R E C I P R O C A L CONJUGATE M E T H O D FOR SPACE

CURVED BARS
By Marcello Arici 1

ABSTRACT: By means of a correspondence between two systems, each consisting

Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by University of Exeter on 07/16/15. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved.

of a space curved bar resting on an external medium, a complete reciprocal for-

mulation of the conjugate structure method is herein presented. The method allows
us to transform (internal and external) forces and deformations of one of the two
systems into deformations and forces respectively of the conjugate one. This can
be done by interchanging the field equilibrium and the mechanical boundary con-
ditions in the two systems with the field compatibility equations and the kine-
matical boundary conditions and vice versa. The reciprocal correspondence de-
scends from the Principle of Virtual Work and it can be regarded as a particular
form of this principle. The Culmann and Ricci ellipse theories and the Cross col-
umn analogy are shown as particular aspects of the unified method. The equilib-
rium, compatibility equations and constitutive laws of the one-dimensional space
member supported on an external medium are derived in a suitable form. An ap-
plication to influence lines of circular bridge, also taking into account the shear
deformation effect, is developed.

INTRODUCTION

Ever since 1868 the conjugate analogy for structures (useful for computing
deflections) has been an object of interest and investigation in the literature,
with extension and manipulation in different form, besides being treated in
almost all the text books on strength of materials and/or structural analysis,
Mohr (1868) and Greene (1869) give independently (for rectilinear beams)
the first stage of the analogy, later extended (Timoshenko 1930; Den Hartog
1949), in order to take into account shear deformations effects on the beam
deflections.
Baron (1961) presents a three-dimensional generalization in which the vec-
torial character of the analogy is first pointed out.
Bazant (1966) generalizes the analogy for one-dimensional space struc-
tures extending the analogy for tension and shear and evidencing the six-
order character of analogy. Oden (1967) emphasizes its independence from
the material properties of the structures in the correspondence and extends
the analogy to the analysis of nonlinearly elastic, elastoplastic and viscous
elastic structures. A unified formulation of the conjugate method for the
rectilinear beams has been proposed (Polizzotto 1980; Rizzo 1981) to eval-
uate bending, shearing, and axial both elastic and inelastic deformations.
Recently the writer (1985) has presented the beam-foundation analogy,
also for rectilinear beams, introducing the concept of the conjugate foun-
dation, obtaining for this kind of structures a complete and reciprocal anal-
ogy. Hjelmstad (1986) in an elegant and concise way reformulates the con-
jugate method with the intent of clarifying some misconceptions and displaying
the beauty of the analogy but also the difference between the equations of
'Asst. Prof., Dept. of Struct, and Geotech. Engrg., Univ. of Palermo, Viale delle
Scienze, 1-90128 Palermo, Italy.
Note. Discussion open until August 1, 1989. To extend the closing date one month,
a written request must be filed with the ASCE Manager of Journals. The manuscript
for this paper was submitted for review and possible publication on February 25,
1988. This paper is part of the Journal of Structural Engineering, Vol. 115, No.
3, March, 1989. ©ASCE, ISSN 0733-9445/89/0003-0560/$!.00 + $.15 per page.
Paper No. 23248.

660

J. Struct. Eng. 1989.115:560-575.

 statics and kinematics; nevertheless he does not recognize the reciprocal as-
pects.
The formulation of the analogy herein presented has the purpose of col-
lecting all the contributions made by the authors quoted in a unified theory
and showing how those previous contributions are only particular though
different aspects of the proposed approach. Moreover, it will be shown that
the latter descends directly from the Principle of Virtual Work (P. V.W.) and
Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by University of Exeter on 07/16/15. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved.

can be regarded as a particular form of this principle.

The unified conjugate method comprehends, as particular aspects, the Cul-
mann (1875) and Ricci (1911) ellipse theories for plane structures, though
these theories apparently do not belong to the field of the conjugate method.
The Cross (1932) column analogy, similar to the Culmann theory, is also
explained in the light of the proposed method.
The approach is applied to evaluating the influence lines of circular bridges
subjected to a movable unit load.
In the following sections the basic equations (equilibrium, compatibility
and constitutive laws) of the one-dimensional space member supported on
an external medium are first derived in a suitable form.

