Medical Immunology

Lecture Notes, Study Materials and Important questions answers

Subject : Medical Immunology

Introduction
1. Historical Overview - Medical Immunology - Answer (click here)
2. General Concepts - Medical Immunology - Answer (click here)
3. Cells of the Immune System - Medical Immunology - Answer (click here)
4. Antigens and Antibodies - Medical Immunology - Answer (click here)
5. Lymphocytes and Cell-Mediated Immunity - Answer (click here)
6. Self Versus Nonself Discrimination - Medical Immunology - Answer (click
here)
7. General Overview - Medical Immunology - Answer (click here)
8. Immunology and Medicine - Answer (click here)

Cells and Tissues Involved in the Immune Response

1. Cells of the Immune System - Answer (click here)
2. Lymphoid Tissues and Organs - Answer (click here)
3. Lymphocyte Traffic - Answer (click here)

Major Histocompatibility Complex

1. Major Histocompatibility Complex - Medical Immunology - Answer (click
here)
2. Classification, Structure, and Detection of HLA Genes and Gene
Products - Answer (click here)
3. Cellular Distribution of the MHC Antigens - Answer (click here)
4. Chromosomal Localization and Arrangement of the MHC Genes -
Answer (click here)
5. Genetics of the MHC(Major Histocompatibility Complex) - Answer (click
here)
6. MHC(Major Histocompatibility Complex) Complex and the Immune
Response - Answer (click here)
7. MHC-Disease Associations - Answer (click here)
The Induction of an Immune Response Antigens Lymphocytes and
Accessory Cells
1. Antigenicity and Immunogenicity - Answer (click here)
2. Antigenic Determinants - Answer (click here)
3. Characteristics of Immunogenicity - Answer (click here)
4. Factors Associated With the Induction of an Immune Response - Answer
(click here)
5. Exogenous and Endogenous Antigens - Answer (click here)
6. T-B Cell Cooperation in Antibody Responses - Answer (click here)
7. T-Dependent and T-Independent Antigens - Answer (click here)
8. Induction of the Immune Response - Answer (click here)
9. Activation of Helper T Lymphocytes - Answer (click here)
10. Antigen Presentation and Activation of Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes -
Answer (click here)
11. Stimulation of a B-Lymphocyte Response by a T-Dependent Antigen -
Answer (click here)

Immunoglobulin Structure
1. Immunoglobulin G (IgG): The Prototype Immunoglobulin Molecule -
Answer (click here)
2. Structural and Antigenic Heterogeneity of Heavy and Light Chains -
Answer (click here)
3. Immunoglobulin Regions and Domains - Answer (click here)
4. The Immunoglobulin Superfamily of Proteins - Answer (click here)
5. The Antibody-Combining Site - Answer (click here)
6. Immunoglobulin M: A Polymeric Molecule - Answer (click here)
7. Immunoglobulin A: A Molecularly Heterogeneous Immunoglobulin -
Answer (click here)
8. The Minor Immunoglobulin Classes: IgD And IgE - Answer (click here)

Biosynthesis Metabolism and Biological Properties of

Immunoglobulins
1. Immunoglobulin Biosynthesis - Answer (click here)
2. Immunoglobulin Metabolism - Answer (click here)
3. Biological Properties of Immunoglobulins - Answer (click here)

Genetics of Immunoglobulins
1. Immunoglobulin Gene Rearrangement - Answer (click here)
 2. Genetic Basis of Antibody Diversity - Answer (click here)
3. Antigenic Determinants of Immunoglobulin Molecules - Answer (click
here)
4. DNA Polymorphisms: RFLPS - Answer (click here)
5. Allelic Exclusion - Answer (click here)
6. GM Allotypes and IGG Subclass Concentrations - Answer (click here)
7. Immunoglobulin Allotypes, Immune Response, and Diseases - Answer
(click here)

Antigen Antibody Reactions

1. General Characteristics of the Antigen-Antibody Reaction - Answer (click
here)
2. Specific Types of Antigen-Antibody Reactions - Answer (click here)
3. Biological Consequences of the Antigen-Antibody Reaction - Answer
(click here)

