Environmental Pollution Presentation 4-5-2018

Department of Environmental Design, Health & Nutritional Sciences
Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad
WELCOME TO THE PARTICIPANTS
www.aiou.edu.pk M. HAMMAD MANZOOR, M. Sc- II (Sus Environ & Design)

Email: explorationist@gmail.com Roll No. BN-523998, Karachi Campus
AIR POLLUTION DUE TO

VEHICULAR EMISSION
(I.I Chundrigar Road, Shireen Jinnah Tanker
Area, Shahr e Faisal & Aram Bagh,
KARACHI)

Agenda Items:
• INTRODUCTION / SHORT DESCRIPTION OF THE ISSUE
DISCUSSED
• OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
• METHODOLOGY
• LITERATURE REVIEW
• CONCLUSIONS OF THE STUDY
• RECOMMENDATIONS
• REFERENCES & RESEARCHES CITED

INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION -
AIR POLLUTION PERSPECTIVE
• Air pollution can be defined as the presence of toxic chemicals
or compounds (including those of biological origin) in the air, at levels
that pose a health risk.
In an even broader sense, air pollution means the presence of chemicals

or compounds in the air which are usually not present and which lower
the quality of the air or cause detrimental changes to the quality of life
(such as the damaging of the ozone layer or causing global warming)
• According to WHO; Air Pollution is an invisible killer that lurk

around us, preying on the young and old. Learn how it slips unnoticed
past our body’s defenses causing deaths from heart attack, stokes, lung
disease and cancer.

INTRODUCTION -
AIR POLLUTION PERSPECTIVE
Air Pollution
Sulpher Oxide Nitrogen Total Suspended Particulate

SO2 Oxide NOx Particles (TSP) Matter (PM)

INTRODUCTION - of Environmental Design, Health & Nutritional Sciences
Department
AIR POLLUTION GLOBALPERSPECTIVE Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad
• Air pollution is an important public health problem in most cities of the

developing world. Pollution levels in megacities such as Bangkok, Cairo, Delhi
and Mexico City exceed those in any city in the industrialized countries.
• Epidemiological studies show that air pollution in developing countries

accounts for tens of thousands of excess deaths and billions of dollars in medical
costs and lost productivity every year.
• These losses, and the associated degradation in quality of life, impose a

significant burden on people in all sectors of society, but especially the poor.

Department
AIR POLLUTION GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad
Main causes:
1. Rapid urbanisation
2. Growing energy
needs
3. Uncontrolled
Industrial growth
4. Increase in Traffic
5. Indiscriminate
Refuse Burning

Department
AIR POLLUTION GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad
According to WHO:
Breath life 2030 organization

under WHO

Department
AIR POLLUTION PAKISTAN PERSPECTIVE Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad
• The rapid urbanization in Pakistan has resulted in a terrific

increase in the number of motor vehicles. Current traffic scenario is
causing multiple issues for its inhabitants.
• Transportation is a major source of global pollutants and

contributing 21% in greenhouse gases worldwide.
• Transportation contributes 37.1 million tons CO2 equivalent in

2008 and if it follows the same pattern emissions will be 66.6 million tons
CO2 equivalent in 2020.
• The main pollutants are Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Sulfur Dioxide

(SO2) and Particulate Matter (PM10).

Department
The increasing trend of vehicles of

Pakistan is shown in Figures below
from 2001 to 2010, share of each
province in vehicular population is
shown respectively.

