Professional Documents
Culture Documents
(for beginners)
Samuli Aalto
samuli.aalto@hut.fi
Contents
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Teletraffic theory (for beginners) Samuli Aalto
incoming outgoing
traffic traffic
users system
• Ideas:
– the system serves the incoming traffic
– the traffic is generated by the users of the system
Interesting questions
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Teletraffic theory (for beginners) Samuli Aalto
General purpose
quality of service
Example
• Telephone traffic
– system = telephone network
– traffic = telephone calls by everybody
– quality of service = probability that the connection can be set up,
i.e., “the line is not busy”
1234567 PRRRR!!!
A B
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Teletraffic theory (for beginners) Samuli Aalto
Teletraffic models
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Teletraffic theory (for beginners) Samuli Aalto
Practical goals
• Network planning
– dimensioning
– optimization
– performance analysis
• Network management and control
– efficient operating
– fault recovery
– traffic management
– routing
– accounting
Contents
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Teletraffic theory (for beginners) Samuli Aalto
Telecommunication network
• A simple model of a
telecommunication network access network
consists of
– nodes
• terminals trunk network
• network nodes
– links between nodes
• Access network
– connects the terminals to the
network nodes
• Trunk network
– connects the network nodes
to each other
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Switching modes
• Circuit switching
– telephone networks
– mobile telephone networks, e.g. GSM
• Packet switching
– data networks
– two possibilities
• connection oriented: e.g. X.25, Frame Relay
• connectionless: e.g. Internet (IP), SS7 (MTP)
• Cell switching
– fast (connection oriented) packet switching with fixed length
packets (called cells), e.g. ATM
– integration of different traffic types (voice, data, video)
⇒ multiservice networks
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Teletraffic theory (for beginners) Samuli Aalto
• Connection oriented: B
– connections set up end-to-
end before information
transfer
– resources reserved for the
whole duration of connection
– e.g. telephone call reserves A
one (two-way) channel from
each link along its route
(time division multiplexing)
• Information transfer as
continuous stream network node =
(telephone) switch
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Teletraffic theory (for beginners) Samuli Aalto
TDM multiplexer
1
time slot
1
frame
n
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• Connectionless: B
– no connection set-up
– no resource reservation B
• Information transfer as
discrete packets
– varying length B
A B
B
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Teletraffic theory (for beginners) Samuli Aalto
B
– queueing delays (since
packets compete for joint
resources)
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Statistical multiplexing
statistical multiplexer
1
packet
n
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Teletraffic theory (for beginners) Samuli Aalto
Contents
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20
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Teletraffic theory (for beginners) Samuli Aalto
n
21
Traffic process
5
4
3
2
1
time
call arrival times
blocked call
nr of channels
occupied
nr of channels
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5
4
3
2
1
0
traffic volume time
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Teletraffic theory (for beginners) Samuli Aalto
Traffic intensity
• In telephone networks:
Traffic ↔ Calls
a = λh
– Note that the traffic intensity is a dimensionless quantity
– Anyway, the unit of traffic intensity a is called erlang
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Example
a = 1800 ∗ 3 / 60 = 90 erlang
• If the mean holding time increases from 3 minutes to 10
minutes, then
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Teletraffic theory (for beginners) Samuli Aalto
Blocking
Teletraffic analysis
• System capacity
– n = number of channels on the link
• Traffic load
– a = (offered) traffic intensity
• Quality of service (from the subscribers’ point of view)
– Bc = probability that an arriving call finds all n channels occupied
• If we assume an M/G/n/n loss system, that is
– calls arrive according to a Poisson process (with rate λ)
– call holding times are independently and identically distributed
according to any distribution with mean h
• Then the quantitive relation between the three factors is given
by the Erlang’s blocking formula
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Teletraffic theory (for beginners) Samuli Aalto
an
Bc = Erl(n, a ) = nn!
i
∑ ai!
i =0
• Note: n!= n ⋅ ( n − 1) ⋅ K ⋅ 2 ⋅1
• Other names:
– Erlang’s formula
– Erlang’s B-formula
– Erlang’s loss formula
– Erlang’s first formula
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Example
24 16
2
B c = Erl( 4 , 2 ) = 4! = 24 = ≈ 9 .5 %
2 3 4
1 + 2 + 22! + 23! + 24! 1 + 2 + 2 + 6 + 24 21
4 8 16
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Bc = Erl( 6 , 2 ) = 2
6!
3 4 5 6
≈ 1 .2 %
1 + 2 + 22! + 23! + 24! + 25! + 26!
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Teletraffic theory (for beginners) Samuli Aalto
40
30
capacity n
20
10
10 20 30 40 50
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traffic a
0.8
0.6
quality of service
1 − Bc 0.4
0.2
0
10 20 30 40 50
30
traffic a
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Teletraffic theory (for beginners) Samuli Aalto
0.8
0.6
quality of service
1 − Bc 0.4
0.2
0
10 20 30 40 50
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capacity n
Contents
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Teletraffic theory (for beginners) Samuli Aalto
33
µ
λ
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Teletraffic theory (for beginners) Samuli Aalto
Traffic process
0
time
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Traffic load
Traffic ↔ Packets
λ λL
ρ= =
µ R
– Note that the traffic load is a dimensionless quantity
– It can also be interpreted as the probability that the server is busy.
So, it tells the utilization factor of the server
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Teletraffic theory (for beginners) Samuli Aalto
Example
Teletraffic analysis
• System capacity
– R = link speed in kbps
• Traffic load
– λ = packet arrival rate in packet/s (considered here as a variable)
– L = average packet length in kbits (assumed here that L = 1 kbit)
• Quality of service (from the users’ point of view)
– Pz = probability that a packet has to wait “too long”, i.e., longer
than a given reference value z (assumed here that Pz = 0.1 s)
• If we assume an M/M/1 queueing system, that is
– packets arrive according to a Poisson process (with rate λ)
– packet lengths are independent and identically distributed
according to exponential distribution with mean L
• Then the quantitive relation between the three factors is given 38
by the following waiting time formula
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Teletraffic theory (for beginners) Samuli Aalto
• Note:
– The system is stable only in the former case (ρ < 1). Otherwise the
queue builds up without limits.
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Example
Pz = Wait(64,50;1,0.1) = 50
64
exp(−1.4)) ≈ 19%
ρ = λRL = 50
64
<1
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Teletraffic theory (for beginners) Samuli Aalto
0.8
0.6
quality of service
1 − Pz 0.4
0.2
0
10 20 30 40 50
42
arrival rate λ
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Teletraffic theory (for beginners) Samuli Aalto
0.8
0
60 70 80 90 100
43
link speed R
THE END
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