The Complement System

1. The Complement System - Medical Immunology - Answer (click here)
2. The Classical Complement Pathway - Medical Immunology - Answer
(click here)
3. The Alternative Complement Pathway - Answer (click here)
4. Activation and Inactivation of C3 - Answer (click here)
5. Few Complement-Activation Pathways - Answer (click here)
6. Complement Receptors in Human Cell Membranes - Answer (click here)
7. Pathological Situations Associated With Exaggerated Complement
Activation - Answer (click here)
8. Complement Levels in Disease - Answer (click here)
9. Microbial Anticomplementary Mechanisms - Answer (click here)

Lymphocyte Ontogeny and Membrane Markers

1. Lymphocyte Ontogeny and Membrane Markers - Answer (click here)
2. Approaches to the Study of Lymphocyte Diversity and Ontogeny -
Answer (click here)
3. Major Steps in the Differentiation of T And B Lymphocytes - Answer
(click here)
4. B Lymphocyte Ontogeny - Answer (click here)
5. T-Lymphocyte Ontogeny - Answer (click here)
6. Natural Killer Cells - Answer (click here)
7. Dendritic Cells - Answer (click here)
Cell Mediated Immunity
1. T-Cell Activation - Answer (click here)
2. Inactivation of T-Cell Responses - Answer (click here)
3. T-Helper-Cell Subsets and their Regulatory Roles - Answer (click here)
4. The Role of Helper T Cells in Inflammatory Responses - Answer (click
here)
5. T-Cell Help and the Humoral Immune Response - Answer (click here)
6. Activation and Differentiation of Cd8+ Cytotoxic T Cells - Answer (click
here)
7. Activation and Function of Natural Killer Cells - Answer (click here)
8. Regulatory Cells and the Immune Response - Answer (click here)

The Humoral Immune Response and Its Induction by Active

Immunization
1. Overview of the Induction of a Humoral Immune Response to an
Immunogen - Answer (click here)
2. The Primary Immune Response - Answer (click here)
3. The Secondary or Anamnestic Response - Answer (click here)
4. The Fate of Antigens on the Primary and Secondary Responses - Answer
(click here)
5. The Mucosal Humoral Immune Response - Answer (click here)
6. Immunization - Answer (click here)
7. Types of Vaccines - Answer (click here)

Phagocytic Cells
1. Physiology of the Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes - Answer (click here)
2. Physiology of the Monocyte/Macrophage - Answer (click here)
3. Laboratory Evaluation of Phagocytic Function - Answer (click here)

Infections and Immunity

1. Nonspecific Anti-Infectious Defense Mechanisms - Answer (click here)
2. Natural Antibodies - Answer (click here)
3. The Protective Role of Antibodies - Answer (click here)
4. The Protective Role of Cell-Mediated Immunity - Answer (click here)
5. Immune Deficiency Syndromes as Models For Study Of Immune
Defenses Against Infections in Humans - Answer (click here)
6. Escape From the Immune Response - Answer (click here)
7. Abnormal Consequences of the Immune Response - Answer (click here)
 8. Epilogue - Answer (click here)

Diagnostic Immunology
1. General Principles of Immunoserology - Answer (click here)
2. Precipitation Assays - Immunoserology - Answer (click here)
3. Assay Methods Based on Agglutination - Immunoserology - Answer (click
here)
4. Tests Based on Complement Fixation - Immunoserology - Answer (click
here)
5. Tests Based on Immunofluorescence - Answer (click here)
6. Radioimmunoassay - Answer (click here)
7. Enzyme Immunoassay - Answer (click here)
8. Laboratory Tests for Assessment of Phagocytic Cell Function - Answer
(click here)
9. Laboratory Tests For Assessment of Lymphocyte Function - Answer (click
here)

