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Energy Procedia 68 (2015) 77 – 86

2nd International Conference on Sustainable Energy Engineering and Application, ICSEEA 2014

Optimization active and reactive power flow for PV connected to


grid system using Newton Raphson method
Refdinal Nazira,*, Kiki Kanadaa, Syafiia, Prima Coveriaa
a
Andalas University, Padang-25163, Indonesia

Abstract

The application of solar power plants connected to the utility grid could be one solution in reducing the use of fossil fuels as
primary energy power plants.Currently, the use of solar energy to supply electricity on the on-grid area is growing rapidly. This
paper proposes a simple method to optimize the power delivery of photovoltaic (PV) system to the utility grid. Two variables, the
inverter output voltage Vint and power angle G, is determined from the roots of two simultaneous Eq., active and reactive power in
order to find the maximum and minimum reactive power. Newton Raphson method used to solve the roots of the two Eq.
simultaneously. The value of Vint corresponding to the root equation is done by adjusting the amplitude modulation of the
inverter.Hence, the set Gis done by shifting the phase angle of the reference wave of the inverter. In this model, 10 PV modules
type of ND T060M1 with a 60 Wp capacity are used. The simulation results using SIMULINK-MATLAB have a pretty good
performance. The voltage at the PCC point has reached its stable value at 220Volt . Simulation results have shown the maximum
value of the active power system at 1000 W/m2 irradiation was 408 W, as the reactive power is needed only 11. 82 Var. The solar
power can work in a power factor approaching unity with the application of the proposed method is suggested.

© 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
© 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of Scientific Committee of ICSEEA 2014.
Peer-review under responsibility of Scientific Committee of ICSEEA 2014
Keywords:optimalization;power flow; PV;grid system; Newton Raphson method

1. Introduction

The utilization of solar energy to supply electricity on the on-grid area is growing rapidly at this time. There are
various things that supports this condition. The government policy that supports beneficiaries photovoltaic as the

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +62-751-72584; fax: +62-751-72566.


E-mail address: refdinalnazir@yahoo.co.id

1876-6102 © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of Scientific Committee of ICSEEA 2014
doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2015.03.235
78 Refdinal Nazir et al. / Energy Procedia 68 (2015) 77 – 86

distributed generation on grid utility. The application of PV system connected to the utility grid can reduce/remove
the need batteries, so costs of energy become cheaper. Often, the construction of a PV system can benefit from the
roof of a house or building, so the special land is not required.
The main problem of the PV system connected to the utility grid is how to maximize the output power of the PV
for all sunshine conditions and optimize sending its to the utility grid. Hence, a control system of PV connected to
the utility grid can be grouped into two parts, namely Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) control and inverter
control [1]. MPPT control used to maximize the power output of the PV for all sunshine and temperature conditions.
In the meantime, optimizing delivery of electrical power from the PV system to the utility grid is done by inverter
control. Currently, the study of MPPT control to maximize the power output of the PV has grown rapidly [1-4]. The
Perturb-and-Observe (P&O) method has been developed by K. Chomsuwan et al. (1995) and W. Xiao et al. (2004)
the Open-and-Short-Circuit method has been proposed by T. Noguchi et al. (2002) Incremental Conductance
Algorithm has been developed by C. Hua et al. (1998). C. Liu & R. Cheung (2004) has proposed a method of
Estimate-Perturb-Perturb (EPP), Fuzzy Logic and Neural Fuzzy algorithm has been proposed by N. Patcharaprakiti
et al. (2006) and R. Ika Putri et al. (2012).
The inverter control is required by the PV system to optimize the delivery of power to the utility grid. In other
words, the active power delivered to the utility grid on a maximum value with unity power factor or no reactive
power generated/absorbed by the system. A number of the literature agreed [5-8] that in order to optimize the
delivery of electrical power from the inverter to the grid is done by setting the output voltage of the inverter and the
angle angle.
In this paper, a simple method is proposed to optimize the power delivery of PV system to the utility grid. The
inverter output voltage Vint and phase angle α, is solved from the roots of two simultaneous Eq., active and reactive
power equation, in order to find the maximum and minimum reactive power. Newton Raphson method used to solve
the roots of the two Eq. simultaneously.

2. System description

2.1. Configuration of proposed system

The configuration of proposed system consists of PV generator, DC Capacitor, SPWM Inverter, filter, step-up
transformer, load and grid as shown in Fig. 1. PV array is constructed by 10 PV modules connected in series. DC
capacitor serves to maintain the stability of voltage input inverter. DC system is converted by the inverter to AC
system using the method of Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM). In this proposed system, the utility grid
will supply power to the load if the power from the PV system does not suffice, or will absorb the power from the
PV system is exceeded.

Fig. 1. Configuration of proposed system


Refdinal Nazir et al. / Energy Procedia 68 (2015) 77 – 86 79

2.2. PV module

The main component of the solar power plant is the photovoltaic (PV). In General, the PV has a parasitic
resistance in series and parallel, as shown in Fig. 2. Characteristics of PV are highly nonlinear, that is affected by
external factors. Solar irradiation, temperature and wind speed was the main factor in the environment that affects
PV [9].