EQUILIBRIUM EQUATIONS OF ONE-DIMENSIONAL SPACE BARS

Let us consider a one-dimensional member (total length L) of an arbitrary

shape (including curved bars), with arbitrary supports, subjected to applied
load p(s) and moment per unit length m(s), s being the curvilinear coordinate
joining the centroids, with respect to a fixed origin s = 0. The vectors p(s)
and m(s) have, with respect to a right-hand system formed by the unit vec-
tors n ^ ) , b(*), t(s), (normal, binormal and tangent), the three components:
PC*) = lPi(s)p2(s)p3(s)f, m(s) = [mx(s)m2(s)m3(s)f (1)
As a consequence the stress resultants, i.e. shear forces, normal force,
bending moments and torsional moment, can be compacted in the two vec-
tors:
T(s) = [r, {s)T2(s)T3{s)f, M{s) = [Mi(s)M2(s)M,(s)]T (2)
In the hypothesis of small deflections the local equilibrium conditions are
deduced when, isolating an element whose length is As, the resultant of all
forces applied to the undeformed element and the moment of the resultant
are made to be zeros.
Assuming for the equilibrium a reference system fixed with the section S'
at the curvilinear coordinate (s + A*) and considering the external forces
pAs, mAs applied on an intermediate section S" at (s + u>As) with 0 < w
< 1 (see Fig. 1), then the translation equilibrium of the element can be
written in the form:
T(s + As) - GT(s) + GpAs = 0 (3)
where G and G are the transformation matrices formed by the direction co-
sines of n, b, t of the sections S and S" with respect to the systems in S'.
Hence:
1 -TAS -KAS 1 —T&AS — KW
G = TAJ 1 0 TWAS 1 0 (4)
KAS 0 1 K&AS 0 1
561

J. Struct. Eng. 1989.115:560-575.

 7lSts<-As)

(s+As)
Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by University of Exeter on 07/16/15. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved.

-its)
tls+As)

Ms)

FIG. 1. Mechanical Vectors on Element AS

where K and T are the curvature and the torsion of the curve respectively,
and w = 1 — to. The rotational equilibrium around the centroid of S' can
be written in the form:
M(s + As) - GM(j) - T(s)XAr + pAsXwAr + GmAs = 0 (5)
where Ar = tAs and wAr = twAs are the vectors joining the centroids of
the section 5 and S" respectively with the centroid S', and X means the
vector product.
The system of Eqs. 3 and 5 can be rewritten in an equivalent form:
T(s + As) - T(*) - (G - I)T(s) + GpAs = 0 (6)
M(s + As) - MO) - (G - I)M(s) - FT(.s) + FpAs + GmAs = 0 (7)
where I is the identity matrix, and F, F are given as follows:
0 As 0 0 wAs 0
F = -As 0 0 F = —&As 0 0 (8)
0 0 0 0 0 0
Eq. 7 has been obtained by developing the vector product according to
classical rales. Eqs. 6 and 7 at the limit (As —> 0), can be compacted as:

Q - BrQ + f = 0. (9)
ds
where

J. Struct. Eng. 1989.115:560-575.

 QT(s) = [Tr(,v)|lVfr<>)]:, f = rp^^liTi'Vc^

and
0 —T —K
T 0 0 0
K 0 0
Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by University of Exeter on 07/16/15. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved.

BT(s) = (11)
0 1 0 0 —T -k
-1 0 0 T 0 0
0 0 0 K 0 0
If the one-dimensional member rests on an elastic or an inelastic medium,
the vector f of the external forces can be decomposed into two parts:
f = to + f,„ (12)
where f0 is the vector of the applied external forces and fm are the actions
of the medium on the member.
The boundary equilibrium conditions can be expressed in the form:
T(Q - Q) = 0, s = 0, s=L (13)
Q being the assigned values of the stress resultants and T the Boolejan di-
agonal matrix whose diagonal elements are one or zero according to whether
the corresponding mechanical condition is prescribed or not.

COMPATIBILITY EQUATIONS

The configuration of the deformed one-dimensional member is fully de-

scribed by three displacement components resulting in vector u(s) and by
three rotation components of the vector <£»(,s) expressed by:
u(s) = [Ul(S)u2(s)u3(s)]T, *(s) = [*,(j)*2(j)*3(j)]r (14)
Let us denote as e(s) and K(S) the corresponding strain vectors having com-
ponents:
e(j) = [e1(*)e2(j)e3(s)]r, K(J) = [K,(j)K2(*)K3(j)]r (15)
In order to obtain the appropriate compatibility equations, we here derived
the strain-displacement relations from the equilibrium equations by applying
the principle of virtual work (P. V.W.) in the complementary form (Washizu
1968).
In order to do this, let v and q be the total displacement and the total
strain vectors of the member given in the compact form:
vT(s) = (uT\^T), qT(s) = ( e V ) (16)
and 8Q and 8f the internal and external virtual forces, respectively, satisfying
the field and boundary equilibrium Eqs. 9 and 13), i.e.

