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RSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
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TRUBNER'S COLLECTION
OF
SIMPLIFIED GRAMMARS
OF THE PRINCIPAL
VI.
ROUMANIAN.
BY R. TORGEANU.
^ "SE
LONDON :
'
'''
NoTJNS :
Masculine Terminations
The Plural of Masculine
......
Nouns . . , . .
7
7
Feminine Terminations . . . . . . 8
The Plural of Feminine Nouns . . . . . 9-
The Aeticle . 11
The Masculine Article 12
The Feminine Article 13
Cases of Nouns ........ 14
Adjectives :
Comparison
Numerals .
........
Relation of Substantive and Adjective
. .
'
. .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
17
18
18
Ordinal Numbers 20
Proportional Numbers 21
167151
vi contents.
Peonotjns : PAGE
.21
Personal Pronouns
Singular
Plural ,
..........22. » . . . .
21
Singular . , , . . ^ . . 22
Plural . . . . . . ... 23
The Eeflexive Pronouns 23
Masculine
Feminine
.
........
. . . . . . . . 23
24
Possessive Pronouns
Demonstrative Pronouns ......
Interrogative and Eelative Pronouns
. . -. .
.
.
.
,
.
.
.
24
25
25
Indeterminate Pronouns . ... . . .26
Veebs :
...
Auxiliary Verbs
Terminations of Verbs
The Accent of Verbs
. .
......
.... ...
. . . 26
33
49
The Passive Voice .50
Irregular Verbs
Impersonal Verbs
........
The Reflexive Forms .
.
, .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
:
.
51
54
57
.........
.
Advebbs 57
Peepositions 59
Conjunctions and Inteejecqions . . . . 60
Syntax 61
PREFACE.
There is
hardly a language, or even a dialect, to be found
"
rustic Latin spoken by the Roman provincials between
the Roman Empire was conquered once for all by the Teutonic
invaders. The lands north and south of the eastern course
R. TORCEANU.
London,
September J 1883.
ROUMANIAN GRAMMAR. Vql, ,""
r I '
B, b, as in English.
English : otherwise as k.
D, d, as in English.
— 'D, d, like z,
H, h, guttural, as ch in loch,
I, i,
as in police.
J, j, as in French yowr.
K, k, as in English.
L, 1,
M, m,
N, n,
O, o, }> 91
P. P,
R, r, a rolling r.
S, s, as in English.
"""'^S, 3. as sh in s^/w.
Vy u, as 00 in ^ooZ.
V, V, as V in English,
.>^.,
Am as u7 ,, a,
casa, but some modern writers spell such words with a double s.
Phonetic Remarks.
eu ta.Cf
'
I am silent ;'
eii tacvLiy
*
I was silent/
i &CVi ^^ ^^^^>
'
H® is silent ;' tacere,
*
silence
'
(noun),
' *
h&rbay beard ;' bdrb&t, man.'
etc.
* *
csLrtSf book ;* carfiy books.*
*
psLrte, part ;' pdrtz,
*
ogra.ddy yard ;* ogradiy
*
s&bie, sword ;' saftu,
etc.
e.
*
per, hair ;* peri,
*
reu, bad ;'
ret.
*
mer, apple ;*
mere,
* *
a vede, *
to see ;' eu ved, I see.
' *
eu veduiy I saw;* ved^nl^ seeing.*
etc.
4 ROUMANIAN GRAMMAR.
* * '
eu v'ln, I come ;' el vine, he comes ;' vinaf come.*
1.
I
long in the singulars of some nouns, and in the
becomes t
' '
moimimty gi"ave ;' mormmte, graves.*
* *
sfinty saint ;' sf'mtt, saints.*
'
ciivmt, word ;' cuvinte,
*
words.*
* *
tiner, youth ;' tinertj youths.*
*
CM vind, I sell :* tu v'mdi, el vinde, etc.
0.
rugaciune, prayer.*
* *
ew sboTy I fly.*
ew sburam, I flew.*
etc.
e.
