communication, the IoT CM provides a
transversal approach from which one or more
communication stacks can be derived.
• The CM makes it easy to derive a set of OSI
interoperable stacks in order to provide the
needed interoperability features of the IoT
system.
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 IoT
IoT--A Reference model vs. OSI
model

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 oneM2M
• oneM2M aims to “unify the Global M2M
Community, by enabling the federation and
interoperability of M2M systems, across
multiple networks and topologies”.

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 IoT independent activities

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 IoT independent activities

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 IoT independent activities

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Low Power Wide
Area Networks

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 Low Power Wide Area Network
• Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN)
technology with multi-mile ranges and multi-
year battery lifetimes has created a growing
smart city developer opportunity, according to
a recently published report by global IoT
research firm ON World.

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Low Power Wide Area Network

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Low Power Wide Area Network

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Low Power Wide Area Network

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 LPWAN: Challenges

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 Thank You

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