Department
Due to increase in 67 % 47 % 67 %
number of vehicles
the emissions are
also increasing in
environment of
Pakistan.
The criteria
pollutants NOx, SO2
and PM10 exhibits a
great increase in ten
years (2001 to 2011)

Department
AIR POLLUTION KARACHI PERSPECTIVE Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad
Population 14,910,352
Karachi Population to 30%
total urban population
Towns 18 SHARE OF ON-ROAD VEHICLES IN KARACHI
Union Councils 178 Cars Motor Cycles
Cantonment Boards 06 Taxis
Rickshaws
Buses & Mini Busis
Trucks
Registered vehicles Karachi 10,23,000 Others Tractors
Cars 39.6 %
Motor Cycles 31.9%
Auto Rickshaws 17.1 %
Taxis 3.8%
Buses & Mini-buses 1.6%
Trucks 7.5%
Tractors 0.3%
Vehicle Growth 10% Per Annum

Department
AIR POLLUTION KARACHI PERSPECTIVE Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad
• Transportation has been the major source of urban pollution

• Major share of Carbon Monoxide (CO), Volatile Organic Compounds
(VOC), Sulpher dioxide (SO2) and Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) pollution is
coming from Urban Transportation
• Alarming trends of vehicular growth in Karachi

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

OBJECTIVES Department of Environmental Design, Health & Nutritional Sciences
The objectives of the study were as follows;
• To Identify the spots that are the major sources of air

pollution due to Vehicular emission in your area/region
• To collect the data (Primary & secondary) for analysis.
• To capture that areas through photographs.
• To evaluate the causes of the Air Pollutions in the selected

Area / Region.
• To Suggest & Recommend the Control Methods

METHODOLOGY
METHODOLOGY Department of Environmental Design, Health & Nutritional Sciences
The theme of the methodology was to select the different areas which really
needs to high light due to vehicular emissions to study the different
problems which cause the air pollution in the area.
Selection of the Study Area (Karachi):

Four (04) areas (Shireen Jinnah Tanker Area, I.I. Chundrigar Road, Shahr E
Faisal & Aram Bagh) were selected due to the following reasons;
• Traffic Jam
• Emission of Vehicular Emission
• Emission of Chemicals
• Less Awareness to Air Pollution Issue

KARACHI Department of Environmental Design, Health & Nutritional Sciences
N
Four (04) areas (Shireen Jinnah Tanker Area,

I.I. Chundrigar Road, Shahr E Faisal & Aram
Bagh) were selected due to the following
reasons;
• Traffic Jam
• Emission of Vehicular Emission
www.aiou.edu.pk • Emission of MANZOOR,
M. HAMMAD ChemicalsM. Sc- II (Sus Environ & Design)
Email: explorationist@gmail.com • Less AwarenessRoll toNo.
Air Pollution
BN-523998, Issue
Karachi Campus
Data Collection:
Two data collection techniques have been used in this study. The technique
includes;
• Primary Data Collection
• Secondary Data Collection
Primary Data Collection:
• Primary data includes researcher physical visits to the selected four
(04) areas to physically gather the data in order to make this
assignment more conclusive and fruitful.
• Primary data was also collected by researcher by preparing

questionnaire regarding the air pollution addressed to the local
residents, general public and driver / conductors of public vehicles.
Target Audience
www.aiou.edu.pk M. HAMMAD MANZOOR,

General Public DriversM. Sc- II (Sus Environ & Design)
/ conductors
Email: explorationist@gmail.comLocal Residents Roll No. BN-523998, Karachi Campus
(Male & Female) of Vehicle
Questionnaire:
METHODOLOGY Department of Environmental Design,

Questions were Health
prepared as & which
survey form Nutritional
could help usSciences
information as outcome / results.
to extract the

AIR POLLUTION CAUSED BY VEHICLE AIR POLLUTION CAUSED BY VEHICLE
QUESTIONNAIRE QUESTIONNAIRE
S. # Questions Categories Response

