energies

Article
Short-Circuit Current Analysis for DFIG Wind Farm
Considering the Action of a Crowbar
Yan Hong Yuan ID
and Feng Wu *
College of Energy and Electrical Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China;
yuanyanhong@hhu.edu.cn or 18251823235@163.com
* Correspondence: wufeng@hhu.edu.cn; Tel.: +1-530-518-7449

Received: 4 January 2018; Accepted: 7 February 2018; Published: 12 February 2018

Abstract: With the increasing capacity of wind farms integrated into the power grid, the short-circuit
current analysis for wind farms becomes more and more important. Since the wind turbine is
usually integrated into the power grid via power electronic devices, the “crowbar” is installed in
the wind turbine to protect the power electronic devices and to improve the fault ride through
capability. The impact of the crowbar has to be considered during the short-circuit current analysis
for the wind farm. In order to fully analyze the short-circuit current characteristics of a wind
farm, the short-circuit currents for a doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) wind turbine under
symmetrical and asymmetrical faults considering the crowbar action characteristic are derived firstly.
Then the action situation of the crowbar of a DFIG wind turbine is studied and the action area curve is
obtained. Taking the crowbar action, or not, as the grouping criterion, wind turbines in the wind farm
are divided into two groups, and the wind farm is aggregated into two equivalent wind turbines.
Using the equivalent model, the short-circuit current of a wind farm can be calculated accurately.
Finally, simulations are performed in MATLAB/Simulink which is the commercial math software
produced by the MathWorks company in Natick, Massachusetts, the United States to verify the
proposed short-circuit current calculation method for the DFIG wind farm.

Keywords: crowbar; doubly-fed induction generator; short-circuit current; wind farm; wind turbine

1. Introduction
With the increasing capacity of wind farms (WF) integrated into the power grid, the impact
of WFs on the operation of power grid becomes more and more significant [1]. The short-circuit
current of the WF under the system fault is quite different from that of the traditional power plant.
The result of the fault analysis and the evaluation of protection action characteristics are affected
by imprecise short-circuit current calculations, and it is of great significance to the electric design of
the WF. Additionally, a “crowbar” is usually installed in the wind turbine (WT) with a doubly-fed
induction generator (DFIG) to increase the fault ride-through capability by limiting the short-circuit
current flowing through the power electronic devices under the system fault [2–4]. Hence, the effect of
the crowbar has to be considered in the short-circuit current analysis for the power grid integrated
with large-scale WFs.
Previously, a great deal of studies have been carried out to study the short-circuit current of WTs
with DFIG. The impact factors on the short-circuit current was investigated in [5,6]. The effect of the
low-voltage ride-through control strategy on the short-circuit current of WTs with DFIG was analyzed
in [7,8]. The short-circuit current of the WT with DFIG protected by a crowbar was also studied
in [9,10]. In [9], the sudden short-circuit process was regarded as a superimposition of the steady
state operation and the transient state operation provoked by the reverse voltage, stator three-phase
short-circuit current expression was obtained by carrying out the Laplace transformation and the

Energies 2018, 11, 425; doi:10.3390/en11020425 www.mdpi.com/journal/energies

Energies 2018, 11, 425 2 of 15

inverse transformation
Energies 2018, 11, x FOR PEERto the
REVIEWstate space equation. The studies mentioned above mainly focused 2 of 16 on
the short-circuit current of a single WT with DFIG. Moreover, because the WF usually consists of
three-phase short-circuit current expression was obtained by carrying out the Laplace
hundreds of WTs, the short-circuit current analysis of the WF is more efficient for the operation of
transformation and the inverse transformation to the state space equation. The studies mentioned
the power grid, but there are fewer studies on it. A simple DFIG WF equivalent model, which can be
above mainly focused on the short-circuit current of a single WT with DFIG. Moreover, because the
usedWF to quantify a WF’sofshort-circuit
usually consists hundreds of WTs, current contributions
the short-circuit to the
current grid, was
analysis presented
of the WF is more inefficient
[11], and the
amplitude range of short-circuit
for the operation of the power grid,current
but supplied by the
there are fewer WF was
studies on it.determined
A simple DFIG by analyzing
WF equivalent the short
circuit
model, which can be used to quantify a WF’s short-circuit current contributions to the grid, was with
behavior of a DFIG with a crowbar. In [12], the WF was also equivalent to a single WT
DFIG to study in
presented the[11],
short-circuit current of range
and the amplitude the WF, of where the effect
short-circuit of the
current crowbarbywas
supplied thenotWFconsidered.
was
determined
However, whenbythe analyzing
system thefaultshort circuit the
happens, behavior
actionsof aofDFIG with a crowbar.
the crowbars in a WF In are
[12],very
the WF was
complicated.
also equivalent
For example, undertoa asystem
single WTfault,with
some DFIG to study
of the the short-circuit
crowbars current of while
would be triggered, the WF, thewhere
others thewould
effect of the crowbar was not considered. However, when the system fault happens,
not. In this condition, the detailed actions of the crowbars have to be discussed before the short-circuit the actions of
the crowbars in a WF are very complicated. For example, under a system fault, some of the crowbars
current analysis for the WF.
would be triggered, while the others would not. In this condition, the detailed actions of the
In this paper, a method for the short-circuit current calculation for a DFIG WF under constant
crowbars have to be discussed before the short-circuit current analysis for the WF.
power factor
In thiscontrol
paper,is a proposed.
method for The short-circuit
the short-circuit current
current for the WT
calculation for awith
DFIG DFIG underconstant
WF under symmetrical
and power
asymmetrical grid faults are presented firstly, where the action of Crowbar
factor control is proposed. The short-circuit current for the WT with DFIG under symmetrical can be considered.
The curve for action area
and asymmetrical gridof Crowbar
faults is obtained,
are presented based
firstly, where onthe
which
actiontheofaction
Crowbarof each
can be crowbar of the WT
considered.
in the
TheWF can for
curve be action
decided areausing the terminal
of Crowbar voltage
is obtained, basedand onthe input
which thewind
actionspeed.
of eachTaking
crowbarthe crowbar
of the
WTorinnot,
action, the asWFthecan be decided
clustering using the
criterion, theterminal
WTs involtage
the WFand are the input wind
aggregated intospeed.
two WTs TakingwiththeDFIG.
Usingcrowbar action, or not, as
the two-machine the clustering
equivalent model,criterion,
the the WTs in the current
short-circuit WF are aggregated
of the WFinto is two WTs withA WF
calculated.
DFIG. Using the two-machine equivalent model, the short-circuit current
consisting of 36 WTs which has considered the wake effect and is close to the actual WF is performed of the WF is calculated. A
WF consisting of 36 WTs which has considered the wake effect and is close to the actual WF is
in MATLAB/Similink, which is the commercial math software produced by the MathWorks company
performed in MATLAB/Similink, which is the commercial math software produced by the
in Natick, Massachusetts, the United States and approximates the real-time operating conditions.
MathWorks company in Natick, Massachusetts, the United States and approximates the real-time
A comparison is made between
operating conditions. the calculated
A comparison and the the
is made between simulated
calculatedshort-circuit currentshort-circuit
and the simulated of the WF under
symmetrical
current ofand the WFasymmetrical fault, respectively.
under symmetrical and asymmetrical Thefault,
effectiveness
respectively. of The
the effectiveness
proposed short-circuit
of the
current calculation
proposed method
short-circuit for acalculation
current DFIG WF method is evaluated by the
for a DFIG WFcase studies. by the case studies.
is evaluated