8Q - Br8Q + 8f = 0, T(8Q - 8Q) = 0. (17)

ds
The P.V.W. in the complementary form can be written as:
563

J. Struct. Eng. 1989.115:560-575.

 I qTrSQds
8 Q * - J yTMds - (vTnQ)o - {[(I - r)V] r 8Q}^ = 0 (18)
Jo Jo
Jo
where the superimposed tilde means an imposed value at the boundary.
Inserting 8f in Eq. 18, applying Eq. 13 and integrating by parts yields:
'L ' d V
I
Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by University of Exeter on 07/16/15. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved.

q - Bv - - v SQds + [(v - v) r (I - D8Q]£ = 0 (19)

o \ as I
Eq. 19 must be fulfilled for every value of 8Q. It follows that the two
relationships:
d
q = — v + Bv, 0 < s<L (20)
ds
(I - r ) ( v - v) = 0, s = 0, s =L (21)
are true.
Eq. 20 is the appropriate field compatibility equation for the one-dimen-
sional member; Eq. 21 represents the compatibility conditions at the bound-
aries which are complementary to the mechanical ones of Eq. 13.
The vector q, which represents the total strain vector, can now be decom-
posed into two parts:
q = q» + qm (22)
where qa is the vector of imposed strains and qm is the vector of the internal
strains.

RELATIONS BETWEEN DEFORMATIONS AND INTERNAL FORCES

For the structural analysis it is necessary to introduce the relation between

internal deformations and internal forces. Let us firstly assume elastic be-
havior for the material and consider a massive section, whose principal axis
are x, y , z. The relation between the vector of internal strains qm with respect
to the new system x(s), y(s), i.(s) (unit vectors associated with the principal
axes, Fig. 2), and the internal forces Q is:
0 = Eq m (23)
where E is the stiffness diagonal matrix:
E = E diag (Ax,Ay,A„Jx,Jy,J2) '. (24)
where E is the Young modulus and the geometrical moduli are defined as:
G A GA
Ar = ~
E
-, Ay = -~, AZ=A (25)
Xx E Xy

A being the sectional area, x*> Xy the shear coefficients and G the shear
modulus. In Eq. 24 Jx and Jy are the principal moments of inertia of the
cross section and Jz is given by:

J: = ~J« (26)

KG A

J. Struct. Eng. 1989.115:560-575.

Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by University of Exeter on 07/16/15. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved.

FIG. 2. Local Coordinate Systems of Bar Cross Section.

Jk being the St. Venant constant.

It is obvious that if 7 is the angle between the unit vectors n(s) and x(s),
the transformation matrix linking q to q is:
PCY) 0 cos 7 sin 7 0
8 = P(7) —sin 7 cos 7 0 (27)
0 PCY) 0 0 1
If the one-dimensional member rests on an elastic medium which reacts
like a generalized Winkler's foundation, the constitutive law of the medium
can be written as:
L = -Rv (28)
where R is a diagonal matrix:
R = r diag (ax,ay,a2,jxJyJ2) (29)
r being a subgrade reaction modulus and a , j , (;' = x,y,z) direction moduli.
Generally for non-prismatic members and non-uniform reacting media the
matrices E and R are functions of the curvilinear coordinate s.
According to the classical transformation, using the link between the quan-
tities Q and Q, qm and qm, (m and tm, v and v, Eqs. 23 and 28, with respect
to the old reference system n(.s), b(*) and t(^), can be rewritten dropping
the apices O , and assuming the following quantities:
E = e'EG, R = 0rR8 (30)
For a nonlinear elastic material and for a nonlinear elastic medium the
stress strain relationship (Eqs. 23 and 28) remain valid, the only difference
being that E and R must be replaced by functions of the internal forces or
deformations.
565

J. Struct. Eng. 1989.115:560-575.

 ANALOGY

Let us introduce the orthonormal base of order six:

0 I
H = (31)
I 0
Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by University of Exeter on 07/16/15. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved.