'
acestf this ;'
acesta (fem.), acesta.
*
With some of the words which have had the e modified into
e the sound of e has subsequently disappeared ; thus —
fetd, plur. fete (girls), is pronounced and written Jkta.
*
messd, .
„ messe (tables), „ „ ma.ssd,
0.
'
eu port, I wear / el porta,
*
he wears.'
'
porte {el),
*
let him wear (imperat).
'
'
onest, honest ;' onestd.
chineSf chinesa,
'
engles, englesd,
*
eu onor, I honour f el onord,
'
he honours.'
d, t, s.
*
eu cred, I believe ;'
tu credi,
*
brad, fir-tree ;*
hra.dt.
*
ew cos, I sew ;*
tu cost
*
eu socot, I think ;*
tu socoti, etc.
* *
acQst, this ;* acesti, these.*
• '
onest, honest ;*
onest'i {plural).
* *
eii ved, I see ;* eii vedm, I saw.*
*
vedend, seeing ;* etc.
*
(1) c&le, road ;*
csli {plural for caZe).
*
vHqI, calf ;* vitQi (jplur. f, viteli).
eii vin,
*
I come ;'
tu v\i,
*
thou comest ;'
for tu v'lnu
'
tu saz, thou leapest ;'
for tu s&rt, etc.
(2) om-u-lut,
*
to the man ;*
for omluu
*
etc
*
(3) imi vine reu, I feel ill ;* for mi vine rew.
( 7 )
Kouns (Nume).
MiLSCULiNE Teeminations.
Ronidin^
8 EOUMANIAN GEAMMAE.
made :
pom,
FEMII^TNE TEEMINATIONS. 9
There are feminine nouns also which end with the vowels :
* * '
e short :
car^<3, book ;' psbUe, bread ;* cur^e, cowrt.'
* *
a long :
hasma, handkerchief ;* para, farthing.*
* *
e long :
ste, star ;' hehy grievance.*
' *
wama, mother ;* mamCf mothers.'
* *
domna, domne, ladies.'
lady ;*
*
copila, *girl;' copile, girls.'
* *
reg'ina, queen ;' regmCy queens.'
*
csLTte, 'book;' car/e, books.'
*
pa,ney bread;' pmtj 'breads.*
' '
sfe, star ;' stele, stars.'
*on; caZe, 'way,' caz, this is done for the sake of euphony.
10 eotjmanian geammae.
Neftee Nouns.
But there are greater difficulties than these with which we
have to There are in the Roumanian language nouns
deal.
*
pal2d;y palace;' palsite, 'palaces.'
' '
^od, bridge ;' jpoduri^ bridges.'
* *
JbloSf advantage ;' folosse, advantages.'
Many nouns belong to this class, and thej can be learnt only
by long practice.
the plural.
Feminine nouns end for the most part in a, which in the
plural changed to e, A
is few end in e short, which in the
and the particle, so that the noun will receive the addition of
one or more syllables. The foreigner will often be surprised
to find a noun thus changed from a monosyllable to a word of
*
Itoma.nf Roumanian.'
*
Mom^nului, to the Roumanian.'
*
JRomknilor, to the Roumanians.'
*
rationament, reasoning.'
*
ration amentelor. of the reasonings.'
C'dpdt, 'extremity.'
*
capetelor, of the extremity.'
The Article.
12 EOrMANIAN GEAMMAE.
om.
THE FEMININE AETICLE. 13
*
JRoma^mf
*
Roumanians ;' Moma,nii, the Roumanians.*
* '
pomtf fruit-trees ;' pomiif the fruit trees.'
* *
regt, kings ;' reg II, the kings.*
*
socj'ty father-in-law ;' socriij 'fathers-in-law.*
dumnezez,
'
lil'ote. — Coj)\l,
*
'
the articled noun will be of course copiii ; thus, fm^ son,'
* *
*
Momdindj
'
Roumanian ;' Romknay the Rouman.*
* *
nepCtUy niece ;' nepota, the niece.'