2. Short-Circuit Current
2. Short-Circuit ofofWT
Current WTwith
withDFIG Consideringthe
DFIG Considering the Action
Action of of Crowbar
Crowbar

2.1. Model of WT
2.1. Model with
of WT DFIG
with Equipped
DFIG Equippedwith
with a Crowbar
Crowbar

TheThe configuration
configuration ofof theWT
the WTwith
with DFIG
DFIG equipped
equippedwith
witha crowbar under
a crowbar constant
under power
constant factorfactor
power
control is shown in Figure
control is shown in Figure 1. 1.

DFIG

gearbox
power
grid
Crowbar
rotor-side grid-side
converter converter
Figure 1. Configuration of wind turbine (WT) with doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) equipped
Figure 1. Configuration of wind turbine (WT) with doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) equipped
with a crowbar.
with a crowbar.
Currently, the commercial WT with DFIG usually adopts the three-phase three-wire system
Currently,
where the
there is nocommercial
zero-sequenceWT with DFIG
component usually
in the adopts
short-circuit the three-phase
current. three-wire
Therefore, according system
to the
whereinstantaneous
there is no symmetrical
zero-sequencecomponent theory,
component inthe
thestator and rotorcurrent.
short-circuit voltage, current and according
Therefore, flux vectorsto the
can be decomposed
instantaneous into the
symmetrical corresponding
component positive
theory, and negative
the stator and rotorsequence
voltage,vectors
currentin the
andpositive
flux vectors
and reverse rotating synchronous coordinate systems. They are called positive and negative
can be decomposed into the corresponding positive and negative sequence vectors in the positive
sequence vectors in the following part of this paper, respectively, and they can be written as:
and reverse rotating synchronous coordinate systems. They are called positive and negative sequence
vectors in the following part of this paper, f N  fP e j t 
f  f P respectively, and
 j t
fN ethey
s
,can be written as:
s
(1)

N − jωs t
f = f P + f N = f+
P jωs t
e + f− e , (1)
Energies 2018, 11, 425 3 of 15

where f represents voltage, current or flux vector; the subscript “+” and “−” represent the forward
and reverse synchronous rotating coordinate systems, respectively; the superscript P and N represent
the positive and negative sequence components, respectively.
The positive and negative sequence models of WT with DFIG are given by:

dΨ P



 Us,P+ = Rs Is,P+ + dts,+ + jωs Ψs,P+
dΨ P

 P
Ur,+ = Rr Ir,P+ + dtr,+ + j(ωs − ωr )Ψr,P+ (2)


 Ψs,P+ = Ls Is,P+ + Lm Is,P+
Ψr,+ = Lr Ir,P+ + Lm Ir,P+
 P


dΨ N



 Us,N− = Rs Is,N− + dts,− − jωs Ψs,N−
dΨ N

 N
Ur,− = Rr Ir,N− + dtr,− − j(ωs + ωr )Ψr,N− (3)


 Ψs,N− = Ls Is,N− + Lm Ir,N−
Ψr,− = Lr Ir,N− + Lm Is,N−
 N


where Us , Ur , Is , Ir , Ψs , Ψr are the voltage, current, and flux of the stator and rotor, respectively; Rs ,
Rr , Ls , Lr are the resistance and inductance of the stator and rotor, respectively; Lm is the mutual
inductance of the generator; and ωs and ωr are the electrical angular velocities of the stator and
rotor, respectively.
The negative sequence component is zero when the system is symmetrical.
When the power grid operates normally or the terminal voltage of WT with DFIG equipped with
the crowbar drops slightly, the crowbar will not be triggered and the WT with DFIG is excited by the
rotor side converter, which is the just like the WT with DFIG equipped without a crowbar. When
the power grid fault happens and the terminal voltage drops deeply, the stator and rotor currents
increase quickly with the decrease of the terminal voltage. Then, the crowbar is activated to prevent
the converter from over-current shock and consumes the unbalanced energy in the WT after the system
fault, which improves the fault ride through capability. Hence, the crowbar plays a very important
role in the WT under the system fault, and it has to be included in the model of the WT with DFIG for
the short-circuit current analysis.

