Medical Microbiology

Lecture Notes, Study Materials and Important questions answers

Subject : Medical Microbiology

Diseases Overview
1. The Infectious Agents : The Microbial World - Answer (click here)
2. Infectious Disease - Answer (click here)
3. Clinical Aspects of Infectious Disease - Answer (click here)

Diseases Bacterial Structures

1. General Morphology, Body Plan, and Composition - Bacterial Structures
- Answer (click here)
2. Envelope and Appendages - Bacterial Structures - Answer (click here)
3. Capsule - Bacterial Structures - Answer (click here)
4. Cell Wall - Bacterial Structures - Answer (click here)
5. Gram Positive Cell Wall - Bacterial Structures - Answer (click here)
6. Gram Negative Cell Wall - Bacterial Structures - Answer (click here)
7. Cell Membrane - Bacterial Structures - Answer (click here)
8. Flagella - Bacterial Structures - Answer (click here)
9. Pili - Bacterial Structures - Answer (click here)
10. Core - Bacterial Structures - Answer (click here)
11. Cytosol - Bacterial Structures - Answer (click here)
12. Nucleoid - Bacterial Structures - Answer (click here)
13. Plasmids - Bacterial Structures - Answer (click here)
14. Spores - Bacterial Structures - Answer (click here)

Diseases Bacterial Processes

1. Bacterial Metabolism - Cell Growth of Bacterial - Answer (click here)
2. Fueling Reactions - Cell Growth of Bacterial - Answer (click here)
3. Biosynthesis - Cell Growth of Bacterial - Answer (click here)
4. Polymerization Reactions - Cell Growth of Bacterial - Answer (click here)
5. Assembly Reactions and Protein Translocation - Cell Growth of
 Bacterial - Answer (click here)
6. Cell Division - Cell Growth of Bacterial - Answer (click here)
7. Growth of Bacterial Cultures - Answer (click here)
8. Biofilms - Bacterial Processes - Answer (click here)
9. Regulation and Adaptation - Cell Growth of Bacterial - Answer (click here)
10. Cell Survival - Bacterial Processes - Answer (click here)
11. Bacterial Virulence - Answer (click here)

Diseases Bacterial Genetics

1. Bacterial Variation and Inheritance - Bacterial Genetics - Answer (click
here)
2. Mutation and Repair - Bacterial Genetics - Answer (click here)
3. Genetic Exchange in Bacteria - Answer (click here)
4. Transformation - Genetic Exchange in Bacteria - Answer (click here)
5. Transduction - Genetic Exchange in Bacteria - Answer (click here)
6. Conjugation - Genetic Exchange in Bacteria - Answer (click here)
7. Genetic Recombination - Bacterial Genetics - Answer (click here)
8. Transposable Elements - Bacterial Genetics - Answer (click here)
9. More about Bacterial Plasmids - Answer (click here)
10. General Properties and Varieties of Plasmids - Bacterial Genetics -
Answer (click here)
11. R Plasmids - Bacterial Genetics - Answer (click here)
12. Detection of Plasmids - Bacterial Genetics - Answer (click here)
13. Bacterial Classification - Answer (click here)
14. Population Genetics of Pathogens - Answer (click here)

Diseases Viral Structure

1. Viral Structure - Answer (click here)
2. Virion Size and Design - Viral Structure - Answer (click here)
3. Genome Structure - Viral Structure - Answer (click here)
4. Capsid Structure - Viral Structure - Answer (click here)

Diseases Viral Multiplication

1. Growth and Assay of Viruses - Viral Multiplication - Answer (click here)
2. One-Step Growth Experiment - Viral Multiplication - Answer (click here)
3. Adsorption - Viral Multiplication - Answer (click here)
4. Entry and Uncoating - Viral Multiplication - Answer (click here)
5. Problems of Producing mRNA - Answer (click here)
6. Genome Replication: DNA, RNA Viruses - Answer (click here)
 7. Assembly of Naked Capsid Viruses and Nucleocapsids - Answer (click
here)
8. Release - Viral Multiplication - Answer (click here)
9. Quantitation of Viruses - Answer (click here)
10. Interferons - Viral Multiplication - Answer (click here)

Diseases Viral Genetics

1. Mechanisms of Viral Genetic Change - Answer (click here)
2. Latent State - Viral Genetics - Answer (click here)
3. Lysogeny - Viral Genetics - Answer (click here)
4. Malignant Transformation - Viral Genetics - Answer (click here)
5. Transformation by DNA Animal Viruses - Answer (click here)
6. Transformation by Retroviruses - Answer (click here)

Diseases Immune Response to Infection

1. Immune Response to Infection - Answer (click here)
2. Immuno Responsive Cells - Answer (click here)
3. Antigens and Epitopes - Answer (click here)
4. Basis of Immunologic Specificity - Answer (click here)
5. The T-Cell Response - Answer (click here)
6. Cell-Mediated Immunity - Answer (click here)
7. B Cells and Antibody Responses - Answer (click here)
8. Antibodies - B Cells and Antibody Responses - Answer (click here)
9. Functional Properties of Immunoglobulins - Answer (click here)
10. Antibody Production - Answer (click here)
11. Antibody-Mediated Immunity - Answer (click here)
12. Complement System - Immune Response to Infection - Answer (click here)
13. Adverse Effects of Immunologic Reactions and Hypersensitivity - Answer
(click here)
14. Tolerance - Immune Response to Infection - Answer (click here)
15. Functional Integration of the Immune System in Response to Infectious
Organisms - Answer (click here)