Tolerance and Autoimmunity

1. Historical Introduction - Tolerance and Autoimmunity - Answer (click here)
2. Definition and General Characteristics of Tolerance - Answer (click here)
3. Acquired Tolerance; Tolerogenic Conditions - Answer (click here)
4. Experimental Approaches to the Definition of the Mechanisms of
Lymphocyte Tolerance - Answer (click here)
5. T-Lymphocyte Tolerance Models - Answer (click here)
6. Downregulation of the Immune Response - Answer (click here)
7. Termination of Tolerance - Answer (click here)
8. Autoimmunity - Answer (click here)
9. Pathophysiology of Autoimmune Diseases - Answer (click here)
10. Pathogenic Factors Involved in the Onset of Autoimmune Diseases -
Answer (click here)
11. Animal Models of Autoimmunity - Answer (click here)
12. Treatment of Autoimmune Diseases - Answer (click here)

Organ Specific Autoimmune Diseases

1. Autoimmune Diseases of the Thyroid Gland - Answer (click here)
2. Addison’s Disease (Chronic Primary Hypoadrenalism) - Answer (click here)
3. Autoimmune Diseases of the Pancreas - Answer (click here)
4. Autoimmune Diseases of the Gastrointestinal Tract and Liver - Answer
(click here)
 5. Autoimmune Diseases of the Neuromuscular Systems - Answer (click here)
6. Autoimmune Diseases of the Blood Cells - Answer (click here)

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

1. Clinical Manifestations - Systemic Lupus Erythematosus - Answer (click
here)
2. Immunological Abnormalities in SLE(Systemic Lupus Erythematosus) -
Answer (click here)
3. Pathogenesis of SLE(Systemic Lupus Erythematosus) - Answer (click here)
4. Treatment - Systemic Lupus Erythematosus - Answer (click here)

Rheumatoid Arthritis
1. Clinical and Pathological Aspects of Rheumatoid Arthritis - Answer (click
here)
2. Autoantibodies in Rheumatoid Arthritis - Answer (click here)
3. Rheumatoid Factor and Anti-immunoglobulin Antibodies - Answer (click
here)
4. Genetic Factors in Rheumatoid Arthritis - Answer (click here)
5. Cell-Mediated Immunity Abnormalities in Rheumatoid Arthritis - Answer
(click here)
6. Overview of Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis - Answer (click here)
7. Therapy - Rheumatoid Arthritis - Answer (click here)

Hypersensitivity Reactions
1. Hypersensitivity Reactions: Introduction - Answer (click here)
2. Type I Hypersensitivity Reactions (IGE-Mediated Hypersensitivity,
Immediate Hypersensitivity) - Answer (click here)
3. Cytotoxic Reactions (Type Ii Hypersensitivity) - Answer (click here)
4. Immune Complex–Induced Hypersensitivity Reactions (Type III
Hypersensitivity) - Answer (click here)
5. Delayed (Type IV) Hypersensitivity Reactions - Answer (click here)

IgE Mediated Immediate Hypersensitivity

1. Major Clinical Expressions - IgE-Mediated (Immediate)
Hypersensitivity - Answer (click here)
2. Pathogenesis - IgE Mediated (Immediate) Hypersensitivity - Answer (click
here)
3. IgE Antibodies - Answer (click here)
4. The IgE Antibody Response - Answer (click here)
 5. Genetic Control of IgE Synthesis - Answer (click here)
6. Interaction of IgE with Cell Surface Receptors - Answer (click here)
7. Early and Late Phases in Type I Hypersensitivity - Answer (click here)
8. Prevention and Therapy - IgE-Mediated (Immediate) Hypersensitivity -
Answer (click here)

Immunohematology
1. Introduction: Blood Groups - Immunohematology - Answer (click here)
2. Serological Principles of Blood Transfusion - Answer (click here)
3. Blood Transfusion Reactions - Answer (click here)
4. Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (Erythroblastosis Fetalis) - Answer
(click here)
5. Immune Hemolytic Anemias - Answer (click here)