* *
projessord, teacher;' professora, the teacher.*
* *
cassa. house ;* csLSsa, the house.*
* *
mires sd, bride ;* miressa. the bride.*
oi le:
* *
cassCy houses ;' cassele, the houses.'
* *
car/?, books ;' cs^rtile, the books.'
* *
basmsile, handkerchiefs ;' hasniddele, the handkerchiefs.*
* '
stQle, stars j' stelele, the stars.'
Cases op Nouns.
Nominative. Dative.
Vocative. Accusative.
Genitive. Ablative.
We
have already seen the nominative case, this being the
noun with or without the article.
The vocative case for the masculine ends in e for the singular,
om,
*
man ;' omule, 6meniIor.
*
copUa, girl ;' copilo, cop'ilelor.
CASES OP NOIJNS. 15
a copUeiy *
of the girl ;* a copilelor,
*
of the girls.*
' *
a Reg'mei, of the Queen ;' a Reg'melor, of the Queens.*
The dative, singular and plural, are formed in the same way,
but without the addition of a :
ormdui,
*
to the man ;* omenilor, *
to the men.*
* *
leuhii, to the lion ;* leilor , to the lions.*
* '
copilety to the girl ;* copilelor, to the girls.*
' '
Eeg'mety to the Queen ;* Heg'melor, to the Queens.*
Note. — The
masculine nouns ending with a in their cases
follow the analogy of feminine nouns.
Masculine proper nouns do not take generally the definite
article, and the particles marking the genitive and dative are
*
Gheorghe, George.*
'
a Zu2 Gheorghe, of George.*
*
l\xi Gheorghe, to George.'
16 EOUMANIAN GEAMMAE.
Adjectives (Agective).
'
negrUy black ;' negrd.
' *
SiSjpru, rough ;' Sisprd.
now,
*
new ;' nod.
ehreUf
'
Hebrew ;' ebred.
'
greUy heavy ;* grea,.
*
rew, bad ;' rea.
ADJECTIVES. 17
*
viii, living ;' vie.
*
visinm, cherry-coloured ;* visiniey etc.
om bun,
*
good man ;*
omem bum, *
good men.'
a omulut bun, *
of the good a omenilor bunt, *
of the good
man ;'
- men.'
' *
omulut bun, to the good omenilor bum, to the good
man.' men.'
etc.
But the adjective may stand also before the noun. When it
etc.
Note. —The use of the determinative eel and cea, when the
adjective precedes the substantive is more common in verse
than prose.
Comparison,
NUMEEALS.
3. tret. 7. septe.
4. patru. 8, opt
20 EOUMANIAN GBAMMAB.
11 unsprece 17 soptsprece,
12 doisprece. 18 optsprece.
13 ineisprece, 19 nouasprece.
14 psiisprece. 50 c'mzeci,
15 cinsprece, 60 soizeci.
16 seisprece.
* *
tre'ime^ third ;' patAme, quarter ;'
etc.
Ordinal Numbers.
3 al treile, a treia,
4 al psLtrule, a paira.
5 al c'mcilej a c'mcea.
12 «? dotsprezecile, a doasprezecea.
20 «Z doazecile, a dodzecea.
21 oZ doazeci si unule, a doazeci si una.
etc.
\
PERSONAL PRONOUNS. 21
Proportional Numhers.
For these numbers two forms are used, one of Latin origin :
1 s'lmplu, 4j
tmpdtrit, tmpdti-lta.
2 indo'itf tndoitd. 100 tnsut'itf msutltd,
3 intreit, intre\ta. 1000 inmiit, imniitd.
etc.
Prononiis (Pronume).
Personal Pronouns.
Ew,
*
I j' tu, thou ;'
el (masc), ea,
(fern.),
'
he,'
*
she.'
Flural.
