1.

Title

Vibration of a composite system.

2.Objective

 To verify the Dunkeley’s formula in determining the fundamental frequency of a composite

system.
 To investigate undamped vibration absorption/transmission.

3.Result

Beam : length=32 inch

Width= 1 Inch

Thickness = 0.5 inch

Additional Total Motor 1 2 1 2 1 1

Load Load Speed, ( ) ( ) ( )2 ( )2 % error
𝑓1 𝑓2 𝑓 𝑓
(lb-wt) (lb-wt) N experimental Theory
(rpm)
0 6.75 1325 0.0011193 0.015966 0.002079 0.01709
5 11.75 1058 0.00195 0.015966 0.003216 0.017916
10 16.75 909.5 0.002777 0.015966 0.004352 0.018743
15 21.75 812.5 0.00360679 0.015966 0.005453 0.019573

𝑏 𝑥 𝑑3 1 𝑥 0.53
Moment of Inertia of beam , I = 12
= 12
= 0.01042

Young’s Modulus , E= 30 x 106 lb/𝑖𝑛2

g = 386.4 inch/𝑠 2

length of beam , L = 32 inch

w = 0.75 lb
Sample calculation

For total load = 6.75 lb

48𝐸𝐼𝑔 48 𝑥30 x 106 𝑥 0.01402 𝑥 386.4

𝑓1 = √4𝜋2 𝐿3 𝑀 = √ = 29.889
4𝜋 2 𝑥 323 𝑥 6.75

6
𝜋 𝐸𝐼𝑔 𝜋
𝑓2 = 2𝐿2 √ 𝑊 = √30 x 10 𝑥 0.010402 𝑥 386.4
= 7.914
2 𝑋 322 4.53

1 1 1 1 1
(𝑓)2 = ( 𝑓 )2 + ( 𝑓 )2 = (29.889)2 + (7.914)2 = 0.01709
1 2

4. Discussion

(1/f)^2 versus Total Mass

0.025

0.02

0.015
(1/f)^2

0.01

0.005

0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Total Mass , lb

Theoretical Experimental
 1
Experimentally (𝑓)2 is directly proportional to the total mass. As the load increases, the
frequency occurred is decreasing.
The value of the frequency of theoretically and experimentally have a large differents due to
some errors occurred in this experiment. First, parallax error.The size of the beam is not
perfectly measured .There must be some mistakes when reading the value and this will effect
the whole equations. Next, the motor are used frequently and maybe it is not in good condition
causing it to give inaccurate value for the t achometer.
To reduce the vibration, secondary oscillating system can be attached .Equation below can be
used to determine the value of L needed to get lowest possible vibration.

3 3𝐸𝐼𝐺 3 3 𝑥 30 𝑥 106 𝑥 1.11 𝑥 10−5 𝑥 386.4

L = √4𝜋2 𝑚𝑓2 = L = √ = 3.004 inch
4𝜋 2 𝑥 0.75 𝑥 21.932

Theoretically, the value of L obtained is 3.004 inch. However, when the experiment is set up
with the value of the L, the vibration is still no minimized. Then , L was adjusted until it
reached to 3.5 inch .At this point , the vibration is minimized. The value from the experimental
is different from the theoretical because of some errors occurred during the experiment. The
mass m is probably not accurate as stated in the lab sheet. Although the mass is slightly
different from the actual, but more or less it will disturbed the output data.

5. Conclusion
As a conclusion , the value of frequency for both theoretical and experimental are
directlr proportional to the total mass load. However, the value of experimental has too much
different with the value of theory .This happened due to some errors involved in the
experiment which are parallax errors and random errors. Thus the Dunkeley’s formula is not
well proved in this experimental as the value of the frequency is bit too far. The vibrations can
be reduced by applying the second oscillating system into the main system. Theoretically , the
value of L is determined by using the Dunkeley’s Formula .3.00 inch obtained by still the
vibrations is not minimized. With some adjustment, the L is added another 0.5 inch from the
center of the rotor and then the vibrations is successfully minimized.
Questions

Q1 Theoretically the value of f is 21.933 Hz while experimentally the value is 7.65 Hz

Q2 Theoretically the value of f is 7.914.

Q3. Assumptions :
1. . Neglecting harmonics, the estimated fundamental frequency is much lower
than the actual value.
2. The mass m, of the whole system is considered to be lumped at the middle of
the beam.
3. No energy consuming element (damping) is present in the system
4. The complex cross section and type of material of the real system has been
simplified to equate to a fixed beam

Q4. Resonance happens when one object vibrating at the same natural frequency of a
second object forces that second object into vibrational motion.

Q5 Different supports
1. Simply supported beam – free to rotate and no moment sesistance
2. Fixed- A beam supported on both ends and restrained from rotation.
3. Over hanging- A simple beam extending beyond its support on one

Q6 The formula can be used to determine a critical speed of a shaft-rotor system

Q7 Theoretically the value of L is 3.00 inch while the experimentally is 3.50 inch. The
difference may due to the errors such as the actual value of the mass of load , weight of motor
Young modulus and g might be inaccurate as has been told in the lab sheet. The old motor also
had fatigue and not well operate.

Q8 The cantilever unit absorb almost above 90% of the vibration of the main system.It is
because oscillating system of the cantilever unit had shift to the right causing the adjacent
point from both system meet and canceled each other .
.