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Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples Foundation Design 14-1
Load Path and Transfer to Soil
Soil Pressure
Pile supporting structure
Friction
EQ motion
Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples Foundation Design 14-3
Load Path and Transfer to Soil
Soil-to-foundation Force Transfer
Deep
Soil Bending
Motion pressure moment
EQ Motion
Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples Foundation Design 14-4
Load Path and Transfer to Soil
Vertical Pressures - Shallow
Overturning moment
EQ motion
Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples Foundation Design 14-5
Load Path and Transfer to Soil
Vertical Pressures - Deep
Overturning
moment
EQ Motion
Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples Foundation Design 14-6
Outside face of concrete
column or line midway
between face of steel
column and edge of
Reinforced Concrete steel base plate (typical)
(c)
Critical section
for two-way shear
d/2
(all sides)
Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples Foundation Design 14-7
P
M
(a)
Loading
(b)
Footing Subject to Elastic, no uplift
Nonlinear (d)
Elastic, after uplift
(e)
Some plastification
(f)
Plastic limit
Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples Foundation Design 14-8
7 Bays @ 25'-0" = 175'-0"
Example
1'-2" 1'-2"
7-story
5 Bays @ 25'-0" = 125'-0"
Building:
Shallow
foundations
designed for
N perimeter
1'-2"
frame and
core bracing.
Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples Foundation Design 14-9
Shallow Footing Examples
Soil parameters: Gravity load allowables
• Medium dense sand • 4000 psf, B < 20 ft
• (SPT) N = 20 • 2000 psf, B > 40 ft
• Density = 120 pcf Bearing capacity (EQ)
• Friction angle = 33o • 2000B concentric sq.
• 3000B eccentric
φ = 0.6
Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples Foundation Design 14-10
Footings
proportioned
for gravity
loads alone
Corner: Interior:
6'x6'x1'-2" thick 11'x11'x2'-2" thick
Perimeter:
8'x8'x1'-6" thick
Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples Foundation Design 14-11
Design of
7 at 25'-0"
Footings
for
Perimeter
5 at 25'-0"
Moment
Frame
N
Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples Foundation Design 14-12
7-Story Frame, Deformed
Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples Foundation Design 14-13
Combining Loads
Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples Foundation Design 14-14
Reactions
Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples Foundation Design 14-15
Reduction of Overturning Moment
Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples Foundation Design 14-16
Additive Load w/ Largest Eccentricity
Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples Foundation Design 14-17
Counteracting Load with Largest e
Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples Foundation Design 14-18
Elastic Response
• Objective is to set L L
and W to satisfy P
equilibrium and avoid M
overloading soil.
• Successive trials
W
usually necessary.
R
e
Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples Foundation Design 14-19
Additive Combination
Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples Foundation Design 14-20
Plastic Response
L
• Same objective as for
elastic response. P
M
• Smaller footings can
be shown OK thus:
W
R
R
e
Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples Foundation Design 14-21
Counteracting Case
Given P = -14.4 k; M = 6240
Check prior trial; W = 245 k (use 0.9W)
• e = 6240/(220.5 – 14.4) = 30.3 > 35/2 NG
New trial: L = 40 ft, 5 ft thick
• W = 400 k; e = 18.0 ft; plastic Qmax= 8.6 ksf
• φQn = 0.6(3)4 = 7.2 ksf, close
• Solution is to add 5 k, then e = 17.8 ft and
Qmax = φQn = 7.9 ksf
Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples Foundation Design 14-22
Additional Checks
Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples Foundation Design 14-23
Results for
all SRS
Footings
Middle: Side:
5'x30'x4'-0" 8'x32'x4'-0"
Corner: 10'x40'x5'-0" w/
top of footing 2'-0" below grade
Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples Foundation Design 14-24
Design of Footings
for Core-braced 7-
story Building
Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples Foundation Design 14-25
Solution for Central Mat
Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples Foundation Design 14-26
Bearing Pressure Solution
Plastic
12.2 ksf
solution is
~ (a)
Plastic
satisfactory;
solution elastic is not;
see linked file
for more
12 16 (b) detail.
4 8 Elastic solution
0 pressures (ksf)
Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples Foundation Design 14-27
Pile/Pier Foundations
Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples Foundation Design 14-28
Pile/Pier Foundations
Pile Stiffness: Soil Stiffness
• Short (rigid) • Linear springs –
• Intermediate nomographs e.g.
• Long NAVFAC DM7.2
Cap influence • Nonlinear springs –
LPILE or similar
Group action analysis
Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples Foundation Design 14-29
Sample p-y Curves
100,000
10,000
Soil resistance, p (lb/in.)
1,000
100
Site Class C, depth = 30 ft
Site Class C, depth = 10 ft
10
Site Class E, depth = 30 ft
Site Class E, depth = 10 ft
1
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
Pile deflection, y (in.)
Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples Foundation Design 14-30
Passive Pressure
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
P/Pult
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
δ/H
Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples Foundation Design 14-31
Group Effect
1.0
s=4D
0.8
Group effect factor
s=3D
0.6
s=2D
0.4
s = 1.5 D
0.2
0.0
1 2 3 4 5
Group size (piles per side)
Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples Foundation Design 14-32
Pile Shear: Two Soil
Stiffnesses
0
10
Depth (ft)
15
20
25 Site Class C
Site Class E
30
-5 0 5 10 15
Shear, V (kip)
Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples Foundation Design 14-33
0
5 Pile
10
Moment
vs Depth
Depth (ft)
15
20
25 Site Class C
Site Class E
30
-1000 -500 0 500
Moment, M (in.-kips)
Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples Foundation Design 14-34
Pile
4" pile
embedment Reinforcement
(6) #5
6'-4"
#4 spiral at
A
3.75 inch pitch
Section A •Site Class C
•Larger amounts where
(6) #5
moments and shears are
23'-0"
B #4 spiral at high
7.5 inch pitch
Section B •Minimum amounts must
(4) #5 extend beyond theoretical
21'-0"
cutoff points
C #4 spiral at
11 inch pitch •“Half” spiral for 3D
Section C
Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples Foundation Design 14-35
Pile Design
4" pile
embedment
•Site Class E
12'-4"
(8) #7
A •Substantially more
#5 spiral at
3.5 inch pitch reinforcement
Section A •“Full” spiral for 7D
•Confinement at
20'-0"
(6) #7
B
#5 spiral at boundary of soft and
3.5 inch pitch firm soils (7D up and
Section B
3D down)
(4) #7
32'-0"
C #4 spiral at
11 inch pitch
Section C
Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples Foundation Design 14-36
Other Topics for Pile Foundations
Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples Foundation Design 14-37
Tie Between Pile Caps
2" clear
at sides (2) #6 top bars
#4 ties at 7" o.c.
(3) #6 bottom bars
3" clear at
top and bottom
Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples Foundation Design 14-38