For the third person, instead of eZ, ca, the pronouns, dinsul,
Singular,
EEFLEXIVE PBONOTJNS. 23
Plural,
DATIVE.
ACCTJSATITE.
ne. ve.
t-i or Ze,
\i.
Femi
PRONOUNS. 25
Dumneatsi, Dumneavostra.
Demonsteatiye Peonouns.
* '
care,
'
which ;' ce,
*
what ;' cine,
'
who.'
IlO)ETEBMn7ATE PeONOUKS.
Their list is
very long, but it may be sufficient to indicate
the principle of their formation, which is to prefix to the
* *
cineva, careva, some one ;' ceva, something/
To these we add :
* *
unf vre nn, some one ;* nict xxn, no one ;'
*
nimeni or nime, nobody ;'
* *
niste, some ;' alt, other.'
Verbs (Verbe).
indicative.
A ave, *
to have.*
eu am, *
I have.* noi avem,
iu ai, vot avett,
el are, ei ail.
VERBS. 27
the third person singular, and to the first and second persons
plural. Thus —
eu am aro-t,
'
I have ploughed.' not am ars^t (not avem ar^i).
tu ai arat, vol at I arat (not avett arsLi).
Imperfect {Trnperfoct),
* '
eu avem, I had (^f avals), not avem,
tu avet, vot avetij
el avea. ei aveu.
el avu, et avura.
Perfect (Perfect).
eu am avnt,
'
I have had.' not am avnt,
tu at avutf voi ati avut,
el a avuty et au avnt.
Imperative (Imperativ).
'
Sitbi (tu)f Have.' aveti (vol),
aibe (el) J &ibe (ei).
*
sa am, I shall have.' sa avem,
sa at, sd aveti,
sa B.ibd, sd Siibd.
VERBS. 20
eu &si ave,
'
I should have.' noi am ave,
tu 2U avBf vol ati ave,
el ar avQ, et ar ave.
Infinitive (^Infinitiv^.
Participle (Particip).
Indicative Present,
*
eu sunt, I am.' not suntem,
tu esti, vo* sunteti,
el este or e. et sunt.
Imperfect,
'
eu era,m,
*
I was (f^tais), noi eram,
tu eraty vol erati,
el era, ei erau.
30 EOUMANIAN GEAMMAB.
Simple Perfect,
' '
eufnif I was (j'efus), noi fnram,
tu f\isif voifwrdti,
Qijxxra.
Simple Pluperfect,
Ferject
*
ou amfosty I have been.* not amfosty
tu 2dfOSty vol atifost,
el afostj ei Siufost.
Pluperfect,
eu amfostfostf '
I had been.' not amfostfost,
tu Sit it
vot atX
el a n ei au
I. Future,
'
eH voiufly I shall be.' not vomfi,
tu veifl, vo\ veil ft,
el vafi, et vor a.
IL Future,
*
eil voiii ft fostj I shall have not vomftfost^
tu vet „
ti [been.' vol veil ft
el va Gi vor })
VERBS. 31
Iniperative,
'
Subjunctive Present,
*
eil sdfiU, (If) I were.* noi safim,
tu sdfity 1)01 sajitt,
el et
sdfie, saj le.
Subjunctive Past,
Infinitive,
Present, Past.
a fi, 'To be/ a fi fost,
*
To have been.'
Participle.
Present, Past.
* *
fimd^ Being.' fost, Been.'
The same forms of the auxiliary verbs are used in the forma-
tion of the compound tenses, both of transitive and intransitive
verbs. These forms are :
—
*
1. Abbreviations of the indicative present of the verb to
eu am ardd, *
I have ploughed.' not am ar&ty
eu am fost araf,
*
I had not am fost amt,
ploughed.'
vot ait 91
tu a* fost arsktf
el a if
ei a it
*
3. The present indicative of the verb a voi, to will,' for the
first future :
eu voiujl arat, *
I shall have
34 ROUMANIAN GRAMMAR.
*
a ara,, to till/ a tZa, to give.*
* *
a mancsij to eat.' a Zwa, to take ;'
etc.
thong ea :
*
a ave. to have.* a vede, to see.*
* *
a sede, to sit' a tdce, to be silent ;*
etc
*
a credSf *
to believe.* a perde, to lose.'
