Cementos Sustentables PDF

Purdue University
School of Civil Engineering
Internal Curing: Improving

Concrete Sustainability and
Performance
Igor De la Varga1, John Ries2, and Jason Weiss1

1 School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University (USA)
2 Expanded Shale Clay and Slate Institute (USA)
Prepared for
International Forum of Concrete – May 2013
Internal Curing De la Varga, Ries, and Weiss. May 29th, 2013 Slide 1 of 97
Internal Curing – The Bullet
• Today’s talk will

explain how to use
internal concrete to:
– Reduce the potential
for cracking
– Reduce chloride
ingress and delay
corrosion
– Improve construction robustness (plastic
cracking, thermal cracking etc…)
– Improve the sustainability of concrete
Outline
• Curing and Cracking Concepts

• Methods to Reduce Shrinkage
• Internal Curing Concepts
– Driving Force (Chemical Shrinkage)
– Proportioning Internal Curing Mixtures
– Extras (desorption, spacing)
• Benefits of Internal Curing
• Field Applications
• Sustainability
Curing through the Years
– Once water curing was the standard

– Curing compounds are now common place
Curing – The Three Key Factors
Time
Temperature Moisture
With Proper Curing Strength Increases, Less Permeable,

More Abrasion Resistant, and More Durable
Amount of Water Taken Up By
Cement in 6 Months
0.4
Amount of Water
0.32
Total Water
0.24
0.16 Non-Evaporable Water
0.08 Hydration Stops
0.0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Relative Vapor Pressure (Humidity)
Water Curing versus Curing
Compounds
• Water is needed in the
hydration reaction
• This is especially critical
early in the process
• Water is absorbed
Evaporation from
water surface
Water supplied
from external
source
Saturated
Concrete
Application of Curing Compound
• Waxes, Resins, Chlorinated Rubber

• Colored Pigment to See Where (Temporary or
Permanent)
• White Dies Help Keep Concrete Cool
• Applied Immediately After Finish (Some Recent

Work Recommends Waiting for Bleed to
Disappear)
• At Best it Prevents Evaporation (i.e., Sealed)
Photo Credit Poole, TRB 2002
Outline

• Sustainability
Early Age Cracking Frequently Observed in
Low W/C High Cement Content Concrete
• Transverse cracking
Photo http://www.aggregateresearch.com/caf/file/newdeckcracking.pdf
in 100,000+ bridges
• 62% of DOT’s
consider cracking as
a problem (NCHRP)
• Cracks shorten
service life, increase
maintenance cost,
and accelerate
Here we see cracks spaced at 2.5 ft
corrosion On the approaches to a bridge
The “Race” at Early Ages
Stress and Strength Development
Stress That Develops To

Maintain Constant Length
Stress Level
Material Resistance
i.e., ‘Strength’
Age of
Cracking
Time of Drying
Residual Stress Development
Initial Specimen
Calculated Tensile Stress ( MPa)

12
Shrinkage Effect Stress Based
On Hooke’s Law
Restraint Effect
8
d  
d t ,     d SHR  
E  
4
Stress In
Specimen
0
0 7 14 21 28
Age of Specimen (Days)
Weiss et al. 1998, JEM

Shear Studs on Steel Girder, Concrete to Be Poured
FHWA
Slab on Steel Deck
PCA
Topping Slab
Residual Stress Development
Initial Specimen
Calculated Tensile Stress ( MPa)

12
Shrinkage Effect Stress Based
On Hooke’s Law
Restraint Effect
8
d   Stress
d t ,     d SHR  
E   Relaxation
Creep/Cracking Effect 4 Strength

Stress Relaxation Stress In
Stress In
Specimen
Specimen
d     t ,   
d t ,     d SHR    d    0
E    28 
E 0 7 14 21 28
Final Stress State
Weiss et al. 1998, JEM
Measuring Shrinkage
Starting Time is Critical
Shrinkage Strain
1000
(mm/mmx10^-6)
750
500
Time (Days)
Actual Shrinkage
250
Constant Aggregate Volume (70%)
Time
Time (Days)
(Days)
Shrinkage
0
ActualShrinkage
0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70
Water to Cement Ratio Measured
Shrinkage
Shrinkage Strain
500
(mm/mmx10^-6)
Constant Aggregate Volume (65%)

Autogenous Shrinkage at 24 Hours
Actual
250
0
0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70
Water to Cement Ratio After Aitcin 1999
Outline