2.2. Short-Circuit Current of WT with DFIG When the Crowbar Acts

If the terminal voltage falls deeply, the crowbar will be triggered. According to Equation (1),
the stator and rotor currents can be decomposed into positive and negative sequence vectors in the
positive and reverse rotating coordinate systems which can be written as:
(
Is = Is,P+ e jωs t + Is,N− e− jωs t
(4)
Ir = Ir,P+ e jωs t + Ir,N− e− jωs t

Therefore, the positive and negative sequence vectors of stator and rotor currents need to be
calculated firstly. According to the positive and negative sequence flux in Equations (2) and (3),
the relations between stator, rotor currents and fluxes can be obtained as follows:

Is,+ = L LL−r L2 Ψs,P+ − L LL−

 P m P
2 Ψr,+
s r Lm

 s r m
 I P = − Lm 2 Ψ P + Ls
ΨP


r,+ L L −Ls r
s,+ L L − L2 r,+
s r
m m (5)
 Is,N− = L LL−r L2 Ψs,N− − L LL−
m N
2 Ψr,−
s r m s r Lm


 I N = − Lm Ψ N +
 Ls
ΨN
r,− L L − L2 s,−
s r L L − L2 r,−
s r
m m

After the action of the crowbar, the rotor is shorted by the crowbar resistance, and the rotor
side resistance is changed to Rr0 = Rr + Rcb , where Rcb is the crowbar resistance. According to
Energies 2018, 11, 425 4 of 15

Equations (2), (3), and (5), and neglecting the stator resistance, the differential equations of stator and
rotor flux can be written as:
dΨ P

 dts,+ + jωs Ψs,P+ = Us,P+


 N
 dΨs,− − jωs Ψ N = U N


dt s,− s,−
dΨr,P+

Ls Rr0

P Lm Rr0 Ψs,P+ (6)

 dt + L L − L 2 + j ( ω s − ω )
r Ψr,+ = L L − L2

 N  s r 0m s r
L R0 Ψ N
m
 dΨr,− +

L s Rr

− j(ωs + ωr ) Ψ N = m r s,−

dt Ls Lr − L2m r,− Ls Lr − L2m

When the power grid operates under normal condition, the stator flux is constant and the stator
voltage equals to 1 pu. The initial values of the positive and negative sequence components can be
obtained as follows:  P

 Is,+ (0) = Is (0)
Ψs,P+ (0) = Ψs (0)




 Ψ P (0) = Lr Ψ P (0) − Ls Lr − L2m IP (0)


r,+ Lm s,+ Lm s,+
(7)
 Ir,P+ (0) = − Lm 2 Ψs,P+ (0) + Ls P
2 Ψr,+ (0)

 L s L r − L m L s L r − L m
Ψ N (0) = 0


 s,N−



Ψr,− (0) = 0
Substituting Equation (7) into Equations (6), the differential equations can be solved:
  
P Us,P+
P = Us,+ + Us −( jωs t+ τts )



 Ψs,+ jω s jω s
− jω s
e

N N

 Ψ N = − Us,− + Us,− e−(− jωs t+ τts )


s,− jωs jωs  (8)
A1 Us,P+ Us,P+ t t
P = + B Us
− e−( jωs t+ τs ) + C1 e−( jωs t+ jωr t+ τr )



 Ψ r,+ jω s 1 jω s jω s


 Ψ N = − A Us,N− + B Us,N− e−(− jωs t+ τts ) + C e jωs t+ jωr t− τtr


r,− 2 jωs 2 jωs 2 ,

Ls − L2m /Lr /Rs is the time constant of stator, τr Lr − L2m /Ls /Rr0 is



where τs = =
Lm Rr0 Lm Rr0
the time constant of rotor, and A1 = , B1 = ,
( jωs + jωr +1/τr )( Ls Lr − L2m ) (1/τr −1/τs − jωr )( Ls Lr − L2m )
Ur.P+ (0) A1 Us,P+ B1 (Us −Us,P+ ) Lm Rr0
C1 = Ψr.P+ (0) − jωs + jωr +1/τr − jωs − jωs , A2 = − e− jωs t ,
(1/τr − jωs − jωr )( Ls Lr − L2m )
Lm Rr0 A2 Us,N− B2 Us,N−
B2 = , and C2 = jωs − jωs .
(1/τr −1/τs − jωr )( Ls Lr − L2m )
When the crowbar is triggered, the stator and rotor currents of WT with DFIG can be obtained
by Equations (4), (5), and (8). If the fault is symmetrical, the negative sequence component is zero.
The stator and rotor currents can be converted into a three-phase stationary coordinate system through
coordinate transformation.

2.3. Short-Circuit Current of WT with DFIG When Crowbar Does Not Act
If the terminal voltage falls slightly, the crowbar will not be triggered and the rotor voltage will
not be zero. According to the stator flux in Equations (2) and (3), the positive and negative sequence
vectors of stator current can be written as:

 IP = Ψs,P+ − Lm Ir,P+
s,+ Ls Ls (9)
 I N = Ψs,N− − Lm Ir,N− .
s,− Ls Ls

As shown in Equation (9), the short-circuit current is mainly determined by the stator flux and
rotor current.
Energies 2018, 11, 425 5 of 15

Since the action of the crowbar has no effect on the stator flux, the stator flux can be written as in
accordance with Equation (8):
  
Us,P+ Us,P+ t
 Ψs,P+ = + Us
− e−( jωs t+ τs )

jωs jωs jωs
N
(10)
 Ψ N = − Us,− + Us,N− −(− jωs t+ t )
jωs e
τs .

s,− jωs

During the grid fault, the rotor side converter can keep track of the reference value very well if
the controller’s closed-loop bandwidth is large enough. The response of the converter is very fast,
hence, if the rotor side converter control strategy is constant power factor control, the rotor current can
be approximated to the reference value [13]:

Ir = Ir,re f . (11)

According to Equations (4) and (9)–(11), the stator and rotor currents of WT with DFIG can
be obtained when the crowbar is not triggered. If the fault is symmetrical, the negative sequence
component is zero.

2.4. Influence of Crowbar on Short-Circuit Current of WT

Two simulation systems for WTs with DFIG equipped with and without a crowbar are built in
MATLAB/Simulink which is the commercial math software produced by the MathWorks company in
Natick, Massachusetts, the United States as shown in Figure 1, respectively. The parameters of the WT
are listed in Table 1.

Table 1. Parameters of wind turbine (WT) with doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG).