* *
a merge J to go.* a alegCj to choose, elect ;* etc.
Verbs ending in i
long :
*
a vol. to wilh* a lubif to love.*
*
a cinst'i,
*
to honour.* a opr'i, to stop, to hinder ;'
etc.
*
a omoA, *
to murder.' a ocarif to defame.*
*
a coborif to descend.' etc.
i/FORH VERBS. 35
FIRST CLASS.
A ara,
*
to plough.'
Indicative Present,
eu ar,
*
I plough.' not aram,
tu 2bri, vot arati,
el SLvdf ei ara.
they
till ;'
et sfdla or ez sp^ly
*
they wash ;'
and when without a, we
prefer to add an u (mute) to distinguish this plural from the
first person singular, when they occur unaccompanied by pro-
nouns :
* *
ar^ I plough ;' arw, they plough.'
s/?aZ,
*
I wash ;' spddu,
*
they wash.'
etc.
a onorsL,
*
to honour.'
So, too, a respects, a stima, etc. These may take both forms,
rbut there are others which can take only the form in eZy as
a visssi^
'
to dream,' a lucr^y
'
to work,' etc. This occurs also
{in the present subjunctive and imperative. It can be learnt
only by practice.
36 EOTJMANIAN QEAMMAE.
Imperfect.
* '
eu ararrif I ploughed {je not arsim.
lahourais).
tu vcn ar&ti,
avM,
el ara, ei ai^ii or ara (in poetry).
Simple Perfect,
'
eu arai,
*
I ploughed (je not ar&ram
labourai),
tu arast,
vo* ara/rdti,
el ara, oi ara.ra*
Simple Pluperfect.
eu arasbem, *
I had ploughed.' not arassem,
tu arassesi, vot arassett,
el wasse, et ai^a^se.
Perfect.
eu am arat,
*
I have ploughed/ noi am arat,
tu a^ arat, vot a.ti arat,
el a arat, ei au arat.
Pluperfect,
eu am fost
VERBS. 87
I. Future.
ew voiu ara^ *
I shall plough.' not vom ara,
tu vei ara, vot veil arsL,
SECOND CLASS.
a vede, *to see.' a crede, *to believe.*
Indicative Present.
the second class ends in e, whereas in the case of the first class
etc.
the accent on their final em, eft, of the first and second persons
previous syllable :
vedevcx,
*
we see ;* vedett,
'
you see ;'
credem,
*
we believe ;* credeti,
*
Imperfect.
*
eu vedem, I saw.' eil credem,
^
I believed.*
tu vedeiy tu credetf
el vedea.f el crede&f
word, we have —
el credea (not credo). el vedesi (not vede).
Simple Perfect,
el veda, el creda,
not vedardm, noi credardm,
voi vedurdtt, voi credxxrdti,
61 vedurd. ei credard.
a merge, *
to go,' has not its simple perfect eit mergui, but
—
*
eil merseif I went.' noi merseram,
tu mersesi, voi merserdti,
el merse, 6? merserd.
Thus
*
a scrie, to write ;' perfect, eil scrtsset.
*
a duce, to bring ;* » eU dussei.
VEEBS. 41
*
a purcede, to start ;' perfect, eu purcessez.
a alege, *
to choose ;* „ qu alesset.
*
a culege, to gather ;' „ eit culessei,
etc.
Simple Pluperfect.
eu vedussem^ *
I had seen.* eu credxussem,
'
I had believed.'
tu vedvissest, tu credussesi,
el vednsse. el credusse,
noi vednssem,
•
not credussem,
•
a dxxce „ „ eu dussessem.
etc.