• Sustainability
Three Approaches
1. Reduce Paste
Content (Volume)  Concrete   Agg V fAgg   Paste V fPaste
 Concrete   Paste  (1  V fAgg ) n
2. Shrinkage Reducing
Admixtures
2 cos 

r capillary stress ()
pore geometry (r)
surface tension ()
3. Internal Curing
What Is Internal Curing?
What is Internal Curing
• ACI “Supplying water throughout a freshly

placed cementitious mixture suing
reservoirs, via prewetted lightweight
aggregate, that readily release water as
needed for hydration or to replace moisture
lost through evaporation or self desiccation”
• Hiding Water In LWA to increase hydration

and strength while reducing transport,
shrinkage, and cracking
Controlling Fluid Distribution
Conventional and Internal Curing
Internal Curing and Pore Size
0 A Similar
w/c = 0.30
Volume of
Shrinkage Strain ()
w/c = 0.30+5%SRAr2
r1
-1000 rWater
1 is
Depleted
-2000 LWA higher

Sealed - Plain r in Agg
Sealed - SRA Sealed - LWA
-3000
r3 r4 r3
• The SLWA provides water
2 cos 
-4000
to the paste and keeps a 
large pore full
-5000
r
Outline

• Sustainability
Fundamental Volume Change
• Le Chatelier
• 1850-1936
• Volume of the reactants
larger than the volume
of the products
• Chemical Shrinkage
+ =
Chemical Shrinkage
Chemical Shrinkage
• Observed by Le 100
Chatelier over a
Capillary Hydration
century ago 80 Water Product
• “the volume Gel
Volume (%)
reduction associated 60
Hydration Ceases
Hydration
with the hydration Product
40 Solid
reactions in a
cementitious 20 Unhydrated
material” Cement
• Powers conceptual 0
model shown ~ 0 20 40 60 80 100
6.4% reduction Degree of Hydration (%)
(after Powers)
Early Age Volume Changes
Age of Specimen Age of Specimen Age of Specimen

Volume Change
Volume Change
Volume Change
Empty
Air Voids
Space

Volume Change
Volume Change
Volume Change
Empty
Air Voids
Space

Volume Change
Volume Change
Volume Change
Empty
Air Voids
Space
Cavitation, Chemical, and Autogenous
Shrinkage
300
AE Hits Hits
0 Average Hits
Chemical Shrinkage
Emission
Volumetric Shrinkage
Strain (um/m)
(/m)
-4000 200
Vicat Initial Set
Vicat Final Set
Average
Strain
Average Acoustic
-8000 100
-12000
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Timeof
Age From Cast (Hours)
Specimen (Hours)
Couch et al. 2006
External Water Supply
Versus Sealed
• the development of vapor filled voids

at set involves release of energy,
which could be detected as AE
Water Sealed – Vapor
External Water Supply
Versus Sealed
300
Water
Without Water on Top
With Water on Top
200
AE Hits
100 Sealed – Vapor
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Age of Specimen (Hours)
Couch et al. 2006

Comments on ‘Space’
• Happens every day in concrete

• This is the ‘reabsorption of bleed
water’ that occurs at the ‘time of set’
Outline

• Sustainability
Proportioning Concepts
Supply and Demand
Water Demand - Simplified
0.05
0.05
Shrinkage Volume (ml/g cement)
Chemical Shrinkage
Autogenous Shrinkage
0.04
0.04
From Vicat
Final Set
Cf × CS × αmax
0.03
0.03
Cf = Cement Content
0.02
0.02 CS = Chemical Shrinkage
Volume of
αmax = Degree of Hydration
0.01
Water Bentz, et. al, (1999)
0.01
00
00 11 22 33 44 55 66 77
Age
Age of
of Specimen
Specimen (d)
(d)
Water Supply – Simplified
0
A Similar
w/c = 0.30
Volume of
w/c = 0.30+5%SRAr2
r1
-1000 rWater
1 is
Depleted
-2000 LWA higher

-3000
r3 r4 r3
• The SLWA provides water to the paste and
-4000 a large pore full
keeps
LWA *  * S
• M-5000
IC Mixture Proportion – How much
water does the system want?
• LWA: water reservoirs that
release water at the
appropriate time (after set)
• Hypothesis: All Chemical
Shrinkage water is replaced
ROT
7 lb Water per
100 lb of Cement
Outline