Diseases Normal Microbial Flora

1. Origin of the Normal Flora - Answer (click here)
2. Factors Determining the Nature of the Normal Flora - Answer (click here)
3. Normal Flora at Different Sites - Answer (click here)
4. Role of the Normal Flora in Disease - Answer (click here)
5. Beneficial Effects of the Normal Flora - Answer (click here)
 6. Manipulation of the Normal Flora - Answer (click here)

Diseases Host Parasite Relationships

1. Emergence of Infectious Disease - Answer (click here)
2. Outcome of Infection - Answer (click here)
3. What is a Pathogen? - Answer (click here)
4. Changes in Microbial Pathogenicity - Answer (click here)
5. Toward a Genetic and Molecular Definition of Pathogenicity - Answer
(click here)
6. Attributes of Microbial Pathogenicity - Answer (click here)
7. Adherence: The Search for a Unique Niche - Attributes of Microbial
Pathogenicity - Answer (click here)
8. Strategy for Survival: Avoid, Circumvent, Subvert, or Manipulate
Normal Host Cell Defenses - Answer (click here)
9. Establishment: Overcoming the Host’s Immune System - Answer (click
here)
10. Exotoxins - Virulence Factors: Toxins - Answer (click here)
11. Endotoxin - Virulence Factors: Toxins - Answer (click here)
12. Avoiding the Host Immune System - Answer (click here)
13. Inadvertent Tissue Damage From Immune Reactions Directed Against
Invading Bacteria - Answer (click here)
14. Disease and Transmissibility - Answer (click here)
15. Corollaries of Microbial Pathogenicity - Answer (click here)

Sterilization and Disinfection

1. Sterilization and Disinfection: Definitions - Answer (click here)
2. Microbial Killing - Answer (click here)
3. Sterilization - Answer (click here)
4. Disinfection: Physical Methods and Chemical Methods - Answer (click
here)

Diseases Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases

1. Sources and Communicability - Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases -
Answer (click here)
2. Infection and Disease - Answer (click here)
3. Incubation Period and Communicability - Answer (click here)
4. Routes of Transmission - Answer (click here)
5. Epidemics - Answer (click here)
6. Control of Epidemics - Answer (click here)
 7. General Principles of Immunization - Answer (click here)

Diseases Antibacterial and Antiviral Agents

1. Antibacterial Therapy - Answer (click here)
2. Selected Antibacterial Antimicrobics - Answer (click here)
3. β-Lactam Antimicrobics - Antimicrobics That Act on Cell Wall
Synthesis - Answer (click here)
4. Glycopeptide Antimicrobics - Antimicrobics That Act on Cell Wall
Synthesis - Answer (click here)
5. Aminoglycosides - Antimicrobics That Act on Cell Wall Synthesis -
Answer (click here)
6. Tetracyclines - Antimicrobics That Act on Cell Wall Synthesis - Answer
(click here)
7. Chloramphenicol - Antimicrobics That Act on Cell Wall Synthesis -
Answer (click here)
8. Macrolides - Antimicrobics That Act on Cell Wall Synthesis - Answer
(click here)
9. Clindamycin, Oxazolidinones, Streptogramins - Antimicrobics That Act
on Cell Wall Synthesis - Answer (click here)
10. Quinolones - Antimicrobics That Act on Cell Wall Synthesis - Answer
(click here)
11. Folate Inhibitors - Antimicrobics That Act on Cell Wall Synthesis -
Answer (click here)
12. Metronidazole, Rifampin - Antimicrobics That Act on Cell Wall
Synthesis - Answer (click here)
13. Antimicrobics Acting on the Outer and Cytoplasmic Membranes -
Answer (click here)
14. Antiviral Therapy - Answer (click here)
15. Inhibitors of Attachment - Antiviral Agents - Answer (click here)
16. Inhibitors of Cell Penetration and Uncoating - Antiviral Agents - Answer
(click here)
17. Neuraminidase Inhibitors - Antiviral Agents - Answer (click here)
18. Inhibitors of Nucleic Acid Synthesis - Antiviral Agents - Answer (click
here)
19. Inhibitor of Viral RNA Synthesis: Ribavirin - Antiviral Agents - Answer
(click here)
20. Inhibitors of HIV - Antiviral Agents - Answer (click here)
21. Nucleotide Analogs: Cidofovir - Antiviral Agents - Answer (click here)
22. Foscarnet, Interferons, Fomivirsen - Antiviral Agents - Answer (click here)
23. Antiviral Resistance - Answer (click here)
Diseases Antimicrobial Resistance
1. Susceptibility and Antimicrobial Resistance - Answer (click here)
2. Laboratory Control of Antimicrobial Therapy - Answer (click here)
3. Mechanisms of Resistance - Bacterial Resistance to Antimicrobics -
Answer (click here)
4. Genetics of Resistance - Bacterial Resistance to Antimicrobics - Answer
(click here)
5. Epidemiology of Resistance - Bacterial Resistance to Antimicrobics -
Answer (click here)
6. Control of Resistance - Bacterial Resistance to Antimicrobics - Answer
(click here)
7. Selection and Administration of Antibacterial Antimicrobics - Answer
(click here)

Diseases Principles of Laboratory Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases

1. Specimen - Laboratory Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases - Answer (click
here)
2. Direct Examination - Laboratory Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases -
Answer (click here)
3. Isolation and Identification of Bacteria - Laboratory Diagnosis of
Infectious Diseases - Answer (click here)
4. Isolation and Identification of Viruses - Laboratory Diagnosis of
Infectious Diseases - Answer (click here)
5. Methods for Detecting an Antigen-Antibody Reaction - Answer (click here)
6. Serologic Classification - Immunologic Systems - Answer (click here)
7. Antibody Detection (Serology) - Answer (click here)
8. Antigen Detection - Immunologic Systems - Answer (click here)
9. Nucleic Acid Analysis - Answer (click here)
10. Methods of Nucleic Acid Analysis - Answer (click here)
11. Application of Nucleic Acid Methods to Infectious Diseases - Answer
(click here)

Diseases Staphylococci
1. Staphyloccoci: Group Characteristics - Answer (click here)
2. Morphology and Structure - Staphylococcus aureus - Answer (click here)
3. Characteristics for Identification and Subtyping - Staphylococcus aureus
- Answer (click here)
4. Toxins and Biologically active Extracellular Enzymes - Staphylococcus
aureus - Answer (click here)
5. Staphylococcal Disease - Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Immunity -
 Answer (click here)
6. Staphylococcal Infections : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
7. Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci - Answer (click here)

Diseases Streptococci and Enterococci

1. Streptococci - Group Characteristics - Answer (click here)
2. Group A Streptococci (Streptococcus pyogenes) - Bacteriology - Answer
(click here)
3. Group A Strepto Coccal Disease - Answer (click here)
4. Group A Strepto Coccal Infections : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
5. Group B Streptococci (Streptococcus agalactiae) - Answer (click here)
6. Group B Strepto Coccal Disease - Answer (click here)
7. Group B Strepto Cocci : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
8. Streptococcus pneumonia - Bacteriology - Answer (click here)
9. Pneumococcal Disease - Answer (click here)
10. Pneumococcal Disease : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
11. Viridans and Nonhemolytic Streptococci - Answer (click here)
12. Enterococci - Answer (click here)
13. Entero Coccal Disease - Answer (click here)
14. Entero Coccal Disease : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)

Diseases CorynebacteriumListeriaand Bacillus

1. Corynebacteria - Answer (click here)
2. Corynebacterium diphtheria - Bacteriology - Answer (click here)
3. Corynebacterium diphtheria : Clinical aspects - Answer (click here)
4. Listeria Monocytogenes - Bacteriology - Answer (click here)
5. Listeria Monocytogenes : Clinical aspects - Answer (click here)
6. Bacillus anthracis - Answer (click here)
7. Anthrax - Answer (click here)
8. Anthrax : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
9. Other Bacillus Species - Answer (click here)

Diseases Clostridium Peptostreptococcus Bacteroides and Other

Anaerobes
1. Bacteriology : Anaerobic Bacteria - Answer (click here)
2. Anaerobic Infections - Answer (click here)
3. Anaerobic Infections : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
4. Clostridium Perfringens - Bacteriology - Answer (click here)
5. Clostridium Perfringens Disease - Answer (click here)
 6. Clostridium Perfringens : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
7. Clostridium Tetani - Bacteriology - Answer (click here)
8. Tetanus : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
9. Clostridium Botulinum - Bacteriology - Answer (click here)
10. Botulism - Answer (click here)
11. Botulism : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
12. Clostridium Difficile - Bacteriology - Answer (click here)
13. Clostridium Difficile Diarrhea - Answer (click here)
14. Clostridium Difficile : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
15. Bacteroides Fragilis - Bacteriology - Answer (click here)
16. Bacteroides Fragilis Disease - Answer (click here)
17. Bacteroides Fragilis : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)

Diseases Neisseria
1. Neisseria: General Features - Answer (click here)
2. Neisseria Meningitidis - Bacteriology - Answer (click here)
3. Meningo Coccal Disease - Answer (click here)
4. Meningo Coccal Disease : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
5. Neisseria Gonorrhoeae - Bacteriology - Answer (click here)
6. Gonorrhea - Answer (click here)
7. Gonorrhea : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)

Diseases Enterobacteriaceae
1. Enterobacteriaceae - Bacteriology - Answer (click here)
2. Diseases Caused By Entero Bacteriaceae - Answer (click here)
3. Entero Bacteriaceae : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
4. Escherichia Coli - Bacteriology - Answer (click here)
5. Escherichia Coli Opportunistic Infections - Answer (click here)
6. Escherichia Coli Intestinal Infections - Answer (click here)
7. Enterotoxigenic E. Coli (ETEC) - Answer (click here)
8. Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) - Answer (click here)
9. Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) - Answer (click here)
10. Escherichia Coli Infections : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
11. Shigella - Bacteriology - Answer (click here)
12. Shigellosis - Answer (click here)
13. Shigellosis : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
14. Salmonella - Bacteriology - Answer (click here)
15. Salmonella Gastroenteritis ( S. enterica) - Answer (click here)
16. Enteric ( Typhoid ) Fever ( Salmonella sero type Typhi ) - Answer (click
 here)
17. Salmonellosis : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
18. Yersinia - Bacteriology - Answer (click here)
19. Yersinia Diseases(Y. pseudotuberculosisand Y. enterocolitica) - Answer
(click here)
20. Yersinia Infections : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
21. Klebsiella - Enterobacteriaceae - Answer (click here)
22. Enterobacter - Enterobacteriaceae - Answer (click here)
23. Serratia - Enterobacteriaceae - Answer (click here)
24. Citrobacter - Enterobacteriaceae - Answer (click here)
25. Proteus, Providencia, And Morganella - Enterobacteriaceae - Answer (click
here)