Perfect,
eu am vedwt, *
I have seen.' eu am credxxt^ *
I have believed.'
tu at vedut, tu a* crednt,
el a vedwt. el a credut.
wo* am vednty •
not am credut,
vot all vedut. voi ait credut,
ei au vedut, ei au credut.
42 EOTJMANIAN GRAMMAR,
Pluperfect,
eu am/ost vedut, I had '
seen.' eu amfost credxit, *I had believed.'
tu 2d, ,f „ tu ae » >»
el a, „ ,, el a
noi am „
»» „
>> not am
vol B,tl >» »> v6t att
e? 2i,u »» j»
I,
Subjunctive,
'
eu sd ved, I may see.' eu sa cred, *I may believe.'
tu sd vedzj tu sd credtj
el sd veddf el sd credd,
II. Subjunctive.
II. Conditional,
'
eit 2^1 fi ved\it,
*
I should have eio asijl cred\ity I should have
seen. believed.'
tU SLl
TEBBS. 45
THIKD CLASS.
*
a dorm\,
*
to sleep ;'
a omori, to murder.*
Indicative Present,
* *
eit dorm, I sleep.' etc omor, I murder.'
tu dormtj tu omort,
'
el dorme, el omora,
noi dorm\m, not omorim,
e* dormj or . „ / \j
et omor or omora.
Qi dorme^ (in verse,) j
Many verbs have a prolonged form in esc for the three per-
sons singular and the third plural :
'
a iuhiy
*
to love •/
a piri, to speak ill.*
*
eil iubesc, I love."*
46 EOrMANIAN GEAMMAR.
»
Simple JPerfect.
' *
f
eu dormn, I slept.' eil omorit, I murdered.'
tu dorrmsi, tu omoAsiy
el dormiy el omor%
noi dormvrdm, not omorirdm,
voi dormirdtif vol omorirdtt,
ei dormirdj ei omorird.
Simple Pluperfect,
eu dormissem, *
I had slept.' eu omorissemf *
I had mur-
dered.'
tu dormissesiy tu omorissest,
el dormisse, el omorisse,
et dormisse, ei omorisse.
Perfect.
eu am dorm\t, *
I have slept.' eu am omorit, *I have mur-
dered.'
tu a* dormit, tu 2it omorit,
el a dormit, el a omorit,
not am dormit, not am omorit,
vot att dormit, voi ati omorit,
Pluperfect.
eu amfost dormit,
*
I had slept.' eu am fost omont,
*
I had
murdered,'
tu at fost dormit, tu 2a fost omorit,
perfect), and that the perfect and pluperfect simple are used
more in narration.
I. Future,
eu voiu
48 EOTJMANIAN GEAMMAE.
Subjunctive Present,
*
eu sa dorm, *
I may sleep.* eu sd omor, I may murder.'
tu sa dormi, tu sd omorty
el sa dormd, el sd omore,
not sd dormim, not sd omorim,
et sd dormd J
et sd omore.
II. Subjunctive.
* *
eU sdfi dormit, I may have eU sdji omorit, Imay have
slept.' murdered.'
t/Uf ff
VERBS. 49
II. Conditional,
*
I should have
'
eu asi fi dormit, I should have eu 2iSi fi omorit^
slept.' murdered.'
tu 2a fi dor^mt, tu 2li
fi omorit,
el ar „ „ el ar „ „
noi am „ „ not am „ „
vol 2itl „ ,,
t/'O* 2itl ,, „
oi ar » 5J e« ar )> )}
Infinitive.
Present. Fast.
JParticiple.
Present. Past.
* '
dormmd, sleeping.' dormit, slept.'
*
omorind, 'murdering.' omorit, murdered.'
Exceptions are :
AJl iuhit,
*
To be loved.'
Perfect. . . . Am fost ., „ /v
^ ^^ ^^
etc. I ^/
YERBS. 51
Indicative Present.
Imperfect.
eu me miram, eU imi propuneW',
* '
I was astonished.' I proposed to myself.'
Simple Perfect.