• Sustainability
Absorption vs Desorption
• “If I had asked people what they wanted,

they would have said faster horses.”
• ― Henry
Ford
Desorption Analysis
(Mass Water/Mass Oven Dry Sample)

5.5
RH to 96%
5.0
Reduce
4.5
Moisture Content
RH to 95%
Reduce
4.0
RH to 94%
3.5
Reduce
3.0
RH to 97%
Reduce
2.5
2.0
1.5
40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
Time (h)
Desorption analysis
(Mass Water/Mass Oven Dry Sample)
6 Less efficient internal curing material

Moisture Content, %
Efficient LWA
5
0
80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 100
Relative Humidity (%)
Castro et al. 2008
0.0
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Desorption Relative Humidity

(b)
6.0
Dynamic Vapor Desorption
Normalized Moisture
Pressure Plate/Gravimetric Desorption
Fitted Equation
Content (%)
4.0
2.0
0.0
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Relative Humidity
(c)
Pour Ghaz et
al. 2012
A General Approach for Expanded Slate,
Shale and Clay
C f  CS   max
M LWA 
t A   LWA 24h  
Castro et al. 2010

Neutron Tomography
Water Release and Travel
Water Distribution
• Need paste
within close
proximity to LWA
• Fine
aggregate
protects
more paste
than coarse
aggregate
Bentz
Outline

– Reduced Cracking (moisture, thermal, plastic)
– Increased Hydration
– Reduced Transport/Corrosion
• Sustainability
Sealed Conditions (Autogenous)
(Like Perfect Curing Compound)
0 A Similar
w/c = 0.30
Volume of
w/c = 0.30+5%SRAr2
r1
-1000 rWater
1 is
Depleted
-2000 LWA higher

-3000
r3 r4 r3
• The SLWA provides water to the paste and
-4000 a large pore full
keeps
-5000
Relative Humidity
100
96
92
88
LWA Mortar 23.7%
LWA Mortar 11.9%
84 Plain Mortar (0.0% LWA)
80
0 24 48 72 96 120 144 168
Time after mixing (h)
Castro 2010
The Difference in Internal RH
100
90
20 nm from 25.3% LWA
80
70
60
50  = 72 x 10-3 N/m
(Plain)
40  =736nm -3
x 10fromN/m Plain
(~5% SRA)
30
0.1 1.0 10.0 100.0 1000.0
Kelvin Radius (nm)
Effect of LWA Shrinkage
LWA Paste Paste

0 • Remaining water will fill in
w/c = 0.30
+5%SRAr2
Shrinkage Strain () r1
-1000 r 1
pores r
w/c = 0.30+5%SRA 2
• LWA Pores > Paste Pores

-2000
RA Sealed - LWA Sealed - Plain Sealed - SRA Sealed - LWA
r3 -3000
r3 r4 r3
 = 72 x 10 N/m
-3
• Modified version of
S  2  1 -4000 1 
(Plain)
   
 = 36 x 10-3 N/m
 Mackenzie’s equation
3  r  K p-5000K s 
(~5%
p SRA)
0 10.080 100.0 100 1000.0

• Newer equation NWU
20 40 60 80 100
midity
SRA
n Radius
sci
(%)
Unsealed - LWA
Radius(nm)
(nm) Relative
Unsealed - Plain (must
Humidity
Unsealed - SRA modify
(%) for aging)
Unsealed - LWA
1 1 
ln RH  
S RT
 Paste   • Larger pores remain
3 Vw  K KS 
saturated - less shrinkage
Stress Development Approach
• Using an
Instrumented Ring
Original Ring
Weiss and Furgeson 2001

• Using an 0
Strain ()
Instrumented Ring
Steel
-100
• Measure Strain
that Develops in -200
Steel 0 10 20 30
Time (Days)
Original Ring Measured Strain
Weiss and Furgeson 2001

• Using an 0
Strain ()
Instrumented Ring
Steel
-100
• Measure Strain
that Develops in -200
Steel 0 10 20 30
• Determine the Time (Days)
Pressure Required Original Ring Measured Strain
to Obtain that
Strain
Pres
Weiss and Furgeson 2001 Determine Pressure