Diseases Vibrio Campylobacter and Helicobacter

1. Vibrio - Answer (click here)
2. Vibrio cholerae - Bacteriology - Answer (click here)
3. Cholera - Bacteriology - Answer (click here)
4. Cholera : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
5. Campylobacter - Answer (click here)
6. Bacteriology : Campylobacter jejuni - Answer (click here)
7. Campylo Bacter Enteritis - Answer (click here)
8. Campylobacterosis : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
9. Helicobacter - Answer (click here)
10. Bacteriology : Helicobacter pylori - Answer (click here)
11. Helicobacter Gastritis - Answer (click here)
12. Helicobacter Disease: Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)

Diseases Pseudomonas and Other Opportunistic Gram negative

Bacilli
1. Pseudomonas - Answer (click here)
2. Pseudomonas aeruginosa - Bacteriology - Answer (click here)
3. Pseudomonas aeruginosa Disease - Answer (click here)
4. Pseudomonas aeruginosa Disease: Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
5. Burkholderia - Answer (click here)
6. Acinetobacter - Answer (click here)
7. Moraxella - Answer (click here)
8. Aeromonas And Plesiomonas - Answer (click here)
9. Other Gram-Negative Rods - Answer (click here)

Diseases Haemophilus and Bordetella

 1. Haemophilus - Answer (click here)
2. Haemophilus influenza - Bacteriology - Answer (click here)
3. Haemophilus influenza Disease - Answer (click here)
4. Haemophilus influenza Disease : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
5. Haemophilus ducreyi - Answer (click here)
6. Bordetella - Answer (click here)
7. Bordetella Pertussis - Bacteriology - Answer (click here)
8. Pertussis (Whooping Cough) - Answer (click here)
9. Pertussis : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)

Diseases Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma

1. Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma - Microbiology - Answer (click here)
2. Mycoplasmal Pneumonia - Mycoplasma Pneumoniae - Answer (click here)
3. Mycoplasmal Pneumonia : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
4. Mycoplasma Hominis - Answer (click here)
5. Ureaplasma Urealyticum - Answer (click here)

Diseases Legionella
1. Legionella - Bacteriology - Answer (click here)
2. Legionellosis - Answer (click here)
3. Legionellosis : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)

Diseases Spirochetes
1. Spirochetes - Bacteriology - Answer (click here)
2. Spirochetal Diseases - Answer (click here)
3. Treponema Pallidum - Answer (click here)
4. Syphilis - Answer (click here)
5. Syphilis : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
6. Leptospira Interrogans - Bacteriology - Answer (click here)
7. Leptospirosis - Answer (click here)
8. Leptospirosis : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
9. Borrelia - Bacteriology - Answer (click here)
10. Relapsing Fever - Answer (click here)
11. Relapsing Fever : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
12. Borrelia Burgdorferi - Bacteriology - Answer (click here)
13. Lyme Disease - Answer (click here)
14. Lyme Disease : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)

Diseases Mycobacteria
 1. Mycobacterium - Bacteriology - Answer (click here)
2. Mycobacterial Disease - Answer (click here)
3. Mycobacterium Tuberculosis - Bacteriology - Answer (click here)
4. Tuberculosis - Answer (click here)
5. Tuberculosis : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
6. Tuberculosis : Epidemiology - Answer (click here)
7. Tuberculosis : Pathogenesis - Answer (click here)
8. Tuberculosis : Immunity - Answer (click here)
9. Tuberculosis : Diagnosis - Answer (click here)
10. Tuberculosis: Treatment - Answer (click here)
11. Tuberculosis: Prevention - Answer (click here)
12. Mycobacterium Leprae - Bacteriology - Answer (click here)
13. Leprosy - Answer (click here)
14. Leprosy : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
15. Mycobacteria Causing Tuberculosis-Like Diseases - Answer (click here)
16. Mycobacterial Soft Tissue Infections - Answer (click here)

Diseases Actinomyces and Nocardia

1. Actinomyces - Bacteriology - Answer (click here)
2. Actinomycosis - Answer (click here)
3. Actinomycosis : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
4. Nocardia - Bacteriology - Answer (click here)
5. Nocardiosis - Answer (click here)
6. Nocardiosis : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
7. Rhodococcus - Answer (click here)

Diseases Chlamydia
1. Chlamydia Trachomatis - Bacteriology - Answer (click here)
2. Chlamydia trachomatis Diseases - Answer (click here)
3. Chlamydiatrachomatis : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
4. Chlamydia Psittaci - Answer (click here)
5. Chlamydia Pneumoniae - Answer (click here)

Diseases Rickettsia Coxiella Ehrlichia and Bartonella

1. Rickettsia - Bacteriology - Answer (click here)
2. Rickettsial Disease - Answer (click here)
3. Rickettsial Disease : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
4. Coxiella - Bacteriology - Answer (click here)
 5. Coxiella Infection : Q Fever - Answer (click here)
6. Q Fever : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
7. Ehrlichia - Answer (click here)
8. Bartonella - Answer (click here)