Parameters Values
rated power/MW 1.5
rated voltage/V 575
system frequency/HZ 60
stator resistance/p.u. 0.023
stator inductance/p.u. 0.18
rotor resistance/p.u. 0.016
rotor inductance/p.u. 0.16
mutual inductance/p.u. 2.9
rotor speed/p.u. 1.2

The crowbar resistance is 30 ∗ Rr. The wind speed flowing into the WT is 11 m/s. A system fault
is applied at the terminal of the WF via a short resistance at t = 0, and the terminal voltage drops to
0.5 pu. The short-circuit currents of phase A of these two simulation systems are shown in Figure 2.
From Figure 2, it can be seen that the short-circuit current of the WT equipped with a crowbar is
different from that of the WT without a crowbar. Since the terminal voltage drops deeply to 0.5 pu,
with a crowbar, the converter can be prevented from over-current shock and the unbalanced energy
can be consumed by the crowbar in the WT. However, without a crowbar, the converter may face
over-current shock and the unbalanced energy will affect the power grid. Their impact currents are
also listed in Table 2.
 rotor inductance/p.u. 0.16
mutual inductance/p.u. 2.9
rotor speed/p.u. 1.2

The crowbar resistance is 30*Rr . The wind speed flowing into the WT is 11 m/s. A system fault
is applied at the terminal of the WF via a short resistance at t = 0, and the terminal voltage drops to
Energies 2018, 11, 425 6 of 15
0.5 pu. The short-circuit currents of phase A of these two simulation systems are shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2. Short-circuit currents of WTs equipped with a crowbar and without a crowbar.
Figure 2. Short-circuit currents of WTs equipped with a crowbar and without a crowbar.
From Figure 2, it can be seen that the short-circuit current of the WT equipped with a crowbar is
differentTable
from that of the WT
2. Impact without
currents ofaWTs
crowbar. Since the
equipped terminal
with voltage a
and without drops deeply to 0.5 pu,
crowbar.
with a crowbar, the converter can be prevented from over-current shock and the unbalanced energy
can be consumed by the crowbar in the WT. However, without a crowbar, the converter may face
WT with Crowbar/pu WT without Crowbar/pu Absolute Error/pu Relative Error/%
over-current shock and the unbalanced energy will affect the power grid. Their impact currents are
Impact current
also listed in Table 2.268
2. 2.505 0.237 10.4

Table 2. Impact currents of WTs equipped with and without a crowbar.

From Table 2, it can be seen that the difference of the impact current is larger than 10%, hence,
WT with Crowbar/pu WT without Crowbar/pu Absolute Error/pu Relative Error/%
the effect of the crowbar
Impact currenthas to be2.268
considered in the2.505
short-circuit current
0.237 analysis.10.4

3. Short-CircuitFrom
Current ofitacan
Table 2, DFIG WF
be seen Considering
that Crowbar
the difference of Operation
the impact Characteristics
current is larger than 10%, hence,
the effect of the crowbar has to be considered in the short-circuit current analysis.
3.1. Curve for the Action Area of the Crowbar
3. Short-Circuit Current of a DFIG WF Considering Crowbar Operation Characteristics
In a WF, the time-lag effect and wake effect lead to the different input wind speeds flowing
3.1. Curve for the Action Area of the Crowbar
into each WT because of their different locations. Since the WT in the WF operates under different
conditions, its In a WF, thewould
crowbar time-laghave
effect and wake effect
different lead to
actions the different
under input wind
the system speeds
fault. flowing intowhen the
Especially
each WT because of their different locations. Since the WT in the WF operates under different
system fault is not very severe, only part of the crowbars in the WF would be activated, while the
conditions, its crowbar would have different actions under the system fault. Especially when the
others would not. At this scenario, if the WF is aggregated into one equivalent machine to calculate
the short-circuit current, the errors will be significant.
Therefore, it is necessary to decide the action condition of the crowbar in the WF before the
calculation of the short-circuit current. The crowbar is triggered when the rotor current is greater than
the current limitation. However, it is difficult to collect the instantaneous rotor current of each WT in
the real WF. It has to be pointed out that the action of the crowbar has a strong relationship with the
input wind speed and the terminal voltage drop [14].
The critical curve of the crowbar action for a single WT under different wind speeds and voltage
drops is drawn by the following steps, as shown in Figure 3:
Step 1: Input the cut-in wind speed to the WT with DFIG, and it remains constant.
Step 2: Apply a system fault at the terminal of the WF via a short resistance at t = 0, and the short
resistance is set to 0.
Step 3: Simulate the dynamics of the WT.
Step 4: Check the status of the crowbar. If the crowbar is triggered, increase the short resistance
by 0.001 Ω and go to step 3; otherwise, go to step 5.
Step 5: Write down the current wind speed and the critical terminal voltage.
Step 6: If the current wind speed is smaller than the cut-out speed, increase the wind speed by 0.5
m/s and go to step 2; otherwise, go to step 7.
Step 7: Stop and draw the curve for the action area of the crowbar using the wind speeds and
their corresponding critical terminal voltages.
 by 0.001 Ω and go to step 3; otherwise, go to step 5.
Step 5: Write down the current wind speed and the critical terminal voltage.
Step 6: If the current wind speed is smaller than the cut-out speed, increase the wind speed by
0.5 m/s and go to step 2; otherwise, go to step 7.
Step 7: Stop and draw the curve for the action area of the crowbar using the wind speeds and
Energies 2018, 11, corresponding
their 425 critical terminal voltages. 7 of 15

Begin

Step 1: Input the cut-in wind speed to the

WT with DFIG, and remains constant.

Step 2: Apply a system fault at the

terminal of the WF via a short resistance at
t=0, and the short resistance is set to 0.

Step 3: Simulate the dynamics of the

WT.
Increase
Yes Increase
the wind the short
speed Step 4: Is the Crowbar triggered? resistance
by by
0.5m/s. No 0.001Ω.
Step 5 : Write down the current wind
speed and the critical terminal voltage.

Yes Step 6:Is the current wind speed

smaller than the cut-out speed?
No
S t ep 7 : Stop and Draw the curve for action area of
Crowbar using the wind speeds and their
corresponding critical terminal voltages.

End.