• •Using
Usingan 0
Strain ()
an
Instrumented
InstrumentedRing
Ring
Steel
-100
• •Measure
MeasureStrain
Strain
that
thatDevelops
Developsinin -200
Steel
Steel 0 10 20 30
• •Determine
Determinethe
the Time (Days)
Pressure
PressureRequired
Required Original Ring Measured Strain
totoObtain
Obtainthat
that
Strain
Strain
• Apply Pressure to
Concrete and Pres Pres
Obtain Tensile
Stress
Weiss and Furgeson 2001 Determine Pressure Obtain Stress
Quantifying Stress with the
Ring Test
0
Strain ()
Steel
-100
-200
0 10 20 30
Time (Days)
Original Ring Measured Strain
Top & Bottom Drying

Pres Pres
 R  R  R 
or Perfectly Sealed
2 2 2 2
R
 Concrete t  r  R   t  E
R 
OS IS OC IC
R
Steel S 2
IC
2R
Determine Pressure Obtain2 Stress2
OS OC IC
Weiss and Furgeson 2001, Hossain and Weiss, 2002
Restrained Ring Results
10
-10
Strain ()
-20
-30
25.3%k
14.3%
-40 11.0%
7.3%
3.8%
-50 0.0%
-60
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Restrained Shrinkage
• Shrinkage 30
Reduction Time of cracking (sealed) Mixtures did
not crack

with VF 25
No
SLWA 20 Cracking
(similar # 15
Is Seen
For Higher
to Bentz) Volumes
• As VF
10
SLWA 5
increases 0
cracking 0 5 10 15 20
Percent Lightweight Aggregate (%)
25 30 35
decreases
Reducing Cracking Potential:
Shrinkage Rate and Magnitude
Reduce Magnitude Reduce Rate
Tensile Stress
Tensile Stress
Strength Strength
Stress
Stress Developed
Developed
Time of Drying Time of Drying

10
-10
Strain ()
-20
-30
33.0%
-40 29.3%
25.3%k
14.3%
-50 11.0%
7.3%
0.0%
-60
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
• We can see that 30

cracking is more Time of cracking (sealed) Mixtures did
Time of cracking (unsealed) not crack

25
likely than in the
sealed case 20
• Appears logical 15
• Shrinkage rate 10
decreases and 5
can improve crack 0

resistance 0 5 10 15 20
Percent Lightweight Aggregate (%)
25 30 35
Temperature + Autogenous
Shrinkage
Coil system used to regulate sample
temperature from 60˚C to -10˚C
Schlitter et al. 2010

Effect of Internal Curing on
Thermal Stress Development
Plain Mortar (w/c =0.30) Internally Cured Mortar

Not Internally Cured (w/c = 0.30)
6 6
STRESS STRESS
TEMPERATURE 30 TEMPERATURE 30
Tensile Stress (MPa)

0.22Mpa/°
Temperature (oC)
4
Temperature (oC)
4
C
20 20
0.14Mpa/°
C
2
ΔT 2
ΔT
10 10
0 0
0 0
-2 -2
0 12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96 0 12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96
Time (hr) Time (hr)
ΔT crack = 10.3°C ΔT crack = 27.1°C

Effect of Internal Curing On
Reserve Capacity Curve
6 6
RESERVE

4 CAPACITY 4
RESERVE
CAPACITY
2 2
0 0
-2 -2
0 12 24 36 48 60 72 84 0 24 48 72 96 120 144 168 192 216
Time (hr) Time (hr)
Plain Mortar (w/c =0.30) Internally Cured Mortar
Not Internally Cured (w/c = 0.30)
Evaporation Studies
Support
Frame
Fan
Acrylic
Tunnel
Solution
Container
Scales
Vibration Isolation
Evaporation Studies
Outline

– Reduced Transport
• Sustainability
Internal Curing Increases Hydration
(Heat / Maximum theoretical heat)
0.7
Degree of Hydration at 72 h
Internal Curing
Sealed
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50
w/c
Castro 2010
Outline

– Reduced Transport/Corrosion
• Sustainability
Water Absorption
Mortar
Benefit of Internal Curing
(10-3 gram of water / cm3 of paste)

45
(10-3 gram of water / cm3 of paste)
45
55/0.25 - 28 d
40
Absorbed water at 8 days