S. # Questions Categories Response
Male
1 Gender
Female I feel as strong personal obligation to help
13
Specify…………….. improve the air quality in Karachi
15 – 19 It is the City’s responsibility to control air
20 – 24 14
2 Age pollution
25 – 29 I feel my own actions can cause air
30 – 34 15
pollution
35 and above
Air quality education programs are an
Driver (private/personal)
16 effective way of getting residents to act
Conductor
3 Respondents responsibly
Local Resident
General Public
Cars of all types 17 Suggest ways of reducing exhaust
Buses
Big Buses
4 Type of Automobile Suggest ways you think government can
Trucks 18
Rickshaw help
Bike Use my own vehicle less
Petrol
To help improve air quality would be Keep my vehicle tuned up
CNG 19
5 Type of Fuel willing to: Travel by bus
LPG
Ride a bicycle for work
Diesel
1 – 3 hours Develop economic incentives for
Duration of Exposure to repair of high polluting vehicles
6 6 – 10 hours
Exhaust/day
10 and above Improve traffic light timing to reduce
Sleeplessness vehicle idling time at lights
Running nose
7 Effect on Individual Heavy eye Encourage drivers to turn off their
Asthmatic attack vehicles when waiting in a line
Headache To help improve air quality, City air quality (e.g., at a drive thru)
Karachi has a problem with visible 20
8 programs should:
air pollution Improve convenience of bus service
Automobile emissions are Increase enforcement of anti-
9
adequately controlled in Karachi smoking (exhaust) regulations for
Emissions from my vehicle
www.aiou.edu.pk
10
contribute to air pollution
M. HAMMAD MANZOOR, bothIIdiesel
M. Sc- (Susand gas vehicles
Environ & Design)
Email: explorationist@gmail.com
Air Pollution is bad enough to hurt Roll No.Promote the use of alternative
BN-523998, Karachi fuelCampus
11 vehicles
the environment
Keep bike lanes clean and safe
Air pollution in Karachi is bad
Secondary Data Collection:

Numerous secondary data collection methods have been used to complete
this study which is as follows;
1. Interaction with Environmental Specialist:

A Telephonic interaction has been made with Manager, Environmental
Management Consults (EMC), Karachi. Telephonic discussion includes Air
Pollution in Karachi due to Vehicular Emission, so that study could be more
conclusive and fruitful.
2. International renowned reports:

Different international reports have been brought into consideration to
review and consider the international standards and methodologies used by
developed countries.

3. National Renowned Reports:

Different National reports have been reviewed and considered to study the
local scenarios w.r.t international publications.
4. Research Papers:
Different research papers from National & International authors have been
also studied to convene this study.
5. Government Policies:
Government Policies were also bring into consideration as data source to
analyze that which policies have been designed by the Government to
handle the water issues.

LITERATURE REVIEW
Literature Review Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad
VEHICULAR EMISSION INVENTORY OF PAKISTAN

By Zoya Tariq, Imran Shahid, Rizwan Bulbul
Published on National Centre for Atmospheric Research
The purpose of this paper was to discuss rapid urbanization in Pakistan which has
resulted in a terrific increase in the number of motor vehicles. Current traffic scenario
is causing multiple issues for its inhabitants. Transportation contributes 37.1 million
tons CO2 equivalent in 2008 and if it follows the same pattern emissions will be 66.6
million tons CO2 equivalent in 2020 (Ministry P&D, UNDP). This research will be carried
out to quantify the pollution linked to vehicles for Pakistan.
2. Effect of air pollution on daily morbidity in Karachi, Pakistan

By Khwaja HA, Fatmi Z, Malashock D, Aminov Z, Kazi A, Siddique A, Qureshi J,
Published in: Journal of Local and Global Health Science 2012:3
The purpose of this paper has been worked out Levels of daily particulates (PM2.5)
were monitored at two sites in Karachi, Pakistan. One site (Korangi) is an industrial and
residential neighborhood, while the other (Tibet Center) is a commercial and residential
area near a major highway. Monitoring was done daily for a period of six weeks during
spring, summer, fall and winter. Particulate levels were extraordinarily high, with the
great majority of days falling into the “unhealthy for sensitive groups” or “very
unhealthy” categories

CASE STUDY
Study Air Pollution due to Vehicular Emission
1)- Shireen Jinnah Colony Tanker Area

2)- Aram Bagh Area
3)- Shahr e Faisal Area
4)- I.I. Chundrigar Road
Presentation Title
Presentation Subtitle
SHIREEN JINNAH TANKER TERMINAL