which transfomis the kinematical and mechanical variables of the real system
into other starred variables (mechanical and kinematical, respectively) for a
new fictitious or analogous system according to the following positions:
Q = Hv*, v = H _1 Q* (32c)
f = -Hq*, q = -HT'f * (32b)
tm = -Hq*, qm = -IT'f* (32c)
_1
If these equations the inverse H of H has been explicitly denoted, although
JnL == KB. , since H is not dimensionless.
Substituting Eq. 32 into Eqs. 9, 12, 20-23, and 28 we obtain:
d
q* = — v* + Bv*, 0<s<L (33)
ds
* _ *+ * (34)
TH(v* - v*) = 0, s = 0,
s =L (35)
— Q* _ g^Q* + f * = 0, 0 <
ds s <L (36)

f * = f* + f* (37)
(H - IH)(Q* - Q*) = 0, s = 0, s=L (38)
f * = -R*v*, R* = H E ' H (39)
Q* = E*q*. E* = HR-'H. (40)
These equations represent the set of all the governing equations, compati-
bility, equilibrium and constitutive laws of a fictitious system which has the
same shape as the original one (the same gradient matrix B(s) being present
in both starred and unstarred equations), with boundary constraints described
by Eqs. 35 and 38, and characterized by stiffness matrix E* and immerged
in a medium having stiffness matrix R*.
The kinematical vectors u*(s), ty*(s) (displacements of the conjugate fic-
titious system) and €*(*), K*(S) (strain resultant vectors, see Eq. 16), re-
spectively correspond, according to Eq. 32, to the mechanical quantities M(s),
T(s), and — m(s), — p(s); the latter two can be decomposed into applied ex-
ternal forces and reactions of the medium on the original member according
to Eq. 12.
In the same way the vectors T*(i), M*(y) (subvectors of Q*), which are
stress resultant vectors of the conjugate system, and the loads p*(j),m*(s)
(subvectors of f *), correspond, respectively, to the quantities ty(s), u(s),
—K(S), —e(s) of the real system according to Eq. 32.

J. Struct. Eng. 1989.115:560-575.

 The analogous fictitious system exhibits complementarily shifted restraints
at the boundary, in the sense that prevented displacements or rotations of
the constrained sections become free rotations or displacements respectively
and vice versa, as is shown by comparing Eqs. 21 and 35. Further, the
internal stiffnesses of the elements of the analogous member are obtained
by shifting compliance moduli of the real external medium (see Eq. 40). In
the same way the stiffnesses of the fictitious medium are obtained from the
Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by University of Exeter on 07/16/15. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved.

in versed moduli of the real member at the same section, as is shown in Eq.
39. A total duality between the member element stiffnesses connected in
series and the stiffnesses of the generalized Winkler foundation connected
in parallel is thus evidenced.
In order to have a better understanding of the physical implications of the
analogy, the particularization to the plane structures is now presented.
For plane one-dimensional members, when the unit vectors n(s), b(s), and
t(s) coincide for every section with x(s), y(s), z(s), the status of deformation
can be described by only three components of the displacement vector v: ult
u3, <j>2 for arches (loaded in the plane) and w2, <f>i> <t>3 f° r curved beams
(loaded out of the plane). The strain vector q has only three components
too: eu e3, K2 in the former case, and e2, Ki, K3 in the latter one. Identically
the mechanical vectors f and Q, external and internal forces, respectively,
reduce to pu p3, m2, Tit T3, M2 for arches, and to p2, mi, m3, T2, Mu M3
for curved beams. For this kind of structure the analogy makes it necessary
to consider conjugate systems which are complementary to the original one,
in the sense that to a real curved beam there corresponds a conjugate arch
and vice versa. The analogy is also valid for simple plane trusses where the
elastic strains of the bars, divided by the polar distances, must be trans-
formed into elastic reactions of springs applied to the corresponding poles
(in Ritter's sense) and directed out of the plane. Finally, it must be under-
lined that if the real system (assumed to be isolated from the external me-
dium) is statically indeterminate, the conjugate member (assumed to be iso-
lated too) is kinematically indeterminate. An external constraint applied
anywhere along the curve of the real system generates an internal degree of
freedom at the same section as the conjugate one.
Moreover, through the analogy, an elastic bar freely spanning between the
supports (i.e., not lying on the foundation) corresponds to a rigid bar on
elastic foundation.

