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Abstract—In this paper, different voltage injection schemes for voltage from the problems such as sag, swell, and harmonics in
dynamic voltage restorers (DVRs) are analyzed with particular the supply voltages. Hence, it can protect the critical consumer
focus on a new method used to minimize the rating of the voltage loads from tripping and consequent losses [2]. The custom
source converter (VSC) used in DVR. A new control technique is
proposed to control the capacitor-supported DVR. The control of power devices are developed and installed at consumer point
a DVR is demonstrated with a reduced-rating VSC. The reference to meet the power quality standards such as IEEE-519 [7].
load voltage is estimated using the unit vectors. The synchronous Voltage sags in an electrical grid are not always possible
reference frame theory is used for the conversion of voltages from to avoid because of the finite clearing time of the faults that
rotating vectors to the stationary frame. The compensation of cause the voltage sags and the propagation of sags from the
the voltage sag, swell, and harmonics is demonstrated using a
reduced-rating DVR. transmission and distribution systems to the low-voltage loads.
Voltage sags are the common reasons for interruption in pro-
Index Terms—Dynamic voltage restorer (DVR), power quality, duction plants and for end-user equipment malfunctions in
unit vector, voltage harmonics, voltage sag, voltage swell.
general. In particular, tripping of equipment in a production
line can cause production interruption and significant costs
I. I NTRODUCTION
due to loss of production. One solution to this problem is
0093-9994 © 2013 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
1296 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 50, NO. 2, MARCH/APRIL 2014
Fig. 3. Control block of the DVR that uses the SRF method of control.
Fig. 4. (a) Schematic of the self-supported DVR. (b) Control block of the DVR that uses the SRF method of control.
The reference DVR voltages are obtained in the rotating refer- B. Control of Self-Supported DVR for Voltage Sag, Swell, and
ence frame as Harmonics Compensation
∗ ∗
vDd = vSd − vLd (4) Fig. 4(a) shows a schematic of a capacitor-supported DVR
∗ ∗
vDq = vSq − vLq . (5) connected to three-phase critical loads, and Fig. 4(b) shows
a control block of the DVR in which the SRF theory is used
The error between the reference and actual DVR volt- for the control of self-supported DVR. Voltages at the PCC vS
ages in the rotating reference frame is regulated using two are converted to the rotating reference frame using abc−dqo
proportional–integral (PI) controllers. conversion using Park’s transformation. The harmonics and the
Reference DVR voltages in the abc frame are obtained from oscillatory components of the voltage are eliminated using low-
∗ ∗
a reverse Park’s transformation taking VDd from (4), VDq from pass filters (LPFs). The components of voltages in the d- and
∗
(5), VD0 as zero as q-axes are
⎡ ∗ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤⎡ ∗ ⎤
vdvra cos θ
sin
θ 1 vDq vd = vddc + vdac (7)
⎣ vdvrb
∗ ⎦ = ⎣ cos θ − 2π sin θ− 2π
1 ⎦ ⎣ vDd
∗ ⎦
. (6)
∗
3
2π
3
2π ∗ vq = vqdc + vqac . (8)
vdvrc cos θ+ 3 sin θ+ 3 1 v D0
∗ ∗ ∗
Reference DVR voltages (vdvra , vdvrb , vdvrc ) and actual The compensating strategy for compensation of voltage qual-
DVR voltages (vdvra , vdvrb , vdvrc ) are used in a pulsewidth- ity problems considers that the load terminal voltage should be
modulated (PWM) controller to generate gating pulses to a of rated magnitude and undistorted.
VSC of the DVR. The PWM controller is operated with a In order to maintain the dc bus voltage of the self-supported
switching frequency of 10 kHz. capacitor, a PI controller is used at the dc bus voltage of the
1298 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 50, NO. 2, MARCH/APRIL 2014
DVR and the output is considered as a voltage vcap for meeting where vte(n) = VL∗ − VL(n) denotes the error between the ref-
its losses erence VL∗ and actual VL(n) load terminal voltage amplitudes at
the nth sampling instant. Kp2 and Ki2 are the proportional and
vcap(n) = vcap(n−1) +Kp1 vde(n) −vde(n−1) +Ki1 vde(n) (9) the integral gains of the dc bus voltage PI controller.
∗
where vde(n) = vdc − vdc(n) is the error between the reference The reference load quadrature axis voltage is expressed as
∗ follows:
vdc and sensed dc voltages vdc at the nth sampling instant. Kp1
and Ki1 are the proportional and the integral gains of the dc bus
vq∗ = vqdc + vqr . (13)
voltage PI controller.