I. I. CHUNDRIGAR ROAD

ARAM BAGH AREA






Concentration of Total suspended particles TSP

& measure of the mass concentration of
particulate matter PM10 at different Sites of
Karachi
AREA (Karachi) TSP PM10
Baloch Colony 279 156
F.B. Area 286 188
Nazimabad 280 184
G. Jauhar 247 202

Shireen Jinnah 287 216
Korangi Ind. Area 346 228
K. Creak 252.9 203.3

SITE 296 201
Aram Bagh. 227.8 151
Garden Rd. 331 203

Shahr e Faisal 342.2 213.2
West Wharf 367.8 261.4

SO2 NO Ozon CO
x e
Baloch 36 37 42 14
Colony
F.B. Area 35 43 43 16
Nazimabad 32 35 40 20
G. Jauhar 38 34 43 16
Shireen 41 38 43 22
Jinnah
Korangi Ind. 38 37 46 25
Area
SITE 37 38 43 20
Aram Bagh 45 54 48 18
I.I.Chundrigar 38 43 46 24
Rd.
Shahr e 43 54 48 24
Faisal


CONCLUSION OF THE STUDY

CONCLUSION Department of Environmental Design, Health & Nutritional Sciences
The conclusions are based on the cases discussed above are as;
• Primary data analysis reveals that 14 (70%) out of 20 samples have headache
problem due to this air pollution issue.
• Data analysis reveals that 14 (70%) individuals believe that automobiles

emissions are adequately controlled in Karachi.
• 95 % individuals from sampling hold the opinion that Air Pollution is bad
enough to hurt the environment
• 60 % individuals realize that it is their personal obligation to help improve the

air quality in Karachi
• 60% individuals realize that their own actions can cause air pollution.
• 40% people believe that their vehicle tuning will help to improve the air quality

CONCLUSION Department of Environmental Design, Health & Nutritional Sciences
• Lack of Awareness of Air Pollution to the people of the Study Area.
• Shireen Jinnah Tanker Area lies in the Low Air Pollution Area.
• Shireen Jinnah Tanker Area imparting a major effect on the lives of residents
residing close to the area.
• I.I Chundigar Study area lies in the High Concentration Air Pollution Zone.
• Aram Bagh Study Area lies in the High Concentration Air Pollution Zone.
• Shahr E Faisal Study Area lies in the Low Concentration Air Pollution Zone.
• Rapid vehicle growth results that the fleet is getting poor condition.
• Many of the motorcycles and rickshaws have 2-stroke engines, which causes
the generation of SO2 & NOx.
• 2-5% of all deaths in developing countries due to exposure to particulates.

RECOMMENDATION
RECOMMENDATION
• Implementation of National Environment Quality Standards (NEQS) by Government

to improve the Air Pollution.
• Public Awareness programs should be initialized as Top Priority to equip the people of
Pakistan with Air Pollution Knowledge.
• Control on the entry of older & polluting vehicles in to urban areas
• Unleaded and low sulphur motor fuels should be introduced.
• Conversion of Vehicles to CNG.
• Improved road network by means of a network of flyovers
• Implementation of Public Transport System
• Catalytic Converters should be introduced for Vehicles

RECOMMENDATION
• Adopt suitable best practices from other cities
• Identify and reduce air pollution loads.
• Encourage public Transport use.
• Make cleaner fuel use mandatory - stop leaded gasoline and high sulphur diesel.
• Encourage Alternative Energy Sources such as Wind Power.
• Gasoline Lead Phase out Program should be implemented
• Diesel Sulphur Phase out program should be implemented
• Subsidiary should be introduced on Fuel Usage which is beneficial for public health.