COMMENTS ON RECIPROCAL ANALOGY

Comparing the present approach to the original Mohr analogy formulation,

it is evident that, as far as the equilibrium aspects of the conjugate beam
are concerned, and limited to the case of rectilinear beams, the two ap-
proaches coincide; nevertheless, in the original formulation nothing is spec-
ified about the stiffness of the conjugate beam, while in the light of the
formulation herein presented infinite stiffness must be given to the conjugate
beam.
The external load actions for the Mohr conjugate beam need to be com-
puted on the real beam; here these are obtained as reactions of the elastic
medium. Moreover, in the original formulation the loading plane on the con-
jugate beam is unspecified, therefore it becomes natural to select the same
plane as the loads on the real structure. Instead as has been shown, the
567

J. Struct. Eng. 1989.115:560-575.

 correct plane of the loads must be rotated IT/2 with respect to that generally
considered.
The theory of the elastic weight ellipse for plane structures (Culmann 1875;
Ritter 1886) is based on the antipolarity between the rigid rotation centrum
of the section and the line axis of the force rigidly connected with the sec-
tion.
By the present analogy the fundamental conic of this antipolarity can be
Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by University of Exeter on 07/16/15. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved.

interpreted as the inertia ellipse of the elastic stiffnesses of the conjugate

foundation. This ellipse indeed states the connection between the corre-
sponding fictitious centrum of the pressure and the neutral axis around which
there occurs the fictitious rotation corresponding to the original force. In this
way it is clarified that the (classic) elastic weight of an infinitesimal element
of the structure corresponds to the stiffness of an elastic spring in the di-
rection of the binormal (out of the plane) to the curve in the section. Ricci's
transversal ellipse can also be reinterpreted in a similar manner for plane
structures loaded complementarily to the one above.
The column analogy (Cross 1932) is essentially the same as the Culmann
theory, but more intuitive because there is a physical correspondence with
the analogous column; nevertheless, in this approach only the flexural stiff-
ness of the element is considered and transformed into the axial compliance
of the column fiber, neglecting the effects of the axial and shear deforma-
tions. Baron (1961), Bazant (1966) and Oden (1967), give a complete but
one-way generalization of the conjugate structure method by introducing the
six-order and vectorial character of the correspondence, specifying the cor-
rect line axes of the vectors to be applied to the conjugate structures; never-
theless, the inverse path, i.e. the reciprocal correspondence between real
forces (internal and external) and fictitious deformations, obtained by intro-
ducing the conjugate Winkler's medium, is not identified.
In a previous paper on the beam-foundation analogy the writer (Arid 1985)
outlines the reciprocal aspect, but only for rectilinear beams, therefore miss-
ing the correct six-order vectorial character of the analogy.
Finally, it must be emphasized that, for the class of self-conjugate struc-
tures, i.e. structures having self-corresponding restraints (for instance two
spherical fixed hinges at the boundaries) and stiffness matrices of the mem-
ber and of the medium such that the relationship EH - 1 = HR~' holds, the
possibility of obtaining the appropriate field compatibility equations from the
equilibrium equations by the transformation matrix H, according to Eq. 32,
coincides with the applications of the P.V.W. in the complementary vari-
ational form, as already shown before. The inverse path of obtaining the
appropriate equilibrium equations from the compatibility ones coincides with
the P.V.W. applied in the primal variational form. Moreover, since the P.V.W.
does not involve the constitutive laws of the material, for a given structure
not necessarily self-conjugate the starred fictitious quantities, derived from
the original ones by applying the matrix H, are to be considered as virtual
quantities. It follows that the compatibility and equilibrium equations can be
directly derived from each other simply by using the transformation H in
order to transform either the mechanical or kinematical quantities instead of
applying the P.V.W. in one of the two variational forms. This allows us to
understand that the analogy herein presented, and therefore all the previous
stages of the conjugate method, derive directly from the P.V.W.
The reciprocal analogy presented can be used to solve several practical
568

J. Struct. Eng. 1989.115:560-575.

 Droblsms i.e. the influence lines trusses isin^erstwrs chnn^s effects Hnd
plastic collapse mechanism of structures made up of one-dimensional space
members, etc.; nevertheless, the main contribution is to be found in the
methodological and conceptual aspects of the reciprocal analogy.

PRACTICAL APPLICATION
Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by University of Exeter on 07/16/15. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved.