Plain - 28 d
40 55/0.30 - 28 d
Absorbed water at 8 days
11.0%k - 28 d
35 55/0.35 - 28 d
35 25.3%k - 28 d
11.0%k - 28 d
Paste w/c = 0.30 - 28 d 30
30 25.3%k - 28 d
25
25
20
20
15
15
10
10
5
5
0
0
0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.20
0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40
water - cement ratio Total porosity
excluding gel porosity
Two Benefits
• Reduced porosity
due to increased
hydration
• Reduced
connectivity
of interfacial
transition zones
Reduced Conductivity
20
Mortar - 28 d
18
Conductivity,  (10-3 S/m) 11.0% - 28 d
25.3% - 28 d
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0.23 0.29
0
0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40
water - cement ratio
Electrical Conductivity:
Extension to High w/c Mortars
• Results depend highly on the w/c and the
elapsed time after mixing.
• Important to consider if electrical conductivity is
used for quality control.
80 40 15
b) at 7 days c) at 90 days d) at 365 days
w/c = 0.45
Conductivity (10-3 S/m)

w/c = 0.42
60 30 w/c = 0.36
10 w/c = 0.30
40 20
5
w/c = 0.45
20 10 w/c = 0.45
w/c = 0.42
w/c = 0.42
w/c = 0.36
w/c = 0.36
w/c = 0.30
w/c = 0.30
0 0 0
0 25 50 75 100 0 25 50 75 100 0 25 50 75 100
Additional water from IC (%) Additional water from IC (%) Additional water from IC (%)
Reducing Chloride Diffusion
Monroe County Bridge Deck Concrete
Time [day] Diffusion coefficients (m2/s)

Plain Concrete IC Concrete
28 8.56E-11 5.78E-11
91 7.67E-11 2.97E-11
Monroe County Bridge Deck Concrete

Time [day] Diffusion coefficients (m2/s)
Plain Concrete IC Concrete
28 1.42E-11 1.15E-11
56 1.26E-11 8.98E-12
91 3.99E-12 3.42E-12
Outline
• Discussion of Curing Concepts

• Discussion of Cracking Concepts
– Benefits of Internal Curing
• Sustainability
Internal Curing Applications
(Figgle and Reeves)
• 2005 - RR intermodal facility constructed

• 250,000 yd3 of low slump IC material
• CRC Paving for TxDOT
• 6 months 1 crack, 5.5 years miniscule drying or
plastic shrinkage cracking
Indiana Field Trials -
Conventional and IC mixtures in
Sister Bridges
• Implemented as a change order to existing Monroe County Bridges in 2010

• Bridges cast using conventional ready mix concrete and conventional procedures
• Shows that this is a ‘very off the shelf technology’ – replace some FA with FLWA
Monroe County IN
(DiBella et al. 2012)
• Simple
Change
in Mixture
Proportions
• IN - Plain Slabs Cracked; IC did not crack
• IC has lower
transport
properties
Field comparison (Monroe Co In)
Plain bridge deck

(Monroe Co.)
1 year after casting.
Internally cured bridge

deck (Monroe Co.)
“Crack Free 18+ mos
after Casting”
Use by NYDOT (Wolfe
et al. 2012)
Tonowanda NY
Tonwanda (190/I290) NY Results
• Similar RCPT
results
(DiBella et al 2011)
*note cond.
LWA in test
• Similar fresh Comp. Str. 7 day

Class HP
3,040 psi
Class HP-IC
3,500 psi
properties Comp. Str. 28 day 4,677 psi 4,683 psi
Comp. Str. 56 day 5,343 psi 5,417 psi
• Similar Strength Concrete Density 140.2 pcf 135.2 pcf
(Wolfe et al 2012) Air Content 5.5 % 6.0 %
Slump 5.0” 4.5”
Internal Curing Applications
• Building large slabs is

complex
• Denver Water 10-Million
Gallon Lone Tree Tank
No. 2
• Negligible differences in
placing & finishing
• Opinion – less cracking
and maintainence
Bates et al. 2012
Applications
• Texas – Pavement Construction

• NYDOT – 10+ Decks with IC
– Reviewed and walked these decks
– One crack in the negative region on a very wide
bridge with a high skew
– No problems reported
– Additional Cost (~3 to 12 $/yd3)
• IN-LTAP – 1 with IC, 1 conventional
– No Problems reported, Plain concrete cracked
• UTAH – 2 Bridge Decks (other states …)
Outline
• Discussion of Curing Concepts