Figure 3. Flowchart drawing curve for the action area of the crowbar.
Figure 3. Flowchart drawing curve for the action area of the crowbar.
Energies 2018, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 of 16

Following the above

Following steps,
the above thethe
steps, critical
criticalcurve
curveof of the crowbar
crowbaraction
actionforfor
thethe
WTWT withwith
DFIGDFIG used inused
Section 2 is drawn and shown in Figure 4. As the rated wind speed of the
in Section 2 is drawn and shown in Figure 4. As the rated wind speed of the WT is 11 m/s, the pitch WT is 11 m/s, the pitch
angle controller
angle controller of theof WTthewill
WTabandon
will abandon the wind
the wind whenwhen the input
the input windwind
speed speed exceeds
exceeds thetheratedrated
wind
speed, which results the actual effective wind speed is equivalent to or slightly higher than 1111
wind speed, which results the actual effective wind speed is equivalent to or slightly higher than m/s.
m/s. Therefore, the curve tends to be flat after the inflection point (11, 0.69).
Therefore, the curve tends to be flat after the inflection point (11, 0.69).
The input wind speed of each WT can be measured and collected since each WT is equipped
The input wind speed of each WT can be measured and collected since each WT is equipped with
with a wind speed meter in the real WF. The terminal voltage of each WT is also measured and sent
a windtospeed metercenter
the control in theof real WF.The
the WF. Theinput
terminal voltage
wind speed andofthe
each WT isvoltage
terminal also measured
are used toand looksent
up to
the control center
the action ofcurve.
area the WF.TheThe inputwould
crowbar windbe speed and when
triggered the terminal voltage
the operation pointareisused
belowtothe look up the
critical
action line,
area otherwise
curve. The crowbar would be
it would not be triggered. triggered when the operation point is below the critical line,
otherwise itIfwould
there isnot
morebe than
triggered.
one type of WT in the DFIG WF, the corresponding curve for the action
If area
there of each than
is more typeoneof type
crowbar
of WT is in
required.
the DFIGHowever, the same type
WF, the corresponding of WTs
curve for theare usedarea
action in of
theeach
type ofconstruction of WFs in
crowbar is required. general.the
However, Other
same types
typeof of WTs mayused
WTs are be added during the later
in the construction of WFsexpansion
in general.
processes,
Other types of WTsbut not
maytoo bemany.
added Therefore,
during the the later
calculation of theprocesses,
expansion curves willbutnot not
be tootoolarge
many.if there are
Therefore,
different kinds of WTs in the DFIG WF.
the calculation of the curves will not be too large if there are different kinds of WTs in the DFIG WF.

Figure
Figure 4. Curve
4. Curve forfor actionarea
action areaof
ofthe
the crowbar.
crowbar.

3.2. Short-Circuit Current Calculation of a DFIG WF

Firstly, the equivalent input wind speed is obtained by weighted aggregation of wind speed
cubes. Secondly, the method of transforming the collection network in a WF proposed by [15] is
applied to parallel the collection network, so as to achieve the aggregated equivalence of DFIGs at
any location. Thirdly, the action of each crowbar in a DFIG WF is decided by the method proposed
 Energies 2018, 11, 425 8 of 15

3.2. Short-Circuit Current Calculation of a DFIG WF

Firstly, the equivalent input wind speed is obtained by weighted aggregation of wind speed
cubes. Secondly, the method of transforming the collection network in a WF proposed by [15] is
applied to parallel the collection network, so as to achieve the aggregated equivalence of DFIGs at
any location. Thirdly, the action of each crowbar in a DFIG WF is decided by the method proposed
in Section 3.1. Then, using the crowbar action as a clustering index, the DFIG WF is aggregated to
a two-machine model, as shown in Figure 5, where one equivalent machine represents WTs whose
crowbars are triggered and the other one represents the WTs whose crowbars are not triggered.
Meanwhile,
Energies 2018, 11,parameters of each equivalent machine are aggregated by the capacity weighted method.
x FOR PEER REVIEW 9 of 16
According to (4)–(5) and (8)–(11), the short-circuit currents of the two equivalent WTs with DFIG can
finally 2018,
Energies be obtained, and the
11, x FOR PEER vector sum of them is the short-circuit current of the WF.
REVIEW 9 of 16

PCC T1 Equivalent DFIG1

PCC T1 Equivalent DFIG1

Zeq1
T2 Equivalent DFIG2
Zeq1
Zeq2 T2 Equivalent DFIG2

Zeq2
Figure 5. Equivalent model of DFIG WF (wind farm).
Figure 5. Equivalent model of DFIG WF (wind farm).
4. Simulation Examples Figure 5. Equivalent model of DFIG WF (wind farm).
4. Simulation Examples
4.1. Crowbar Actions
4. Simulation Simulation
Examples
4.1. A
Crowbar Actions Simulation
WF consisting of 36 WTs is built in MATLAB/Simulink which is the commercial math
4.1. Crowbar
software Actions
produced Simulation
byofthe MathWorks
A WF consisting 36 WTs is built incompany in Natick, Massachusetts,
MATLAB/Simulink the United
which is the commercial mathStates, as
software
shown in Figure
A WFby
produced 6. The
consisting parameters
of 36 WTs
the MathWorks of each
is built
company WT
in in with DFIG are
MATLAB/Simulink
Natick, listed in
Massachusetts, which Table 1. Considering
is theStates,
the United the
commercial wake
math
as shown in
effect,
Figurethe
software 6. wind speeds
produced byflowing
The parameters intoWT
the with
theofMathWorks
each WT in the WF
company
DFIG in are
are listed
Natick,
listed in Table 3.
in Massachusetts,
Table the United
1. Considering States,
the wake as
effect,
shown
the wind in Figure
speeds 6. The parameters
flowing into the WTof each
in theWTWFwith DFIG in
are listed areTable
listed3.in Table 1. Considering the wake
effect, the wind speeds flowing into the WT in the WF are listed in Table 3.
15.7kV/220kV
input wind

PCC 15.7kV/220kV
input wind

PCC

Figure 6. Configuration of the DFIG WF.

Figure 6. Configuration of the DFIG WF.

Table 3. Wind speed distribution in the wind farm (WF).

Figure 6. Configuration of the DFIG WF.
Wind Speed (m/s)
Number Table
Column 1 3.Column
Wind speed distribution
2 Column 3 inColumn
the wind4farm (WF). 5 Column 6
Column
line 1 12 11.8 11.6 Speed11.4
Wind (m/s) 11.2 11.0
Number
line 2 11.8 11.6 11.4 11.2 11.0 10.8 6
Column 1 Column 2 Column 3 Column 4 Column 5 Column
line
line31 11.6
12 11.4
11.8 11.2
11.6 11.0
11.4 10.8
11.2 10.6
11.0
line 4
line 2 11.4
11.8 11.2
11.6 11.0
11.4 10.8
11.2 10.6
11.0 10.4
10.8
Energies 2018, 11, 425 9 of 15

Table 3. Wind speed distribution in the wind farm (WF).

