The critical Euler buckling load of a cast iron hollow cylindrical column 3m in length when hinged at

both the ends is equal to P kN. When the column is fixed at both the ends, its critical load increases
to (P + 300) kN. If the ratio of external diameter to internal diameter is 1·25 and E = 100 GPa,
determine the external diameter of the column.

A stainless-steel pipe with an outside diameter of 100 mm and a wall thickness of 8 mm is rigidly
attached to fixed supports at A and B. The length of the pipe is L = 8 m, its elastic modulus is E =
−6
190 GPa, and its coefficient of thermal expansion is α = 17.3 × 10 /°C. Determine the temperature
increase ΔT that will cause the pipe to buckle.