As an example, let us consider a circular bridge of radius R. The bridge,

whose length is $R, is simply supported on cylindrical hinges having radial
axes at the two boundaries. In the example the ratios width/length and width/
radius of curvature are so small that the bridge can be considered as a cir-
cular beam subjected to vertical loads. As is shown in Fig. 3(a), the unit
normal vector of the curve coincides with the principal axis x(s) of the sec-
tions. Hence the internal stiffness reduces to EA2 = GA/xi for shear force,
EJi for bending moment and EJ3 = GJK for torsional moment. The influence
lines of the displacement components and of the stress resultants due to a
movable unit load for a generical section S, have been determined in closed
form, also taking into account the effect of the shear deformations.
Applying the proposed analogy, the real structure is transformed into a
rigid conjugate arch lying on an elastic medium having moduli rcti = 1/
E/„ ra3 = 1/EJ3, and rj2 = l/EA2 [Fig. 3(6)].
The conjugate system, according to Eqs. 35 and 38, has radially directed
supports at the ends as shown in Fig. 3(b). Since the unit vertical load can
be regarded as a concentrate negative variation Ar2 of the shear force, the
influence lines of the displacement components w2(-9\\), ^ I C ^ A ) , ^ ( ^ A )
of the section S (angular coordinate •&) can be obtained, according to Eq.
32a, by evaluating the stress resultants Mf, Tf, T* produced in the same
section by unitary negative concentrated strain A4>2 imposed in the section
P, of angular coordinate \, of the conjugate arch. In the same way the in-
fluence lines of the stress resultants r2(-&,X), Mj^.X.) M3(d,V) can be ob-
tained from the displacement components (j>*, uf, u*.
It is to be emphasized that the correspondence between kinematical and
mechanical quantities has been derived from the complete Eq. 32a in the
six-order space. Nevertheless, the given system involves only three com-
ponents for displacements and stress resultants.
Since the conjugate system is a plane rigid arch, the relationship between
the displacement vector of the section S, v*C&) = [«*(-&) %*(-&) ^ifOfr)]7, and
the displacement vector \*(r\) of a generical section V having angular co-
ordinate t] can be obtained by particularizing and integrating Eq. 33, which
gives:
v*C&) = S(% - T|)V*(T|) (41)
where:
cos (•& - r\) -sin (•& - ti) R sin (-& - TI)
S("& - T|) sin (ft - T|) cos (ft - f]) R[l - cos (-& - -n)] (42)
0 0 1
The matrix S(ft - -n) has the property that:
S(ft - t)) = S - 1 ^ - ft) (43)
569

J. Struct. Eng. 1989.115:560-575.

 P=7
Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by University of Exeter on 07/16/15. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved.

ux

(a)

r]2
.ra 3

'B

A
<b)

FIG. 3. (a) Circular Bridge; (b) Conjugate Rigid Arch

In a similar way, by integrating Eq. 36 for the present case, we obtain

the relationship between the force vector f*(ft)d,s = [p*(ft) p*($)
m$($)]Tds, applied to the section S, and the statically equivalent vector f *(y\)ds
at the section V, i.e.:
f*(ft)ds = Sr(Ti - %)i*{r\)ds (44)
Let
v*(0) = [0 ut tftf, Q*(0) = [Rfa 0 Of, # =0 (45)
v*(0) = [0 u% &„f, Q*(p) = [Rfb 0 Of, •& = 0 (46)

570

J. Struct. Eng. 1989.115:560-575.

 be the iTtikjiown dls^i3.cenient Rnd intern?.! force vector Ht the boundaries.
Applying Eqs. 41, 44, for the generical section S we obtain:
v*(ft) = §(ft)v*(0), ft <X (47)
v*(ft) = S(# - P)v*(P), ft >X (48)
Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by University of Exeter on 07/16/15. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved.

Q*(ft) = Sr(-%) Q*(0) - Sr(T, - ft)f *,(T))RdT), ft < X (49)

Q*(ft) = Sr(P - ft)Q*(p) + STCn - ft) f *(ft)/taT,, ft > X (50)

J*
Introducing Eq. 39 and Eqs. 47 and 48 into Eqs. 49 and 50 we obtain:

Q*(ft) = -S r (-ft)Q*(0) + R sr(-n - ^ ) R * S ( T I ) ^ v*(0), ft<X .. (51)

Q*(ft) = Sr((3 - ft)Q*(P) + R ST(T\ - ft)R*SCn - P)rfri v*(P),

ft>X (52)
where:
R* = diag (rai,ra3,rj2) (53)
Let \~ < X and X+ > X be the angular coordinates of the sections, such
that X~ immediately precedes and X+ immediately follows the section P.
Particularizing Eq. 47 for \~ and Eq. 48 for X+, the unitary negative con-
centrate strain at the section P can be written in the form:
v*(X+) - v*(X") = ( 0 0 - I f (54)
This system involves four kinematical unknown quantities. Particularizing
Eq. 51 for X~ and Eq. 42 for X+ and imposing the equilibrium gives:
Q*(X+) - Q*(X") = (0 0 Of (55)
This system involves only two mechanical quantities.
Solving the systems of six equations Eqs. 54 and 55 and inserting the
solutions into Eqs. 45 and 46 allows us to obtain the vectors v*(0), v*(P),
Q*(0), Q*(P). The latter, substituted into Eqs. 47 and 48 and 51 and 52,
gives the displacement and internal force vectors, v*(ft) and Q*(ft), respec-
tively, for the generical section S of the conjugate arch, which correspond
to the internal force vector and displacement vector, respectively, for the
original structure. The displacement vector components are then:
sin ft sin (P — X)
uf = M,(ft,X) =R
R (56)
sin p
"(P - X) cos ft sin (P -- X ) "
wf = M3(ft,X) = R ft<x (57)
P sin P _

