Name: Dodik Dumadi

Exercise 6: Cardiovascular Physiology: Activity 5: Examining the Effects of Various Ions on Heart Rate Lab Report

Pre-lab Quiz Results

You scored 50% by answering 2 out of 4 questions correctly.

1. Which organelle in the cardiac muscle cell stores calcium?

You correctly answered: b. sarcoplasmic reticulum

2. Verapamil is a calcium-channel blocker. Its effects could be described as

Your answer : c. negative chronotropic and positive inotropic.
Correct answer: d. negative chronotropic and negative inotropic.

3. When the cardiac muscle cell is at rest, where is most of the potassium found?
Your answer : d. in the nucleus
Correct answer: c. in the cytosol

4. Resting cardiac muscle cells are most permeable to

You correctly answered: b. potassium.

03/29/18 page 1
Experiment Results
Predict Question:
Predict Question 1: Because calcium-channel blockers are negative chronotropic and negative inotropic, what effect do you
think increasing the concentration of calcium will have on heart rate?
Your answer : b. negative chronotropic, negative inotropic

Predict Question 2: Excess potassium outside of the cardiac cell decreases the resting potential of the plasma membrane,
thus decreasing the force of contraction. What effect (if any) do you think it will initially have on heart rate?
Your answer : b. decrease heart rate

Stop & Think Questions:

Where in the cardiac muscle cell is most of the sodium normally found?
You correctly answered: a. outside of the cell

Experiment Data:

Solution Heart Rate

---- 62
Calcium 72
Sodium ~34
Potassium ~28

03/29/18 page 2
03/29/18 page 3
Post-lab Quiz Results
You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly.

1. The addition of most of the ions resulted in

You correctly answered: c. an erratic heart rate.

2. The effect of potassium on the heart is

You correctly answered: b. negative chronotropic, negative inotropic.

3. The ion that had the most pronounced effect on heart rate was
You correctly answered: c. potassium.

4. Ectopic pacemakers can be caused by excessive leakage of potassium into cardiac cells, resulting in pacemakers
appearing in abnormal locations in the heart muscle. This hyperkalemia (excess potassium) decreases the resting potential
of the cardiac muscle cell. What effect do you think this would have on the force of contraction?
You correctly answered: d. decrease, negative inotropic

03/29/18 page 4
Review Sheet Results
1. Describe the effect that increasing the calcium ions had on the heart in this activity. How well did the results compare
with your prediction?
Your answer:
increase hearth rate
increase force of contraction

2. Describe the effect that increasing the potassium ions initially had on the heart in this activity. Relate this to the resting
membrane potential of the cardiac muscle cell. How well did the results compare with your prediction?
Your answer:
decrease hearth rate, then it makes it erratic
lower resting membrane potential

3. Describe how calcium channel blockers are used to treat patients and why?
Your answer:
-they block the movement of calcium through the channels throughout all phases of the cardiac action potential
-decreased calcium cause both decreased rate of depolarization and decreased force of contraction, and decreased
peripheral resistance

03/29/18 page 5