Diseases Plague and Other Bacterial Zoonotic Diseases

1. Brucella - Bacteriology - Answer (click here)
2. Brucellosis - Answer (click here)
3. Brucellosis : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
4. Yersinia Pestis - Bacteriology - Answer (click here)
5. Plague - Answer (click here)
6. Plague : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
7. Francisella - Bacteriology - Answer (click here)
8. Tularemia - Answer (click here)
9. Tularemia : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
10. Pasteurella Multocida - Answer (click here)

Diseases Influenza Respiratory Syncytial Virus Adenovirus and

Other Respiratory Viruses
1. Influenza Virus Group Characteristics - Answer (click here)
2. Influenza A - Answer (click here)
3. Influenza - Answer (click here)
4. Influenza : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
5. Respiratory Syncytial Virus - Virology - Answer (click here)
6. Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease - Answer (click here)
7. Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
8. Parainfluenza Viruses - Virology - Answer (click here)
9. Parainfluenza Disease - Answer (click here)
10. Parainfluenza Disease : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
11. Adenoviruses - Virology - Answer (click here)
12. Adenovirus Disease - Answer (click here)
13. Adenovirus Disease : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
14. Rhinoviruses - Virology - Answer (click here)
15. Rhinovirus Disease - Answer (click here)
16. Rhinovirus Disease : Treatment And Prevention - Answer (click here)
17. Coronaviruses - Answer (click here)
18. Reoviruses - Answer (click here)

Diseases Mumps Virus Measles Rubella and Other Childhood

Exanthems
1. Mumps - Virology - Answer (click here)
2. Mumps Infection - Answer (click here)
3. Mumps : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
4. Measles - Virology - Answer (click here)
5. Measles Infection - Answer (click here)
6. Measles : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
7. Rubella - Virology - Answer (click here)
8. Rubella Infection - Answer (click here)
9. Rubella : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
10. Parvovirus B19 Infections - Answer (click here)
11. Roseola Infantum (Exanthem Subitum) - Answer (click here)

Diseases Poxviruses
1. Poxviruses: Group Characteristics - Answer (click here)
2. Variola (Smallpox) - Answer (click here)
3. Smallpox :Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
4. Vaccinia virus - Answer (click here)
5. Molluscum Contagiosum virus - Answer (click here)
6. Orf - Answer (click here)
7. Milker’s Nodules and Cowpox - Answer (click here)

Diseases Enteroviruses
1. Enteroviruses: Group Characteristics - Virology - Answer (click here)
2. Entero Virus Disease - Answer (click here)
3. Entero Viruses: Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
4. Polio - Answer (click here)
5. Polio : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
6. Coxsackieviruses and Echoviruses - Answer (click here)

Diseases Hepatitis Viruses

1. Hepatitis A - Virology - Answer (click here)
2. Hepatitis A Disease - Answer (click here)
3. Hepatitis A Disease : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
4. Hepatitis B - Virology - Answer (click here)
5. Hepatitis B Disease - Answer (click here)
6. Hepatitis B Disease : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
7. Delta Hepatitis (Hepatitis D) - Virology - Answer (click here)
 8. Delta Hepatitis Disease : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
9. Hepatitis C - Virology - Answer (click here)
10. Hepatitis C Disease - Answer (click here)
11. Hepatitis C Disease : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
12. Hepatitis E - Answer (click here)
13. Hepatitis G - Answer (click here)

Diseases Herpesviruses
1. Herpesviruses - Virology - Answer (click here)
2. Herpes Simplex Virus - Virology - Answer (click here)
3. Herpes Simplex Disease - Answer (click here)
4. Herpes Simplex : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
5. Varicella-Zoster Virus - Virology - Answer (click here)
6. Varicella - Zoster Disease - Answer (click here)
7. Varicella - Zoster Disease : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
8. Cytomegalovirus - Virology - Answer (click here)
9. Cytomegalo Virus Disease - Answer (click here)
10. Cytomegalo Virus : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
11. Epstein-Barr Virus - Virology - Answer (click here)
12. Epstein – Barr Virus Disease - Answer (click here)
13. Epstein - Barr Virus : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
14. Human Herpesvirus-6 - Answer (click here)
15. Human Herpesvirus-7 - Answer (click here)
16. Human Herpesvirus-8 - Answer (click here)

Diseases Viruses of Diarrhea

1. Viruses of Diarrhea: General Features - Answer (click here)
2. Rotaviruses - Virology - Answer (click here)
3. Human Rota Viru Infections - Answer (click here)
4. Rota Virus Infections : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
5. Caliciviruses - Virology - Answer (click here)
6. Calici Virus Infections - Answer (click here)
7. Calici Virus Infections :Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
8. Adenoviruses, Astroviruses, And “Candidate” Viruses - Answer (click here)

Diseases Arthropod Borne and Other Zoonotic Viruses

1. Arthropod-Borne and Other Zoonotic Viruses - Answer (click here)
2. Arbo Virus Disease - Answer (click here)
 3. Arbovirus Disease: Specific Arboviruses - Answer (click here)
4. Arbo Virus Disease : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
5. Arenaviruses - Answer (click here)
6. Filoviruses: Marburg and Ebola Viruses - Answer (click here)
7. Hantaviruses - Answer (click here)
8. Vesicular Stomatitis Virus - Answer (click here)

Diseases Rabies
1. Rabies - Answer (click here)
2. Rabies : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)