Wind Speed (m/s)

Number
Column 1 Column 2 Column 3 Column 4 Column 5 Column 6
line 1 12 11.8 11.6 11.4 11.2 11.0
line 2 11.8 11.6 11.4 11.2 11.0 10.8
line 3 11.6 11.4 11.2 11.0 10.8 10.6
line 4 11.4 11.2 11.0 10.8 10.6 10.4
line 5 11.2 11.0 10.8 10.6 10.4 10.2
line 6 11.0 10.8 10.6 10.4 10.2 10.0

Applying a system fault at the terminal of the DFIG WF via a short resistance at t = 0, the voltage
drops to 0.68 pu. According to the simulation results, the actions of the crowbars in the WF are shown
in Table 4. The crowbars that were triggered are represented by “+”, while the others are represented
by “−”. From Table 4, it can be seen that 22 crowbars are triggered and the other 14 crowbars are not.

Table 4. Simulation results of crowbar actions.

Crowbar Actions
Number
Column 1 Column 2 Column 3 Column 4 Column 5 Column 6
line 1 + + + + + +
line 2 + + + + + +
line 3 + + + + + −
line 4 + + + − − −
line 5 + + − − − −
line 6 − − − − − −

Using the curve for the action area of the crowbar, the crowbar action conditions for each WT
in the WF can also be obtained and listed in Table 5. The result is that 22 crowbars are triggered
and the other 14 crowbars are not, which is very close to that obtained from simulation. In Table 5,
three crowbars in WTs have different actions comparing to those in Table 4. It has to be pointed out
that the operation condition of these three WTs are very close to the critical curve. If the interval of
the wind speed and terminal voltage is decreased further when the curve for the action area of the
crowbar is produced, the accuracy of the decision can be improved.

Table 5. Comparison results of crowbar actions.

Crowbar Actions
Number
Column 1 Column 2 Column 3 Column 4 Column 5 Column 6
line 1 + + + + + +
line 2 + + + + + −
line 3 + + + + − −
line 4 + + + − − −
line 5 + + − − − −
line 6 + − − − − −

4.2. Asymmetrical Fault Simulation

Applying a phase-phase fault between phase A and phase B at the terminal of the WF via different
short resistances at t = 0, the voltage drops to 0.2 pu, 0.68 pu, and 0.80 pu, respectively.
When the terminal voltage drops to 0.2 pu, all the crowbars in the WF are triggered; while, when
the terminal voltage drops to 0.8 pu, all the crowbars are not triggered. In these conditions, the WF
can be equivalent to a single WT with crowbars and without crowbars, respectively, to calculate their
Energies 2018, 11, 425 10 of 15

short-circuit currents. The short-circuit currents are shown in Figure 7a,b, respectively. It can be seen
that the calculation values of the short-circuit current is consistent with those of the simulations.
According to Table 5, only some of the crowbars are triggered when the terminal voltage drops to
0.68 pu. Therefore, the WF has to be aggregated to two equivalent WTs to calculate its short-circuit
current. The short-circuit currents are shown in Figure 7c. In addition, the WF is also equivalent to
a single WT to calculate its short-circuit current and show the difference between these two calculation
methods. It can be seen that when the terminal voltage drops to 0.68 pu, the calculated short-circuit
current of the WF which is equivalent to two WTs is closer to the simulation results than that of the
Energies
WF, which2018,
is11, x FOR PEER
equivalent toREVIEW
a single WT. 11 of 16

(a) Terminal voltage drops to 0.2 pu.

(b) Terminal voltage drops to 0.8 pu.

(c) Terminal voltage drops to 0.68 pu.

Figure 7. Comparison of the short-circuit current calculation values and simulation values for a
Figure 7. Comparison of the short-circuit current calculation values and simulation values for
phase-phase (a and b) fault.
a phase-phase (a and b) fault.

Comparisons of the calculated impact currents and simulated impact currents under different
voltage drops by an asymmetrical fault are shown in Table 6.

Table 6. Comparison of the impact currents under different voltage drops by an asymmetrical fault.

Terminal Impact Current

Voltage/pu Simulation Value/pu Calculation Value/pu Absolute Error/pu Relative Error/%
Energies 2018, 11, 425 11 of 15

Comparisons of the calculated impact currents and simulated impact currents under different
voltage drops by an asymmetrical fault are shown in Table 6.

Table 6. Comparison of the impact currents under different voltage drops by an asymmetrical fault.

Impact Current
Terminal Voltage/pu
Simulation Value/pu Calculation Value/pu Absolute Error/pu Relative Error/%
0.8 1.354 1.362 0.008 0.591
0.2 2.328 2.341 0.013 0.558
0.68 (2 WTs) 1.792 1.804 0.012 0.670
0.68 (1 WT) 1.418 1.890 0.098 5.469

From
Energies Table
2018, 6, itPEER
11, x FOR can REVIEW
be seen that the WF can be equivalent to a single WT to calculate 12 its
of 16
short-circuit current when all the crowbars are triggered or not, since the error of impact current
is very
very small. However,ififonly
small. However, onlypart
partofof
thethe crowbars
crowbars areare triggered,
triggered, the the
errorerror of impact
of impact current
current of theofWF,the
which is equivalent to two WTs, is much smaller than that of the WF, which is equivalent to a single a
WF, which is equivalent to two WTs, is much smaller than that of the WF, which is equivalent to
WT.single WT.short-circuit
Precise Precise short-circuit current calculations
current calculations will help the will helpofthe
result theresult of the fault
fault analysis andanalysis and the
the evaluation
evaluation of the protection
of the protection action characteristic. action characteristic.
Basedononcalculations
Based calculations andandsimulation
simulation results,
results, it it
cancanbebe concluded
concluded that
that this
this DFIG
DFIG WFWF needs
needs totobebe
equivalenttototwo
equivalent twoWTs WTs toto calculate
calculate itsits short-circuit
short-circuit current
current when
when the
the terminal
terminal voltage
voltage dipdip
is is between
between
0.61 and 0.71. If not, it can be equivalent to
0.61 and 0.71. If not, it can be equivalent to a single WT. a single WT.