4>2* = r2(fl,x) =
(P - X ) (58)

571

J. Struct. Eng. 1989.115:560-575.

 sin (P - ft) sin X
wf = M,(ft,X) =R (59)
sin P
cos (P —ft)sin X X
uf = M3(ft,X) =R ft>X (60)
sin p
Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by University of Exeter on 07/16/15. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved.

4>2* = r2(ft,X) = (61)

3
The internal force vector components are for ft < X:
#2 fl2 X cos -& cos (P - X) ft sin ft sin (P - X)
= 4>,(ft,X) =
2£/, 2G7, sin p sin P
P cos -ft sin X JL. cos ft sin (P - X) (P - X)
(62)
sin2p GJK sin p 3
Rl Rz X sin ft cos (p — X) ft cos ft sin (P — X)
r3* = 4>3(ft,x) + •
2EJ, 2GJ„ sin p sin p
P sin ft sin X sin ft sin (P — X)
(63)
+ ~- sinr2p +- sin p
Ml = «2(ft,X)
, R3 Rx2\ ft(P - X) R3 sin ft sin (P - X)
—<b3R + 1 (64)
\GJK GAJ p GJK sinp
for ft > X:
( R2 R' P cos (3 - ft) sin (P - X)
n = vft,x) = - —-
2EJ y 2GJ, sin2p
(P - X) cos (P - ft) cos X (P - ft) sin (P - ft) sin X
+ sin p sin 3
2 r
R cos (P - ft) sin X X"
(65)
GJ, sin p p.
Rz Rl p sin (P - ft) sin (P - X)
r3* = <f>3(ft,x)
2EJ, 2GJ„ sin2p
(P - X) sin (P - ft) cos X (P - ft) cos (P - ft) sin X
sin p sin p
sin (P —ft)sin X
(66)
sin p
JL. + ^ 2 \ X(P - ft)
M? = M2(ft,X)= -4>3* •
GJK GA/ p
R3 sin (P - ft) sin X
(67)
GJK sin p

J. Struct. Eng. 1989.115:560-575.

 Eos. 56—58 ?.nd 59—61 ^ive the expressions in closed forrn of the influ-
ence lines of the internal forces of the circular bridge for the section S (ft
< A. and ft > X, respectively).
Eqs. 62-64 and 65-67 give in closed form the influence lines of the dis-
placement components. It is to be emphasized that, for the present case, the
influence lines of the internal forces are independent of the stiffness moduli
(EJi,GJk,GA/x2), although the system is a redundant one, because of the
Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by University of Exeter on 07/16/15. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved.

particular position of the restrains.

CONCLUSIONS

By means of a correspondence between two systems, each consisting of

a one-dimensional space member resting on an external medium, a complete
reciprocal formulation of the conjugate structure method is presented. The
analogous fictitious sytem has a shape identical to that of the original, com-
plementarily shifted restraints at the boundary, and internal stiffnesses of the
member obtained by shifting compliance moduli of the real external me-
dium, just as the stiffnesses of the medium are obtained from the inversed
moduli of the real member. Plane structures loaded in the plane are trans-
formed into conjugate plane structures loaded out of the plane.
The Culmann and Ricci ellipse theories and the Cross column analogy are
shown to be particular aspects of the correspondence. The application of the
suitable transformation matrix to the kinematical quantities corresponds to
the use of the P.V.W. in the primal variational form just as the application
of the transformation to the mechanical quantities is equivalent to the use of
the P.V.W. in the complementary variational form.
The proposed method has been applied to the evaluation of the influence
lines of circular bridges.

