Electro Dynamometer Type:

 It is used for the measurement of AC and DC quantities,

 It is similar to PMMC type instrument except for the permanent magnet used in PMMC-type instrument, is
replaced with another fixed coil that generates the necessary magnetic field.
 In order to read the AC quantities using a moving coil instruments, the magnetic field existing in the
instrument must change along with the change in AC quantities, which is not possible in PMMC.
Construction:

Electrodynamometer Type Instrument

The various parts of electrodynamometer-type instrument are:
 Fixed coil
 Moving coil
 Controlling torque
 Damping torque
 Shielding
 Cases and scales
Fixed Coil:
 This air core varnished coil is used to generate the necessary magnetic field required for the operation of
the instrument and a uniform magnetic field is obtained near the centre of the coil, as the fixed coil is
divided into two sections.
 If the instrument is used as an ammeter or voltmeter, the fixed coils are wound with thin wire and heavy
wire respectively.
 They are clamped in place against the coil support, which is made of ceramic.

Moving Coil:
 The moving air-cored light and rigid coil is wound as a self-sustaining coil or on a non-metallic former.
Controlling Torque:
The controlling torque by the spring acts as leads to the moving coil.
Moving System:
 The moving coil is mounted on the aluminium spindle, which carries the counter weights and pointer.
In some cases, a suspension is used if high accuracy is desired.
Damping Torque:
 A pair of aluminium vanes, which are attached to the spindle at the bottom, provides the damping
torque using air friction.
Shielding:
 To prevent the effect of earth’s magnetic field on the reading, the instrument is shielded by enclosing it
in a casing made with a high-permeability alloy.
Cases and scales:
 These instruments used in laboratory are usually contained in a rigid, polished wooden or metal case
and are supported by adjustable levelling screws.
 A proper levelling of these components can be provided by the spirit level
Working Principle:
 When the dynamometr instument is used as an ammeter, both the fixed and moving coils are
connected in series to carry the same current. To limit the current flowing through these coils, a
suitable shunt-resistance is connectd to these coils.
 When the dynamometer instument is used as an voltmeter, the fixed and moving coils are
connectd in series with high non-inductive resistance.
 When it is used to measure the power, the fixed coil and moving coil act as the current and
voltage coil, connected in series with the load and across the supply terminals respectively.
 When the current starts flowing through both the coils, a magnetic fisld is produced.
 The magnetic field produced by the fixed coil is proportional to the load current and the magnetic
field produced by the moving coil is proportional to the voltage.
 Now, the deflecting torque is produced due to the interation of these two fields, and the deflection
indicated by the pointer is proportional to the power supplied to the load.
Transducer
A device which converts a physical quantity into an electrical signal.
Advantages:
- Electrical amplification and attenuation can be easily done
- Effects of frictions are minimized
- Output can be amplified to any desired level
- It can be easily used to transmit and process for the purpose of measurement
Requirements of a transducer
• Ruggedness
• Linearity
• Repeatability
• High reliability and stability
• Residual deformation
Classifications
- On the basis of transduction form used
- As primary and secondary transducers
- As active and passive transducers
- As analog and digital transducers
- As transducers and inverse transducers
On the basis of transduction form used
- Resistive transducer
- Inductive transducer
- Capacitive transducer
- Eg – piezoelectric, thermo electric
As primary and secondary transducers
• Primary transducer
-When i/p signal is directly sensed by the transducer and physical quantity is converted to electrical
quantity directly eg- thermistor
• Secondary transducer
- When i/p signal is sensed by some sensor and then o/p being in some form other than i/p is given as
input to a transducer Eg - LVDT
As active and passive transducers
Based on method of energy conversion used
• Active transducer
- generates an electrical signal directly
- does not require an external power source
Eg- piezo electric crystal
• Passive transducers
- R, L and C changes with the change in input signal
- It require external power source for energy conversion
Eg- Strain gauge and thermistors
As analog and digital transducers
- Basis of nature of output signal
- Analog transducer
- converts i/p to o/p signal which is a continuous function of time
- Digital transducer
- o/p which is in the form of pulses
Transducers and inverse transducers
• Transducer
Device that converts non electrical into electrical quantity
• Inverse Transducer
Device that converts electrical to non electrical quantity