Diseases Retroviruses Human Immunodeficiency Virus and

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
1. Retroviruses - Virology - Answer (click here)
2. Retroviral Genes - Answer (click here)
3. Transformation by Retroviruses - Answer (click here)
4. Roles of HIV-1 Regulatory and Accessory Proteins - Answer (click here)
5. Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome ( AIDS ) - Answer (click here)
6. Epidemiology - Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome ( AIDS ) -
Answer (click here)
7. Pathogenesis - Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome ( AIDS ) -
Answer (click here)
8. Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) :Clinical Aspects -
Answer (click here)
9. Manifestations - Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) -
Answer (click here)
10. Diagnosis - Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) - Answer
(click here)
11. Treatment and Prevention - Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome
(AIDS) - Answer (click here)

Diseases Papovaviruses
1. Papillomaviruses - Virology - Answer (click here)
2. Papilloma Virus Disease - Answer (click here)
3. Papilloma Virus :Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
4. Polyomaviruses - Virology - Answer (click here)
5. Polyoma Virus Disease - Answer (click here)
6. Polyoma Viruses : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
Diseases Persistent Viral Infections of the Central Nervous System
1. Diseases Associated With Conventional Agents - Answer (click here)

Diseases Papovaviruses
1. Human Diseases Caused By Unconventional Viral Agents: Subacute
Spongiform Encephalopathies - Answer (click here)

Diseases Characteristics of Fungi

1. General Nature of Fungi - Answer (click here)
2. Fungal Morphology and Growth - Answer (click here)

Diseases Pathogenesis Immunity and Chemotherapy of Fungal

Infections
1. General Aspects of Fungal Disease - Answer (click here)
2. Antifungal Chemotherapy - Answer (click here)
3. Antifungal Antimicrobics that Affect Membrane Sterols - Answer (click
here)
4. Antifungals that Affect Nucleic Acid Synthesis - Answer (click here)
5. Antifungals that Affect Cell Wall Synthesis - Answer (click here)
6. Resistance to Antifungal Agents - Answer (click here)

Diseases Dermatophytes Sporothrix and Other Superficial and

Subcutaneous Fungi
1. Dermatophytes - Mycology - Answer (click here)
2. Dermatophyte Disease - Answer (click here)
3. Dermatophytoses : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
4. Other Superficial Mycoses - Answer (click here)
5. Subcutaneous Fungi - Answer (click here)
6. Sporothrix schenckii - Answer (click here)
7. Sporotrichosis - Answer (click here)
8. Sporotrichosis : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
9. Chromoblastomycosis - Answer (click here)
10. Mycetoma - Answer (click here)

Diseases Candida Aspergillus and Other Opportunistic Fungi

1. Candida: General Characteristics - Answer (click here)
 2. Candida albicans - Mycology - Answer (click here)
3. Candidiasis - Answer (click here)
4. Candidiasis : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
5. Aspergillus - Mycology - Answer (click here)
6. Aspergillosis - Answer (click here)
7. Aspergillosis : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
8. Zygomycetes and Zygomycosis - Answer (click here)

Diseases Cryptococcus Histoplasma Coccidioides and Other

Systemic Fungal Pathogens
1. Cryptococcus neoformans - Answer (click here)
2. Cryptococcosis - Answer (click here)
3. Cryptococcosis : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
4. Histoplasma capsulatum - Answer (click here)
5. Histoplasmosis - Answer (click here)
6. Histoplasmosis: Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
7. Blastomyces dermatitidis - Answer (click here)
8. Blastomycosis - Answer (click here)
9. Blastomycosis : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
10. Coccidioides immitis - Answer (click here)
11. Cocci Dioidomycosis - Answer (click here)
12. Cocci Dioido Mycosis : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
13. Paracoccidioides Brasiliensis - Answer (click here)

Diseases Pneumocystis carinii

1. Pneumocystis carinii - Answer (click here)
2. Pneumocystosis - Answer (click here)
3. Pneumocystosis : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)

Diseases Introduction to Pathogenic Parasites Pathogenesis and

Chemotherapy of Parasitic Diseases
1. Parasitic Diseases: Definition - Answer (click here)
2. Significance of Human Parasitic Infections - Answer (click here)
3. Biology, Morphology, and Classification - Answer (click here)
4. Parasites: Life Cycles, Transmission, and Distribution - Answer (click here)
5. Parasites: Immunity - Answer (click here)
6. Parasites: Pathogenesis - Answer (click here)
7. Parasites: Diagnosis - Answer (click here)
 8. Parasites: Chemotherapy - Answer (click here)
9. Drugs - Parasites Chemotherapy - Answer (click here)
10. Heavy Metals - Parasites Chemotherapy Drugs - Answer (click here)
11. Antimalarial Quinolines - Parasites Chemotherapy Drugs - Answer (click
here)
12. Quinones - Parasites Chemotherapy Drugs - Answer (click here)
13. Folate Antagonists - Parasites Chemotherapy Drugs - Answer (click here)
14. Qinghaosu (Artemisinin) - Answer (click here)
15. Nitroimidazoles - Parasites Chemotherapy Drugs - Answer (click here)
16. Benzimidazoles - Parasites Chemotherapy Drugs - Answer (click here)
17. Avermectins - Parasites Chemotherapy Drugs - Answer (click here)
18. Praziquantel - Parasites Chemotherapy Drugs - Answer (click here)
19. Eflornithine (Difluoromethylornithine) - Parasites Chemotherapy Drugs
- Answer (click here)
20. Control of diseases spread - Parasites - Answer (click here)

