Professional Documents
Culture Documents
DOI:10.21884/IJMTER.2017.4222.ZGJD1 132
132
International Journal of Modern Trends in Engineering and Research (IJMTER)
Volume 04, Issue 7, [July– 2017] ISSN (Online):2349–9745; ISSN (Print):2393-8161
essential factor. As human nightsoil, animal manures, and sewage sludge have C/N ratios lower than
the optimum values, they may be mixed with other agricultural residues that have high C/N ratios.
Examples of these residues are wheat straw, rice straw, water hyacinth, and duckweeds, all of which
are usually biodegradable, and can be made more so by physically reducing their size (e.g.
shredding) or by precomposting. However, problems can arise with these agricultural residues
because they float to the top, thereby forming a hard layer of scum on the slurry surface inside the
digester. Another term Loadings can be expressed as organic loading (kg COD or volatile solids
(VS) / m3- day) and hydraulic loading or retention time (HRT). A high organic loading will normally
result in excessive volatile fatty acid production in the digester (sour condition) with a consequent
decrease in pH, and will adversely affect the methanogenic bacteria. A low organic loading will not
provide a sufficient quantity of biogas for other uses, and will make the digester unnecessarily large.
To increase the process performance or achieve higher organic loading rates, the dispersed-growth
digesters can have part of their slurry recycled back to the digesters in order to retain more active
biomass and increase the solids retention time [3]. For anaerobic digestion of organic wastes such as
human excreta, animal manure, and other agricultural residues, accumulation of volatile fatty acids,
, and un-dissociated ammonia is commonly associated with digester failure.
IV. ASSESSMENT OF THE AVAILABILITY OF WASTE
In designing facilities for the handling, treatment, and disposal or reuse of these wastes,
knowledge of their nature and characteristics is essential for proper sizing and selection of a suitable
process. Gaborone City Council Treatment plant receives the capacity of wastewater ranging
between 45 000 and 60 000 m3 / day. This wastewater is a combination of excreta, flushing water,
and other gray water or sullage, and is much diluted depending on the per capita water uses. The
volume of water used ranges from a daily mean consumption per person of a few litters to about 25 L
for rural consumers without tap connections or standpipes. Consumption is 30-90 L for those with a
single tap in the household, and 30-300 L for those with multiple taps in the house. The strength of a
wastewater depends mainly on the degree of water dilution, which can be categorized as strong,
medium, or weak [3]. Rural areas like Mmaphashalala were also visited and some raw materials like
night soil, cow dung, beef manure, chicken manure and pig manure were found there. It was found that
an average of 5 kg of nightsoil is produced by each family. The amount and composition of animal
wastes (feces and urine) excreted per unit of time also vary widely. They depend on various factors
such as the total live weight of the animal (TLW), animal species, animal size and age, feed and water
intake, climate, and management practices, etc. For design of facilities for animal waste collection and
treatment, measurements and samples should be taken at the farm site or (if the farm is not built) at
similar sites. Young animals excrete more waste per unit of TLW than mature animals. Gaborone
landfill was also visited. A lot of waste gets damped at the landfill every day. Waste there includes
clinical waste, hazardous waste paints, chemicals, papers, plastics, tins and bottles.
V. DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF THE DIGESTER
An ideal plant should be as low-cost as possible (in terms of the production cost per unit volume
of biogas) both to the user as well as to the society. At present, with subsidy, the cost of a plant to the
society is higher than to an individual user. The design should be simple not only for construction but
also for operation and maintenance. This is an important consideration especially in a country where
the rate of literacy is low and the availability of skilled human resource is scarce. Use of easily
available local materials should be emphasized in the construction of a biogas plant. This is an
important consideration, particularly in a country where transportation system is not yet adequately
developed. A plant of short life could also be cost effective but such a plant may not be reconstructed
once its useful life ends. Especially in situation where people are yet to be motivated for the adoption
of this technology and the necessary skill and materials are not readily available, it is necessary to
construct plants that are more durable although this may require a higher initial investment. The design
should be compatible with the type of inputs that would be used [2]. Figure
shows the sketch of the design to be made. The design satisfies the design factors described above
since it is economic, simple, durable, and suitable for the type of inputs (semi- continuous feeding).
