A thin steel bar of a rectangular section 6 mm × 4 mm is initially axially compressed by 200 N

load between two plates pinned at both ends, at a constant distance of 160 mm apart as shown in
figure below. The assembly is made at 24°C, how high can the temperature of the bar rise to have
an FOS of 2 with respect to buckling. E = 200 GPa, α =15 ×10−6 /°C

The critical Euler buckling load of a cast iron hollow cylindrical column 3m in length when hinged at
both the ends is equal to P kN. When the column is fixed at both the ends, its critical load increases to
(P + 300) kN. If the ratio of external diameter to internal diameter is 1·25 and E = 100 GPa,
determine the external diameter of the column.

A stainless-steel pipe with an outside diameter of 100 mm and a wall thickness of 8 mm is rigidly
attached to fixed supports at A and B. The length of the pipe is L = 8 m, its elastic modulus is E = 190
GPa, and its coefficient of thermal expansion is α = 17.3 × 10 −6 /°C. Determine the temperature
increase ΔT that will cause the pipe to buckle.