• Discussion of Cracking Concepts
• Sustainability
Sustainability
Current Concerns Expressed
• Goal is to replace a large portion of the

cement with class C and/or class F fly ash
• Contractors are concerned with slow
strength development
• Among other concerns
(set time, admixture
incompatibilities…) curing
challenges arise
Project Thought Process
• Thought process is that the base mixture (0.42

w/c) can be modified to obtain similar early age
strengths to satisfy contractor concerns
• As a result higher autogenous shrinkage rates
are expected, yielding into more prone-to-
cracking concretes. Also depercolation occurs
and which results in poor curing
• Fly ash with Internal Curing (IC) may aide to
dissipate shrinkage stresses and improve
curing conditions
Early Age Compressive Strength
From FHWA/DOT Perspective
• w/c 0.42 and w/c 0.3 - 60% fly ash (IC) have
equivalent 7 day strength but have a 60%
reduction in CO2 per yd3 of concrete
• Other ways to increase very early age

strength if needed: more reactive cement,
finer grind.
• Does not even consider improvements in

other properties like reduced transport
Impact on Autogenous Shrinkage
w/c = 0.42
0.30-60%-L
0.30-60%
w/c = 0.30
De La Varga et al 2010
Summary
• Today’s talk
explained how to use
internal concrete to:
– Reduce the potential
for cracking
– Reduce chloride
ingress and delay
corrosion
– Improve construction robustness (plastic
cracking, thermal cracking etc…)
– Improve the sustainability of concrete
Standards and Reports
• State-of-the-Art Reviews
– Bentz, D.P., and Weiss, W.J., “Internal
Curing: A 2010 State-of-the-Art Review,”
NISTIR 7765, U.S. Department of
Commerce, Feb. 2011.
– ACI 213 and 308 should be releasing its emerging
technology report sometime in 2013.
• ASTM standards
– ASTM C1761/1761M-12 Standard Specification for
Lightweight Aggregate for Internal Curing of Concrete
– ASTM C1608-12 Standard Test Method for Chemical
Shrinkage of Hydraulic Cement Paste
– ASTM C1698-09 Standard Test Method for Autogenous
Strain of Cement Paste and Mortar

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Purdue University

School of Civil Engineering

Internal Curing: Improving

Igor De la Varga1, John Ries2, and Jason Weiss1

• Today’s talk will

• Curing and Cracking Concepts

– Once water curing was the standard

With Proper Curing Strength Increases, Less Permeable,

0.16 Non-Evaporable Water

0.08 Hydration Stops

• Waxes, Resins, Chlorinated Rubber

• Applied Immediately After Finish (Some Recent

• Curing and Cracking Concepts

Stress That Develops To

Calculated Tensile Stress ( MPa)

Weiss et al. 1998, JEM

Calculated Tensile Stress ( MPa)

Creep/Cracking Effect 4 Strength

Constant Aggregate Volume (65%)

• Curing and Cracking Concepts

• ACI “Supplying water throughout a freshly

• Hiding Water In LWA to increase hydration

-2000 LWA higher

• Curing and Cracking Concepts

Age of Specimen Age of Specimen Age of Specimen

Age of Specimen Age of Specimen Age of Specimen

Age of Specimen Age of Specimen Age of Specimen

Vicat Final Set

• the development of vapor filled voids

100 Sealed – Vapor

Couch et al. 2006

• Happens every day in concrete

• Curing and Cracking Concepts

-2000 LWA higher

• Curing and Cracking Concepts

• “If I had asked people what they wanted,

(Mass Water/Mass Oven Dry Sample)

6 Less efficient internal curing material

Desorption Relative Humidity

Dynamic Vapor Desorption

Castro et al. 2010

• Curing and Cracking Concepts

-2000 LWA higher

LWA Paste Paste

• LWA Pores > Paste Pores

0 10.080 100.0 100 1000.0

Weiss and Furgeson 2001

Weiss and Furgeson 2001

Weiss and Furgeson 2001 Determine Pressure

Top & Bottom Drying

Age of Specimen (Days)

Reduce Magnitude Reduce Rate

Time of Drying Time of Drying

• We can see that 30

Age of Specimen (Days)

can improve crack 0

Schlitter et al. 2010

Plain Mortar (w/c =0.30) Internally Cured Mortar

Tensile Stress (MPa)

ΔT crack = 10.3°C ΔT crack = 27.1°C

Tensile Stress (MPa)

• Curing and Cracking Concepts

• Curing and Cracking Concepts