Diseases Sporozoa
1. Plasmodia - Parasitology - Answer (click here)
2. Malaria - Answer (click here)
3. Epidemiology - Malaria - Answer (click here)
4. Pathogenesis - Malaria - Answer (click here)
5. Immunity - Malaria - Answer (click here)
6. Malaria : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
7. Manifestations - Malaria - Answer (click here)
8. Diagnosis - Malaria - Answer (click here)
9. Treatment - Malaria - Answer (click here)
10. Prevention - Malaria - Answer (click here)
11. Toxoplasma Gondii - Parasitology - Answer (click here)
12. Toxoplasmosis - Answer (click here)
13. Toxoplasmosis : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
14. Cryptosporidia - Parasitology - Answer (click here)
15. Cryptosporidiosis - Answer (click here)
16. Cryptosporidiosis : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)

Diseases Rhizopods
1. Rhizopods or Amebas - Answer (click here)
2. Entamoeba Histolytica - Parasitology - Answer (click here)
3. Amebiasis - Answer (click here)
4. Amebiasis : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
 5. Amebic Meningoencephalitis - Answer (click here)

Diseases Flagellates
1. Noninvasive Luminal Flagellates - Answer (click here)
2. Trichomonas vaginalis - Parasitology - Answer (click here)
3. Trichomoniasis - Answer (click here)
4. Trichomoniasis : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
5. Giardia lamblia - Parasitology - Answer (click here)
6. Giardiasis - Answer (click here)
7. Giardiasis : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
8. Blood and Tissue Flagellates - Answer (click here)
9. Leishmania - Parasitology - Answer (click here)
10. Localized Cutaneous Leish Maniasis - Answer (click here)
11. Localized Cutaneous Leishmaniasis - Answer (click here)
12. Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis - Answer (click here)
13. Disseminated Visceral Leishmaniasis ( Kala Azar ) - Answer (click here)
14. African Trypanosoma - Parasitology - Answer (click here)
15. African Trypan Osomiasis ( Sleeping Sickness ) - Answer (click here)
16. African Trypanosomiasis ( Sleeping Sickness ) : Clinical Aspects -
Answer (click here)
17. American Trypanosoma - Parasitology - Answer (click here)
18. American Trypanosomiasis(Chagas’ Disease ) - Answer (click here)
19. American Trypanosomiasis ( Chagas’ Disease) :Clinical Aspects -
Answer (click here)

Diseases Intestinal Nematodes

1. Intestinal Nematodes - Answer (click here)
2. Life Cycles - Intestinal Nematodes - Answer (click here)
3. Enterobius vermicularis ( Pinworm ) : Parasitology - Answer (click here)
4. Enterobiasis - Answer (click here)
5. Enterobiasis : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
6. Trichuris trichiura ( Whipworm ) : Parasitology - Answer (click here)
7. Trichuriasis - Answer (click here)
8. Trichuriasis : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
9. Ascaris lumbricoides : Parasitology - Answer (click here)
10. Ascariasis - Answer (click here)
11. Ascariasis : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
12. Ancylostoma and Necator :Parasitology - Hookworms - Answer (click here)
13. HookWorm Disease - Answer (click here)
 14. Hookworm Disease : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
15. Strongyloides stercoralis : Parasitology - Answer (click here)
16. Strongyloidiasis - Answer (click here)
17. Strongyloidiasis : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)

Diseases Tissue Nematodes

1. Toxocara canis : Parasitology - Answer (click here)
2. Toxocariasis - Answer (click here)
3. Toxocariasis : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
4. Trichinella spiralis : Parasitology - Answer (click here)
5. Trichinosis - Answer (click here)
6. Trichinosis : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
7. Cutaneous Larva Migrans - Answer (click here)
8. Lymphatic Filaria - Answer (click here)
9. Wuchereria and Brugia : Parasitology - Answer (click here)
10. Lymphatic Filariasis - Answer (click here)
11. Lymphatic Filariasis : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
12. Onchocerca volvulus : Parasitology - Answer (click here)
13. Onchocerciasis - Answer (click here)
14. Onchocerciasis : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
15. Loa Loa - Answer (click here)

Diseases Cestodes
1. Cestodes - Parasitology - Answer (click here)
2. Cestodes Clinical Disease - Answer (click here)
3. Taenia saginata Beef Tapeworm : Parasitology - Answer (click here)
4. Beef Tapeworm Disease - Answer (click here)
5. Beef Tape Worm Disease : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
6. Taenia solium : Parasitology - Answer (click here)
7. Pork Tape Worm Disease : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
8. Fish Tapeworm: Diphyllobothrium latum : Parasitology - Answer (click
here)
9. Fish Tape Worm Disease - Answer (click here)
10. Fish Tape Worm Disease : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
11. Echinococcus granulosus - Parasitology - Answer (click here)
12. Echino Coccosis - Answer (click here)
13. Echino Coccosis : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click here)
14. Echinococcus multilocularis - Answer (click here)
Diseases Trematodes
1. Trematodes - Answer (click here)
2. Paragonimus Species : Parasitology - Answer (click here)
3. Paragonimiasis ( Lung Fluke Infection ) : Clinical Aspects - Answer (click
here)
4. Clonorchis sinensis : Parasitology - Answer (click here)
5. Clonorchiasis ( Liver Fluke Infection ) - Answer (click here)
6. Schistosoma Species : Parasitology - Answer (click here)
7. Schistosomiasis( Blood Fluke Infection ) - Answer (click here)
8. Schistosomiasis ( Blood Fluke Infection ) : Clinical Aspects - Answer
(click here)