APPENDIX I. REFERENCES

Arid, M. (1985). "Analogy for beam-foundation elastic systems." J. Struct. Engrg.,

ASCE, 111(8), 1691-1702.
Baron, F. (1961). "Matrix analysis of structures curved in space." J. Struct. Div.,
ASCE, 87(3), 17-38.
Bazant, Z. P. (1966). "Conjugate analogy for space structures." J. Struct. Div.,
ASCE, 92(3), 137-159.
Cross, H., Morgan, N. (1932). Continuous frames of reinforced concrete. John Wiley
and Sons, Inc., New York, N.Y.
Culmann, K. (1875). Die graphiske statik. Meyer-Zeller, Zurich, Switzerland, S4,
Cap. II.
Den Hartog, J. P. (1949). Strength of material. Dover Publication, New York, N.Y.
Greene, C. E. (1869). Michigan technic.
Hjelmstad, K. D. (1986). "Conjugate structure method." J. Struct. Engrg., ASCE,
112(6), 1413-1427.
Mohr, O. (1868). "Beitrag zun theorie der holz-und eisenconstruktionen,"
Z. Architekten-Ingenieur, Hannover, Germany, 19.
Oden, J. T. (1967). "Linear and nonlinear analysis by conjugate analogy." J. Struct.
Div., ASCE, 93(4), 27-44.
Ricci, C. L. (1911). "L'ellisse di elasticita trasversale," Rend. Ace. Scienze, Torino.
Ritter, W. (1886). Der Elastische Bogen, Zurich, Switzerland.
Rizzo, S. (1981). "LAnalogia generalizzata di mohr nella costruzione delle linee di
influenza," Giornale del Genio Civile, 6, Roma, Italy, 159-168.
Timoshenko, S. P. (1930). Strength of materials, D. Van Nostrand, New York, N.Y.

573

J. Struct. Eng. 1989.115:560-575.

 Washizu, K. (1968). Variational method in elasticity and plasticity, Pergamon Press,
Oxford.

APPENDIX II. NOTATION

The following symbols are used in this paper:

Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by University of Exeter on 07/16/15. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved.

Ax,Ay = transformed area moduli;

AZ,A = sectional area;
B = gradient matrix of internal forces;
E,E = stiffness matrices of the member;
E,G = Young shear modulus;
F,F = matrices obtained from vector product;
f,f0,fm = external force vector, applied external force vector, me-
dium reaction vector;
G,G = transformation matrices;
H = fundamental transformation matrix for the analogy;
I = identity matrix;
Jx,Jy = principal moments of inertia of the cross section;
=
Jz>JK twisting inertia moment, St. Venant constant;
=
JxJyJz rotational stiffness moduli of the external medium;
L = length of the member;
M = internal moment vector;
MUM2,M3 = bending and twisting moments;
m = applied external moment vector;
mi,m2,m3 — external moment components;
n,b,t = normal, binormal and tangent unit vectors;
p = applied external load vector;
Pi>P2,Pd — external load components;
Q = total internal force vector;
Q = assigned value of stress resultant vector at boundaries;
=
q>q0>qm total strain vector, imposed strain vector, internal strain
vector;
R,R = stiffness matrices of the external medium;
R = radius of curvature;
r = subgrade reaction modulus;
S = transformation matrix;
S,S',S" = sections of the one-dimensional member;
s = curvilinear coordinate;
T = internal force vector;
Ti,T2,Ti = shear and axial internal forces;
u = displacement vector;
v = total displacement vector;
v = assigned value of total displacement vector at boundaries;
x,y,z = unit vectors associated to the principal axes;
ax,0Ly,a2 = subgrade direction moduli;
p = angular coordinate;
F = Booleian diagonal matrix;
7 = angle between vectors n and x;
Ar = chord vector;
As = length of the element;
574

J. Struct. Eng. 1989.115:560-575.

 A -5~. *=—> Iri-lirt'^o^.'J J-«/~* IP's/-ty-&n«»fi!"i-!i<-1^1 r ^ « H A « n l dN-Ols-l •
^ ^ y l.JliiJU'U'tSO'U U-^iU<fa<WJlitAfc44.W A*J*i.iUi.J.WJUUJL Citll4J.ii,

Sf.Sg = external and internal virtual forces;

€ = strain vector;
ei.e2.e3 = strain vector components;
© = transformation matrix;
-& = angular coordinate;
Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by University of Exeter on 07/16/15. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved.

K = curvature vector;
KLK2, K3 = curvature vector components;
K = curvature of the curve;
X. = angular coordinate;
=
Xc>Xy shear shape factors;
p = transformation matrix 3 X 3 ;
<j» = rotation vector;
^i'^*^ = rotation components; and
co,co = nondimensional coordinates.

575

J. Struct. Eng. 1989.115:560-575.