Simple Pluperfect.
w A...U
eu me mir-dssem, eu \mi propussessem.
*
'
I had been astonished.' I had proposed to myself.'
B 2
52 EOUMANIAN GRAMMAR.
Perfect.
*
eii m^am mirsit,
*
I have been eu mi-am propuSj I have pro-
astonished.'
VERBS. 53
II. Subjunctive.
I.
54! EOUMANIAN GEAMMAE.
lEREGULAE VERBS.
The study of the verbs in Eoumanian is the easier for the
fact that there is not a long list of what are called anomalous
second class:
Indicative Present.
*
Qu voese, I will.' qu vreu,
tu voestij tu vretf
el voeste, el vre, or i^rea,
•
not voiMy not vrem,
vol vo'itt, vol vrefif
'
Imperfect,
*
eu voianif I was willing.' eil vrem^
Simjple Perfect,
*
Qu von, I was willing.' eil vrusset.
Simple Pluperfect,
*
eu voissemy I had been willing.' eu vrussem.
VERBS. 55
Perfect,
eil am voitf
*
I have been willing.* eil am vrut.
Pluperfect,
eu am fost voit,
'
I had been willing.* eu am fost vrut.
I. Future.
*
eu voiu voif I shall be willing.* eu voiu vre.
II. Future
*
au voiufi voitf I shall have been willing.' eu voiu fi vrut.
Imperative.
*
voeste (tu), be willing.' vresL (tu),
I.
Subjunctive,
*
eu sd voesc, I may be willing.* eu sd vreu.
II. Subjunctive,
eu sdji voit,
*
I may have been willing.' eu sdji vrut,
I. Conditional,
*
eu 2iSi vo\, I should be willing.' eu asi vre,
II. Conditional,
Infinitive.
Present. Perfect.
*
a voi,
*
to be willing,' a vre. \ afi voit, to have been willing,'
afi vrut.
Both forms are correct, but the first is more acceptable.
56 EOrMANIAN GEAMMAE.
(3) A lua,f
*
to take,' has a regular conjugation, but in
the singular, and the third person plural of the indicative
Indicative Present.
*
eu iau, I take.* noi luam,
tu m, voi lusiti.
el ia, ei iau.
Imperative,
'
ia {tu)j take.' luatt (vot)^
ia (el), ia (et).
Subjunctive Present.
'
eu sa iau, I may take.' noi sd luam,
tu sd iaif vot sd luatt,
el sd ia, ei sd ia.
*
In the same way, a la, to wash (the head),' has its perfect:
IMPEESONAL YEEBS.
'
The impersonal verbs, aplousLj
*
to rain ;' a nmge, to snow;'
a dure, '
to feel pain/ are conjugated regularly.
Adverbs TAdverbe).
(1.) Some adjectives in the masculine gender serve as adverbs :
'
cdLutd frumos, he (or she) sings beautifully.'
*
domnesc, 'princely;' domneste, princely.'
* *
hdrhdtesc, manly ;' hdrhatQste, manly.'
* '
anger esc, angelical ;' anger este, angelically.'
These adverbs, like the adjectives from which they are derived,
msLi, more.
negresity of course.
PEEPOSITIONS. 59
'pote, about.
perhaps.
6re,
Prepositions.
Examples :
— tsLind,
*
mystery ;
'
destdinuesc,
*
divulge ;
*
mos,
* '
uncle ;' strdmos, ancestor,' etc.
60 EOrMANIAK GEA.MMAB.
Conjunctions.
as follows :
"'''
precrnn, as.
] if.
ciy but.
de,
fotusif still.
decif then, (done).
Interjections,
SYNTAX.
THE NOUNS.
Nominative.
'
Trandafirul este o fiore frumossa, The rose is a pretty
flower ;'
Genitive.
Florea cimpului^ *
The flower of the field ;'
(hrtea copilulm, *
The book of the child.'