Diseases Skin and Wound Infections

1. Skin Infections - Answer (click here)
2. Wound Infections - Answer (click here)
3. Etiologic Agents - Answer (click here)

Diseases Bone and Joint Infections

1. Osteomyelitis - Answer (click here)
2. Septic Arthritis - Answer (click here)

Diseases Eye Ear and Sinus Infections

1. Eye Infections - Answer (click here)
2. Ear Infections - Answer (click here)
3. Sinus Infections - Answer (click here)

Diseases Dental and Periodontal Infections

1. Dental and Periodontal Infections - Answer (click here)
2. Dental Plaque - Answer (click here)
3. Dental Caries - Answer (click here)
4. Chronic Periodontitis - Answer (click here)
5. Necrotizing Periodontal Diseases - Answer (click here)
6. Dental Plaque and Oral Flora in the Compromised Patient - Answer (click
here)

Diseases Upper Respiratory Tract Infections and Stomatitis

1. Upper Respiratory Tract Infections and Stomatitis - Answer (click here)
 2. Clinical Features - Upper Respiratory Tract Infections and Stomatitis -
Answer (click here)
3. Common Etiologic Agents - Upper Respiratory Tract Infections and
Stomatitis - Answer (click here)
4. General Diagnostic Approaches - Answer (click here)
5. General Principles of Management - Upper Respiratory Tract Infections
and Stomatitis - Answer (click here)

Diseases Middle and Lower Respiratory Tract Infections

1. Middle Respiratory Tract Infection - Answer (click here)
2. Lower Respiratory Tract Infection - Answer (click here)

Diseases Enteric Infections and Food Poisoning

1. Clinical Features - Enteric Infections and Food Poisoning - Answer (click
here)
2. Common Etiologic Agents - Enteric Infections and Food Poisoning -
Answer (click here)
3. Epidemiologic Setting - Enteric Infections and Food Poisoning - Answer
(click here)
4. General Diagnostic Approaches - Enteric Infections and Food Poisoning
- Answer (click here)
5. General Principles of Management - Enteric Infections and Food
Poisoning - Answer (click here)

Diseases Urinary Tract Infections

1. Epidemiology, Pathogenesis - Urinary Tract Infections - Answer (click here)
2. Etiologic Agents - Urinary Tract Infections - Answer (click here)
3. Manifestations - Urinary Tract Infections - Answer (click here)
4. Diagnosis - Urinary Tract Infections - Answer (click here)
5. Treatment and Prevention - Urinary Tract Infections - Answer (click here)

Diseases Central Nervous System Infections

1. Central Nervous System Infections - Answer (click here)
2. Routes of Infection - Central Nervous System Infections - Answer (click
here)
3. Clinical Features - Central Nervous System Infections - Answer (click here)
4. Common Etiologic Agents - Central Nervous System Infections - Answer
(click here)
5. General Diagnostic Approaches - Central Nervous System Infections -
 Answer (click here)
6. General Principles of Management - Central Nervous System Infections
- Answer (click here)

Diseases Intravascular Infections Bacteremia and Endotoxemia

1. Intravascular Infection - Answer (click here)
2. Bacteremia From Extravascular Infection - Answer (click here)
3. Sepsis and Septic Shock - Answer (click here)
4. Blood Culture - Answer (click here)

Diseases Infections of the Fetus and Newborn

1. Infections of the Fetus and Newborn - Answer (click here)
2. Common Etiologic Agents - Infections of the Fetus and Newborn -
Answer (click here)
3. Effect of Prenatal Infection on Pregnancy and Intrauterine Development
- Answer (click here)
4. Clinical Features, Diagnosis, And Management - Infections of the Fetus
and Newborn - Answer (click here)
5. Torch Complex - Infections of the Fetus and Newborn - Answer (click here)

Diseases Sexually Transmitted Diseases

1. Sexually Transmitted Diseases - Answer (click here)
2. Genital Ulcers - Sexually Transmitted Diseases - Answer (click here)
3. Genital Warts - Sexually Transmitted Diseases - Answer (click here)
4. Urethritis - Sexually Transmitted Diseases - Answer (click here)
5. Epididymitis - Sexually Transmitted Diseases - Answer (click here)
6. Cervicitis - Sexually Transmitted Diseases - Answer (click here)
7. Vaginitis and Vaginal Discharge - Answer (click here)
8. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease - Sexually Transmitted Diseases - Answer
(click here)
9. Lymphadenitis - Sexually Transmitted Diseases - Answer (click here)

Diseases Infections in the Immunocompromised Patient

1. Infections in the Immunocompromised Patient - Answer (click here)
2. Immune Deficits Associated With Infection - Answer (click here)
3. Clinical Situations Associated With Infection - Answer (click here)
4. Diagnosis and Treatment - Infections in the Immunocompromised
Patient - Answer (click here)
Diseases Nosocomial Infections and Infection Control
1. History: Semmelweis and Childbed Fever - Answer (click here)
2. Nosocomial Infections and Their Sources - Answer (click here)
3. Nosocomial Infection Control and Prevention - Answer (click here)