=
= 0.000475 m3 / day
Volume of dilution water required to be added to the influent mixture / day
= Volume of waste to be added / day - Volume of raw waste to be added / day
= 0.0009 m3 / day - 0.000475 m3 / day
= 0.000425 m3 / day
VI.II Characteristics of pig dung: Total volatile solids (TVS), % total solids = 85
TVS required / day = volume of digester volatile solids loading rate
= 0.027 m3 3 kg VS / (m3-day)
= 0.081 kg / day
Volume of methane produced / day = TVS required / day methane production rate
= 0.081 kg / day 1.02 m3 / kg TVS added
= 0.0826 m3 / day
Volume of dilution water required to be added to the influent mixture / day
= Volume of waste to be added / day - Volume of raw waste to be added / day
= 0.0009 m3 / day - 0.000423 m3 / day
= 0.000477 m3 / day
VI.III Characteristics of Beef dung: Total volatile solids (TVS), % total solids = 85
The volume of the digester =
Volume of methane produced / day = TVS required / day methane production rate
= 0.081 kg / day 1.11 m3 / kg TVS added
= 0.0899 m3 / day
Volume of dilution water required to be added to the influent mixture / day
= Volume of waste to be added / day - Volume of raw waste to be added / day
= 0.0009 m3 / day - 0.000620 m3 / day
= 0.00028 m3 / day
Table 1: Characteristics of nightsoil and rice straw
nightsoil Rice straw
Organic carbon (C), % total solids 48 43
Total nitrogen (N), % total solids 4.5 0.9
Total volatile solids(TVS), % total 86 77
solids
Percentage moisture 82 14
An optimal condition for anaerobic digestion should have a C / N = 25:1 in the influent feed:
= 0.645 / 0.205 = 3.15
The quantity of methane (10 m3/ day) is enough to be used by a family and can be used for a
lot of applications like cooking, boiling water, refrigerator and driving engines for production of
electricity.
Figure 5: Total solids of nightsoil added and methane produced against volume of digester
Series 1: Total solids added (kg / day), Series 2: Volume of methane produced / day (m3)
VII. CONCLUSION
The volumes of the designed digester waste tank and the gas collector are 0.027 m 3 each.
Since the digester volume is fixed, the volume of methane produced by this digester depends on the
raw materials’ methane production rate and volatile solids loading rate.
The volume of waste to be added per day depends on raw materials’ Hydraulic retention time
while the volume of raw waste depends on its bulk density. The raw material that will be used most
is beef dung because its yields more methane than other raw wastes. As stated earlier, it can be
concluded that a family needs about 10 m3 of methane for daily family use, which needs about 17 m 3
of digester.
The amount of biogas produced will be used for cooking, gas lighting, refrigerator, incubator
and other applications. The use of raw waste to produce methane gas will reduce the exploitation of
wood resources as main source of energy as it leads to desertification, loss of biodiversity and
environmental damage. It is estimated that on complete combustion 1 m3 of biogas is sufficient to -
Run a 1 horsepower engine for 4 hour, Provide 2.5 kW-h of electricity, Provide heat for cooking
three meals a day for ten people, Provide 12 hours of light equivalent to a 60-W bulb, Run a refrigerator
of 1 m3 capacity for 2 hour, Run an incubator of 1 m3 capacity for 1 hour.
This research can be replicated and large scale digesters can be made so that a lot of methane
gas can be produced as useful energy. The use of (small scale) biogas digesters is simple and cheap
and it can be afforded by an average person. This will help them save money they spend on buying
electricity and cooking gas. Companies and institutions can also use the raw waste they have to
produce methane gas. At BMC for example they are producing a lot of methane gas from cow dung
and they use it for boiling water.
REFERENCES
[1] About Biogas; Retrieved from: http://biogasassociation.ca/about_biogas; accessed on 20/5/2014
[2] AGRICULTURE, TRADE AND FOOD: COUNTRY CASE STUDIES; Retrieved from:
http://www.fao.org/search/en/?cx=018170620143701104933%3Aqq82jsfba7w&q=botswana&cof=FORID%3A9&si
teurl=www.fao.org%2Fhome%2Fen%2F&ref=&ss=1368j303424j8; accessed on-20/3/15
[3] B IOGAS COGENERATION P LANT PRESENTATION FOR THE 2012 T ECHNOLOGY MARKET SUMMIT; RETRIEVED FROM:
WWW.EPA.GOV; ACCESSED ON-15/2/2016
[4] CHONGRAK POLPRASERT (2007); ORGANIC WASTE RECYCLING: TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT;
ISBN13: 9781843391210; IWA PUBLISHING (INTL W ATER ASSOC)
[5] 2000 Botswana Annual Economic Report
[6] Biogas digesters; www.freepatentntsonline.com
[7] Martyn S. Ray (1987); THE TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATION OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS; ISBN-
10: 0139020810; Prentice/Hall International (1987)
[8] FLUID MECHANICS – Fifth edition
[9] Biogas as a fuel; retrieved from: www.appropedia.org; accessed on: 08/11/2015
[10] WENA – Volume 20. No 30. 2009 – 2009