QUESTION & ANSWER
THANKS FOR YOUR PATIENCE……. ☺


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Department of Environmental Design, Health & Nutritional Sciences

Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad

WELCOME TO THE PARTICIPANTS

www.aiou.edu.pk M. HAMMAD MANZOOR, M. Sc- II (Sus Environ & Design)

AIR POLLUTION DUE TO

www.aiou.edu.pk M. HAMMAD MANZOOR, M. Sc- II (Sus Environ & Design)

• OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

• CONCLUSIONS OF THE STUDY

• REFERENCES & RESEARCHES CITED

www.aiou.edu.pk M. HAMMAD MANZOOR, M. Sc- II (Sus Environ & Design)

In an even broader sense, air pollution means the presence of chemicals

• According to WHO; Air Pollution is an invisible killer that lurk

www.aiou.edu.pk M. HAMMAD MANZOOR, M. Sc- II (Sus Environ & Design)

Sulpher Oxide Nitrogen Total Suspended Particulate

www.aiou.edu.pk M. HAMMAD MANZOOR, M. Sc- II (Sus Environ & Design)

AIR POLLUTION GLOBALPERSPECTIVE Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad

• Air pollution is an important public health problem in most cities of the

• Epidemiological studies show that air pollution in developing countries

• These losses, and the associated degradation in quality of life, impose a

www.aiou.edu.pk M. HAMMAD MANZOOR, M. Sc- II (Sus Environ & Design)

AIR POLLUTION GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad

www.aiou.edu.pk M. HAMMAD MANZOOR, M. Sc- II (Sus Environ & Design)

AIR POLLUTION GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad

Breath life 2030 organization

www.aiou.edu.pk M. HAMMAD MANZOOR, M. Sc- II (Sus Environ & Design)

AIR POLLUTION PAKISTAN PERSPECTIVE Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad

• The rapid urbanization in Pakistan has resulted in a terrific

• Transportation is a major source of global pollutants and

• Transportation contributes 37.1 million tons CO2 equivalent in

• The main pollutants are Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Sulfur Dioxide

www.aiou.edu.pk M. HAMMAD MANZOOR, M. Sc- II (Sus Environ & Design)

AIR POLLUTION PAKISTAN PERSPECTIVE Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad

The increasing trend of vehicles of

www.aiou.edu.pk M. HAMMAD MANZOOR, M. Sc- II (Sus Environ & Design)

AIR POLLUTION PAKISTAN PERSPECTIVE Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad

www.aiou.edu.pk M. HAMMAD MANZOOR, M. Sc- II (Sus Environ & Design)

AIR POLLUTION KARACHI PERSPECTIVE Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad

www.aiou.edu.pk M. HAMMAD MANZOOR, M. Sc- II (Sus Environ & Design)

AIR POLLUTION KARACHI PERSPECTIVE Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad

• Transportation has been the major source of urban pollution

www.aiou.edu.pk M. HAMMAD MANZOOR, M. Sc- II (Sus Environ & Design)

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The objectives of the study were as follows;

• To Identify the spots that are the major sources of air

• To collect the data (Primary & secondary) for analysis.

• To capture that areas through photographs.

• To evaluate the causes of the Air Pollutions in the selected

• To Suggest & Recommend the Control Methods

www.aiou.edu.pk M. HAMMAD MANZOOR, M. Sc- II (Sus Environ & Design)

Selection of the Study Area (Karachi):

www.aiou.edu.pk M. HAMMAD MANZOOR, M. Sc- II (Sus Environ & Design)

Four (04) areas (Shireen Jinnah Tanker Area,

• Primary data was also collected by researcher by preparing

www.aiou.edu.pk M. HAMMAD MANZOOR,

METHODOLOGY Department of Environmental Design,

Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad

S. # Questions Categories Response

Secondary Data Collection:

1. Interaction with Environmental Specialist:

2. International renowned reports:

www.aiou.edu.pk M. HAMMAD MANZOOR, M. Sc- II (Sus Environ & Design)

3. National Renowned Reports:

www.aiou.edu.pk M. HAMMAD MANZOOR, M. Sc- II (Sus Environ & Design)

VEHICULAR EMISSION INVENTORY OF PAKISTAN