4.3.Symmetrical
4.3. SymmetricalFault
FaultSimulation
Simulation
Applyinga athree-phase
Applying three-phasefault
faultat at the
the terminal
terminal of the DFIG
DFIG WF WFvia
viaaashort
shortresistance
resistanceatatt =t 0,
= the
0,
voltage
the voltagedrops
dropstoto0.68
0.68pu.
pu.The
Theanalysis
analysisprocess
process is
is the same as the
the asymmetrical
asymmetricalfault,
fault,and
andthe
theWF
WFisis
equivalent
equivalent toto twoWTs
two WTs toto calculate
calculate thethe short-circuit
short-circuit current.
current. The
The comparison
comparison between
between thethecalculation
calculation
valuesand
values andsimulation
simulationvalues
valuesofofthe
theshort-circuit
short-circuitcurrent
currentofofphase
phaseAAisisshown
shownininFigure
Figure8,8,and
andthethe
impact
impact currents
currents ofof them
them are
are shown
shown inin Table
Table 7. 7.

Table
Table Comparison
7. 7. ofof
Comparison the impact
the currents
impact under
currents symmetrical
under fault.
symmetrical fault.

Simulation Value/pu Calculation

Simulation Value/pu
Calculation Value/puAbsolute
Value/pu
Absolute Error/puRelative
Error/pu
Relative Error/%
Error/%
Impact current 2.323 2.340 0.017 0.732
Impact current 2.323 2.340 0.017 0.732

Figure8. 8.Comparison
Figure Comparison of
of the
the short-circuit
short-circuit current
current calculation
calculation values
values and
and simulation
simulation values
values for
for a
three-phase fault.
a three-phase fault.

From Figure 8 and Table 7, it can be seen that the calculation values of short-circuit current
under a symmetrical fault are also consistent with those of the simulation results.

4.4. Fault Simulation in Digsilent

A DFIG WF consisting of 64 WTs connected to the IEEE 39 bus system at BUS33 is performed in
Digsilent. The IEEE 39 bus system is shown in Figure 9. The parameters of each WT with DFIG are
Energies 2018, 11, 425 12 of 15

From Figure 8 and Table 7, it can be seen that the calculation values of short-circuit current under
a symmetrical fault are also consistent with those of the simulation results.

4.4. Fault Simulation in Digsilent

A DFIG WF consisting of 64 WTs connected to the IEEE 39 bus system at BUS33 is performed
in Digsilent. The IEEE 39 bus system is shown in Figure 9. The parameters of each WT with DFIG
are listed in Table 8. Considering the wake effect, the wind speeds flowing into the WT in the WF are
listedEnergies
in Table2018,9.
11,The curve
x FOR for action area of the crowbar is drawn in Figure 10.
PEER REVIEW 13 of 16

G G
30 37
25 26 28 29

2 27
38
1
3 18 17 G
G
39 16 21

15

G
4 14 24 36

5 13 23
9 6
12 19

7 11 20 22

10
8
31 32 34 33 35
G G G DFIG WF G

Figure 9. IEEE 39 bus system.

Figure 9. IEEE 39 bus system.

Table 8. Parameters of WT with DFIG.

Table 8. Parameters of WT with DFIG.
Parameters Values
Rated power/MW
Parameters 2
Values
Rated voltage/V 575
Rated power/MW 2
System
Ratedfrequency/HZ
voltage/V 60
575
Stator resistance/p.u.
System frequency/HZ 0.01
60
Stator inductance/p.u.
Stator resistance/p.u. 0.1
0.01
Rotorinductance/p.u.
Stator resistance/p.u. 0.01
0.1
resistance/p.u.
Rotor inductance/p.u. 0.01
0.1
Rotor inductance/p.u.
Mutual inductance/p.u. 0.1
3.5
Mutual
Rotorinductance/p.u.
speed/p.u. 3.5
1.2
Rotor speed/p.u. 1.2
Table 9. Wind speed distribution in the WF.
Table 9. Wind speedWind
distribution in the WF.
Speed (m/s)
Number
Column 1 Column 2 Column 3 Column 4 Column 5 Column 6 Column 7 Column 8
line 1 12.4 12.2 12.0 Wind
11.8 Speed (m/s)
11.6 11.4 11.2 11.0
Number
line 2 12.2 1 12.0 2 11.8 3 11.6 4 11.4 5 11.2 6 11.0 10.8
Column Column Column Column Column Column Column 7 Column 8
line 3 12.0 11.8 11.6 11.4 11.2 11.0 10.8 10.6
line 1 4
line 12.4
11.8 12.2
11.6 12.0
11.4 11.8
11.2 11.6
11.0 11.4
10.8 11.2
10.6 11.0
10.4
line 2 5
line 12.2
11.6 12.0
11.4 11.8
11.2 11.6
11.0 11.4
10.8 11.2
10.6 11.0
10.4 10.8
10.2
line 3
line 6
12.0
11.4
11.8
11.2
11.6
11.0
11.4
10.8
11.2
10.6
11.0
10.4
10.8
10.2
10.6
10.0
line 4 11.8 11.6 11.4 11.2 11.0 10.8 10.6 10.4
line 7 11.2 11.0 10.8 10.6 10.4 10.2 10.0 9.8
line 5 11.6 11.4 11.2 11.0 10.8 10.6 10.4 10.2
line 8 11.0 10.8 10.6 10.4 10.2 10.0 9.8 9.6
line 6 11.4 11.2 11.0 10.8 10.6 10.4 10.2 10.0
line 7 11.2 11.0 10.8 10.6 10.4 10.2 10.0 9.8
line 8 11.0 10.8 10.6 10.4 10.2 10.0 9.8 9.6
Energies
Energies 2018,11,
Energies2018,
2018, 11,425
11, xxFOR
FORPEER
PEERREVIEW
REVIEW 13 ofofof
14
14 1516
16

Figure10.
Figure
Figure 10.Curve
10. Curvefor
Curve foraction
for actionarea
action areaof
area ofofthe
thecrowbar.
the crowbar.
crowbar.