We see here that when the genitive follows the subject, the
*
a cimpului Jlore^ the field's flower;'
*
a cojpUului carte, the child's book.'
62 eoumanian geammae.
Dative.
Accusative.
the parents/
*
A771 vedut pal&tul Regdd, I have seen the Royal palace.'
Vocative.
Omule ! '
man !' DumnezQule ! *
God !'
O domne^
*
Lord,' instead of O domnule,
O imparditef
'
O Emperor,' „ „ O tmparsitule.
O amice,
'
friend,' „ „ O amicule,
etc.
my friend.'
O sora mesi,
'
my sister.'
etc.
Ablative.
-CT,. . .
\
'
The flower of the field.'
Jflore de cimp, ^
'
M'mte de copU, Childish mind.'
*
Fal2it de cryst'd, Crystal palace.'
JPicior de lemn,
*
Wooden leg.'
CdiVte de cetiL.
*
Book to be read.'
64 EOUMANIAN GEAMMAE.
ADJECTIVES.
PEONOUNS.
The order of the words in a sentence is
generally as follows
—
subject, verb, object :
*
A7n vedxit pe Neculsii, I saw Nicholas.'
Mi-a. spus,
*
He (or she) spoke to me.
We cannot translate
'
The man I saw,'
*
The time I came,* etc.,
without the insertion of the relative pronoun between the
subject and the verb.
VERBS.
We have seen that verbs be used without the subject
may
being expressed by a personal pronoun, though the use of the
latter is not incorrect :
'
ar or eu ar, I plough.*
'
cred or ew cred^ I believe,* etc.
am arat, arat-am.
a^ arat, arat-aiy etc.
When the auxiliary asi,' a?, ar, etc., follows the verb, we use
at ave, avere-ai,
Me vinuesfi, ")
TV,.
imi vinuestt.
-v f
*
you accuse me.*
•'
When one verb follows another we can use either the con-
The simple perfect and the simple pluperfect are used only
in narrative.
etc.
only an adjective.
68 BOUMANIAN GRAMMAB.
ADVERBS.
The place of an adverb in a sentence is immediately follow-
ing the verb which it qualifies :
I*2iSserea cvintafrumoSy
*
The bird sings beautifully.*
When *
the sentence contains negatives, as nimeni, nobody,'
nicairi, nowhere,' etc., the verb must always be preceded by
*
the negative nu :
*
ATwieni nu e a cassa, Nobody is at home.'
PEEPOSITIONS.
Sunt a ca^suj *
I am at home,'
*
Se pregateste a ploe^ It going to rain.'
is
*
Pres'imt a nenorocire, I have a presentiment of
coming sorrow.'
*
Mirossa a trandaf'ir, It smells like a rose.'
etc.
SYNTAX. 69
'
Plec la Paris, I set out for Paris.'
*
Merg la sc6ldj I go to school.*
Vino in grdd'md, *
Come into the garden.'
I am in the garden.'
*
Sunt ingrddindy
*
Pe, upon,' often precedes the object governed by it, when
that object is a person :
*
Sldveste^e DumnezeU, Praise God.*
'
§ed pe scdiun, I sit upon the chair.'
etc.
Fe romanQste,
*
In Roumanian.'
Pe englesQstey *In English,' etc.
*
Cid^s de a«^, a gold watch.'
*
JPend de scrisj pen for writing.*
More de sete,
*
he dies of thirst.'
De doa orz,
*
twice.*
De m\e de ori,
'
thousand times.*
etc.
De la,
'
from,' differs from din,
*
from,' in the same way as
CONJUNCTIONS.
hundred men.'
SYNTAX. 71
INTEEJECTIONS.
The Interjections Sileu ! vsLleit !' alas V are used alone, and
have no connection with the words which follow them.
Vai,
*
woe,' am&r (conveying a feeling of bitterness), ferice
Vai de mine, *
Woe to me.'
*
Serac de mine, Poor me,' ete.
But vai and amar can also be used with a dative : vai mie,
amar tie.
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