The reference d-axis load voltage is therefore expressed as Reference load voltages (vLa ∗ ∗
, vLb ∗
, vLc ) in the abc frame are
follows: obtained from a reverse Park’s transformation as in (6). The er-
vd∗ = vddc − vcap . (10) ror between sensed load voltages (vLa , vLb , vLc ) and reference
load voltages is used over a controller to generate gating pulses
The amplitude of load terminal voltage VL is controlled to its to the VSC of the DVR.
reference voltage VL∗ using another PI controller. The output
of the PI controller is considered as the reactive component of
voltage vqr for voltage regulation of the load terminal voltage. IV. M ODELING AND S IMULATION
The amplitude of load voltage VL at the PCC is calculated from The DVR-connected system consisting of a three-phase sup-
the ac voltages (vLa , vLb , vLc ) as ply, three-phase critical loads, and the series injection trans-
2
2 1/2 formers shown in Fig. 2 is modeled in MATLAB/Simulink
VL = (2/3)1/2 vLa 2
+ vLb + vLc . (11)
environment along with a sim power system toolbox and is
Then, a PI controller is used to regulate this to a reference value as shown in Fig. 5. An equivalent load considered is a 10-kVA
0.8-pf lag linear load. The parameters of the considered system
vqr(n) = vqr(n−1) +Kp2 vte(n) −vte(n−1) +Ki2 vte(n) (12) for the simulation study are given in the Appendix.
JAYAPRAKASH et al.: CONTROL OF REDUCED-RATING DVR WITH A BATTERY ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM 1299
Fig. 6. Dynamic performance of DVR with in-phase injection during voltage sag and swell applied to critical load.
Fig. 8. Dynamic performance of DVR during harmonics in supply voltage applied to critical load.
Fig. 11. Load voltage and harmonic spectrum during the disturbance.
Fig. 9. PCC voltage and harmonic spectrum during the disturbance.
TABLE I
C OMPARISON OF DVR R ATING FOR S AG M ITIGATION
Fig. 12. Dynamic performance of the capacitor-supported DVR during (a) voltage sag and (b) voltage swell applied to critical load.
AC inductor: 2.0 mH [23] A. Chandra, B. Singh, B. N. Singh, and K. Al-Haddad, “An improved
DC bus voltage PI controller: Kp1 = 0.5, Ki1 = 0.35 control algorithm of shunt active filter for voltage regulation, harmonic
elimination, power-factor correction, and balancing of nonlinear loads,”
AC load voltage PI controller: Kp2 = 0.1, Ki2 = 0.5 IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 495–507, May 2000.
PWM switching frequency: 10 kHz [24] A. Y. Goharrizi, S. H. Hosseini, M. Sabahi, and G. B. Gharehpetian,
Series transformer: three-phase transformer of rat- “Three-phase HFL-DVR with independently controlled phases,” IEEE
Trans. Power Electron., vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 1706–1718, Apr. 2012.
ing 10 kVA, 200 V/300 V.
Ambrish Chandra (SM’99) received the B.E. de- Kamal Al-Haddad (S’82–M’88–SM’92–F’07) was
gree from the University of Roorkee (currently born in Beirut, Lebanon, in 1954. He received the
the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Roorkee), B.Sc.A. and M.Sc.A. degrees from the University
Roorkee, India, in 1977, the M.Tech. degree from the of Québec at Trois-Riviéres, Trois-Riviéres, QC,
IIT Delhi, New Delhi, India, in 1980, and the Ph.D. Canada, in 1982 and 1984, respectively, and the
degree from the University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Ph.D. degree from the Institut National Polytech-
Canada, in 1987. nique de Toulouse, Toulouse, France, in 1988.
He was a Lecturer and later a Reader at the Univer- From June 1987 to June 1990, he was a Professor
sity of Roorkee. Since 1994, he has been a Professor with the Department of Electrical and Computer En-
in the Department of Electrical Engineering, École gineering, University of Québec at Trois-Riviéres. In
de Technologie Supérieure, University of Québec, June 1990, he joined the teaching staff as a Professor
Montreal, QC, Canada. His main research interests are renewable energy, power of the Department of Electrical Engineering, École de Technologie Supérieure
quality, active filters, static reactive power compensation, and FACTS. (ETS), University of Québec, Montreal, QC. Since 2002, he has been the
Prof. Chandra is a Professional Engineer in the Province of Quebec (member holder of the Canada Research Chair in Electric Energy Conversion and Power
OIQ), Canada. He is a Fellow of the Institution of Engineering and Technology, Electronics. He is a coauthor of the Power System Blockset software of
U.K., the Institution of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineers (India), MATLAB. He has authored more than 150 transactions and conference papers.
and the Institution of Engineers (India), and a Life Member of the Indian He is a Consultant and has established very solid links with many Canadian
Society for Technical Education. industries working in the field of power electronics, electric transportation,
aeronautics, and telecommunications. He is the Chief of the ETS-Bombardier
Transportation North America division, a joint industrial research laboratory
on electric traction system and power electronics. His fields of interest include
high-efficiency static power converters, harmonics, and reactive power control
using hybrid filters.
Prof. Al-Haddad was the General Chairman of the IEEE International
Symposium on Industrial Electronics Conference 2006. He was a recipient
of the “Outstanding Ross Medal Award” from IEEE Canada in 1997 and the
Outstanding Researcher Award from the ETS in 2000.