Applyingaaphase-phase
Applying phase-phasefault faultbetween
betweenphase
phaseAAand
andphase
phaseBBatatthe
theterminal
terminalof ofthe
theDFIG
DFIGWFWFviavia
Applying a phase-phase fault between phase A and phase B at the terminal of the DFIG WF
aashort
shortresistance
resistanceatatt t==10
10s,s,the
thevoltage
voltagedrops
dropsto
to0.55
0.55pu.
pu.Using
Usingthethecurve
curveforforthe
theaction
actionarea
areaofofthe
the
via a short resistance at t = 10 s, the voltage drops to 0.55 pu. Using the curve for the action area of the
crowbarin
crowbar inFigure
Figure10,10,the
theresult
resultisisthat
that6666crowbars
crowbarsare
aretriggered
triggeredand
andthe
theother
other1515crowbars
crowbarsarearenot,
not,
crowbar in Figure 10, the result is that 66 crowbars are triggered and the other 15 crowbars are not,
andthe
and theWF
WFisisequivalent
equivalentto totwo
twoWTs
WTsto tocalculate
calculatethe
theshort-circuit
short-circuitcurrent.
current.The
Thecomparison
comparisonbetween
between
and the WF is equivalent to two WTs to calculate the short-circuit current. The comparison between
thecalculation
the calculationvalues
valuesand andsimulation
simulationvalues
valuesof
ofthe
theshort-circuit
short-circuitcurrent
currentisisshown
shownin inFigure
Figure11,
11,and
and
the calculation values and simulation values of the short-circuit current is shown in Figure 11, and the
the impact currents of them is shown in
the impact currents of them is shown in Table 10.Table 10.
impact currents of them is shown in Table 10.

Figure11.
Figure 11.Comparison
Comparisonofofthethe short-circuitcurrent
current calculationvalues
values andsimulation
simulation valuesfor
for a
Figure 11. Comparison of the short-circuit
short-circuit current calculation
calculation valuesand
and simulationvalues
values fora
phase-phase
phase-phase (a
(a and
and b)
b) fault.
fault.
a phase-phase (a and b) fault.

Table10.
Table 10.Comparison
Comparisonofofthe
theimpact
impactcurrents
currentsunder
undersymmetrical
symmetricalfault.
fault.
Table 10. Comparison of the impact currents under symmetrical fault.
SimulationValue/pu
Simulation Value/pu Calculation
CalculationValue/pu
Value/pu Absolute
AbsoluteError/pu
Error/pu Relative
RelativeError/%
Error/%
Impact current
Impact current Simulation Value/pu
3.308
3.308 Calculation Value/pu
3.413
3.413 Absolute Error/pu
0.105
0.105 Relative Error/%
3.174
3.174
Impact current 3.308 3.413 0.105 3.174
From Figure
From Figure 11 11 and
and Table
Table 10, 10, itit can
can be
be seen
seen that
that the
the calculation
calculation values
values ofof the
the short-circuit
short-circuit
current
current
From are consistent
areFigure
consistent
11 and with
with those
those
Table 10, of of the
the be
it can simulation
simulation results.
seen thatresults.
the calculation values of the short-circuit current
are consistent with those of the simulation results.
5.5.Conclusions
Conclusions
5. Conclusions
AAshort-circuit
short-circuitcurrent
currentcalculation
calculationmethod methodfor forthe
theWF
WFhas hasbeen
beenproposed
proposedin inthis
thispaper,
paper,which
which
hasA
has considered
considered thecurrent
the
short-circuit actioncalculation
action ofaacrowbar
of crowbar andisfor
and
method issuitable
suitable under
the WFunder
has both
both
been symmetrical
symmetrical
proposed andasymmetrical
in thisand asymmetrical
paper, which has
grid faults.
grid faults.
considered theThe
The simulation
simulation
action isis conducted
of a crowbar conducted in MATLAB/Simulink,
in
and is suitable MATLAB/Simulink, which isis
which
under both symmetrical and the
the commercial math
commercial
asymmetrical math
grid
software
software
faults. produced
Theproduced
simulation by
by theMathWorks
isthe MathWorks
conducted companyin
company
in MATLAB/Simulink, inNatick,
Natick, Massachusetts,
Massachusetts,
which theUnited
the
is the commercial United States
mathStates and
and
software
approximatesthe
approximates thereal-time
real-timeoperating
operatingconditions.
conditions.Based
Basedon onthe
theshort-circuit
short-circuitcurrent
currentanalysis
analysisofofthe
the
Energies 2018, 11, 425 14 of 15

produced by the MathWorks company in Natick, Massachusetts, the United States and approximates
the real-time operating conditions. Based on the short-circuit current analysis of the WT with and
without the crowbar, the crowbar has a significant impact on the short-circuit current of the WT.
The simulation results of a WF has demonstrated that only some of the crowbars were triggered under
a certain grid fault. Hence, the action condition of the crowbar has been studied to obtain the curve
for the action area of the crowbar, which is very useful to decide whether the crowbars are triggered.
A two-machine equivalent model has been proposed to calculate the short-circuit current of the WF.
The calculated short-circuit currents have been compared with those simulated, and they are close
with each other. The proposed method is effective to calculate the short-circuit current of the DFIG WF
even when there are different kinds of WTs in the WF, which is meaningful for further analysis for the
influence of the DFIG WF on the fault analysis, protection action characteristics, and electric design of
the WF. Analysis on an actual WF with different kinds of WTs is one of our future research directions.

Acknowledgments: This work was supported in part by National Science Foundation of China under
grant no. 51422701. This article is funded by the National Science Foundation of China: 51422701 and China
‘111’ project of ‘Renewable Energy and Smart Grid’: B14022. The founding sponsors had an important role in the
design of the study; in the collection, analyses, and interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, and in
the decision to publish the results.
Author Contributions: Feng Wu conceived and designed the experiments; Yan Hong Yuan performed the
experiments; Feng Wu and Yan Hong Yuan analyzed the data; Feng Wu contributed analysis tools; Yan Hong Yuan
and Feng Wu wrote the paper.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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