Immune Complex Diseases

1. Immune Complex Diseases - Answer (click here)
2. Physiopathology of Immune Complex Disease - Answer (click here)
3. Host Factors that Influence the Development of Immune Complex
Disease - Answer (click here)
4. Detection of Soluble Immune Complexes - Answer (click here)
5. The Role of Immune Complexes in Human Disease - Answer (click here)
6. Therapeutic Approaches to Immune Complex Disease - Answer (click here)

Immune System Modulators

1. Immune System Modulators: Introduction - Answer (click here)
2. Immunosuppression: Introduction - Answer (click here)
3. Immunosuppressive Drugs: Pharmacological and Immunological
Aspects - Answer (click here)
4. Use of Immunosuppressive Drugs in Hypersensitivity and Autoimmune
Diseases - Answer (click here)
5. Adverse Consequences of Prolonged Immunosuppression - Answer (click
here)
6. Cytokine Modifiers - Answer (click here)
7. Immunopotentiation - Answer (click here)

Transplantation Immunology
1. Transplantation Immunology: Introduction - Answer (click here)
2. Donor-Recipient Matching - Transplantation Immunology - Answer (click
 here)
3. Graft Rejection - Transplantation Immunology - Answer (click here)
4. Immunosuppression - Transplantation Immunology - Answer (click here)
5. Graft-Versus-Host Reaction - Transplantation Immunology - Answer (click
here)

Tumor Immunology
1. Tumor Immunology: Introduction - Answer (click here)
2. Immunogenicity of Tumors - Answer (click here)
3. Effector Mechanisms in Cancer Immunity - Answer (click here)
4. Factors Affecting Tumor Immunogenicity - Answer (click here)
5. Immunotherapy - Answer (click here)

Malignancies of the Immune System

1. B-Cell Dyscrasias - Answer (click here)
2. Physiopathology of B-Cell Dyscrasias - Answer (click here)
3. Clinical Presentations of B-Cell Dyscrasias - Answer (click here)
4. Leukemias and Lymphomas - Answer (click here)
5. Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia - Answer (click here)
6. Hairy Cell Leukemia - Answer (click here)
7. Acute Lymphocytic Leukemias - Answer (click here)

Diagnosis of Immunodeficiency Diseases

1. Diagnosis of Immunodeficiency Diseases: Introduction - Answer (click
here)
2. Diagnostic Studies - Diagnosis of Immunodeficiency Diseases - Answer
(click here)
3. Diagnostic Evaluation of Humoral Immunity - Answer (click here)
4. Diagnostic Evaluation of Cell-Mediated Immunity - Answer (click here)
5. Diagnostic Evaluation of Phagocytic Cell Function - Answer (click here)
6. Diagnostic Evaluation of Complement Function - Answer (click here)

Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases

1. Humoral Immunodeficiencies - Answer (click here)
2. Infantile Agammaglobulinemia (Bruton-Janeway Syndrome) - Answer
(click here)
3. Common, Variable, Unclassified Immunodeficiency (“Acquired”
Hypogammaglobulinemia) - Answer (click here)
4. Selective Immunoglobulin A Deficiency - Answer (click here)
 5. X-Linked Hyper-IgM Syndrome - Answer (click here)
6. Antigen-Selective Immune Deficiencies - Answer (click here)
7. Cellular Immunodeficiencies - Answer (click here)
8. Severe, Combined Immunodeficiency - Answer (click here)
9. Other Forms of Combined Immune Deficiency - Answer (click here)
10. Phagocytic Cell Deficiencies - Answer (click here)
11. Complement Deficiencies - Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases -
Answer (click here)

AIDS and Other Acquired Immunodeficiency Diseases

1. Secondary Immunodeficiencies - Answer (click here)
2. The Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome - Answer (click here)
3. General Characteristics of HIV - Answer (click here)
4. Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS - Answer (click here)
5. HIV and the Immune System - Answer (click here)
6. Natural History of an HIV Infection - Answer (click here)
7. Clinical Stages of HIV Infection - Answer (click here)
8. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome - Answer (click here)
9. Serological Diagnosis of HIV Infection - Answer (click here)
10. Therapy - Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome - Answer (click here)
11. Immunoprophylaxis - Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome - Answer
(click here)