Fig. 2. Equivalent Circuit of PV

The single diode model Eq. used to describe the current output of the PV modules I, is expressed by the
following relationship [9-11]:

I I ph  I d  I p
(1)

Or

q
Vd
AkTc N s Vd
I I ph  I s ( e  1) 
Rp
(2)

where Iph is the solar current, Id is the diode current, Is is the diode reverse saturation current, Tc is cell temperature
(°K), k is the Boltzmann constant (JK-1) and q is the electron charge (C), and Rp and Rs in Ω are parallel and series
resistance. The output voltage equation of PV module is can be defined as:

Vd V  IRs
(3)

where Vd is the diode voltage, and V is the output voltage of PV module.


Changes in the solar irradiation will cause a modification of a curve PV, while changes in temperature will cause
to shift in voltage and current output of PV.

G
I ph [ I  K i (Tc  Tr )]
1000 sc
(4)
80 Refdinal Nazir et al. / Energy Procedia 68 (2015) 77 – 86

qEg § 1 1 ·
3 ¨  ¸
§T · Ak © c r¹
T T
Is I rs ¨ c ¸ e
¨T ¸
© r ¹ (5)

I sc
I rs qVoc (6)
1
AkTc N s
e

where G the is irradiation level, Isc is the short circuit current of PV, Ki is the temperature constant, and Tr is nominal
temperature.
The variation of output power P with the output voltage V for different level of solar irradiation is shown by Fig.
3. The maximum power point (MPP) for different level of solar radiation at 25°C for SHARP NDT060M1 module is
also presented in Fig. 3.

Fig. 3. Variation of output power P with the output voltage V for different level of solar irradiation

2.3. The single phase inverter connected to utility grid

The circuit equivalent and diagram phasor ofthe single phase inverter connected to the utility grid is shown in
Fig. 4. Vs and Vg are the output voltage of inverter and the grid voltage respectively. XL is the leakage reactance of
transformer and line. In this model, the power factor for the power delivered to grid is assumed unity. As shown in
Fig. 4b, The inverter must generate the output voltage Vs, which phase angle shifted by α against the grid voltage Vg.

a XL b
Is
AC

Vg Utility
VDC Vs
Grid
DC
PV
SPWM
Inverter

Fig. 4 Equivalent circuit and phasor of the single phase inverter connected to the utility grid (a) cicuit equivalent (b) diagram phasor.
Refdinal Nazir et al. / Energy Procedia 68 (2015) 77 – 86 81

The complex power (S) dilevered to utility grid can defined as,

S = VgIs* = P + jQ (7)

Where,

Vs  Vg
Is (8)
jI s X L

As indicated by Fig. 4b, Vg Vg ‘00 ,Vs Vs ‘G dan I s I s ‘00 , then

*
§ Vs  Vg · VgVs § VgVs Vg2 ·
S = Vg ¨ ¸ sin G  j ¨ cos G  ¸ (9)
¨ X X L ¸¹
© jI s X L ¹ XL © L

So, the active and reactive power (P and Q) can presented as,

VgVs
P sin G (10)
XL

VgVs Vg2
Q cos G  (11)
XL XL

where P is active power, Q is reactive power, Vg is grid voltage, Vs is output voltage of inverter, XL is reactance of
line and transformer, δ is phaseangle betweenVsandVg.
Power Eq. (11 and 12) became the basis for calculating the optimal power to delivery from the PV system into
the utility grid.

3. Modelling and simulation

Theblock model of PV module is constructed based on the equation of its equivalent circuit. PV generatorconsist
of 10 of SHARP NDT060M1 modules, which are connected in series. The parameters of 10 of SHARP
NDT060M1module are given Table 1.

Table 1. Parameters of SHARP NDT060M1 module [11]


Parameters Symbol Min Typ. Unit Conditions

Open circuit voltage Voc - 22.0 V - Irradiance: 1,000 W/m2


Maximum power voltage Vpm - 17.4 V - Module temperature:25°C
Short circuit current Isc - 3.90 A
Maximum power current Ipm - 3.45 A
Maximum power Pm 57 60 W
Module efficiency ήm - 11.36 %

The parameter values in the model block using the values in the data sheet module, whereas a value of Rs and Rp
is calculated based on the Eq. (2) and (3) that its resultsare0.03703: and 47.9:.The modellig for block PV module
is shown in Fig. 5. In this figure, the subblock ofcurrent source and diode can be determined from Equation (4) and
Equation (5).
82 Refdinal Nazir et al. / Energy Procedia 68 (2015) 77 – 86

Fig. 5 The modelling of PV module block

For modelling PV arrays, 10 PV modules assembled in series, so that its output voltage is 10 times of the output
voltage of PV module and its output current will be remain the same. A model of PV array connected with a model
inverter and transformer step up 60/230 volts. The proposed model also equipped DC capacitor to stabilize the input
voltage of inverter and a filter inductor 2 mH to reduce the harmonic distortion of inverter output. The Inverter is
built from MOSFETS components using SPWM method and the switching frequency of 10.8 kHz. Overall,
MATLAB SIMULINK-modelling of PV systems connected to the utility grid is shown by Fig. 6.

Fig. 6. Simulation model for PV system connected to utility grid.

To analyze the power flow adjustment of the PV systems connected to the utility grid, Eq. (10) and Eq. (11) can be
used. In these Eq., two variables can be adapted by an inverter, namely index modulation (ma) and phase angle (α).
In this analysis, ma and α can be solved through determination root of simultaneous Eq.(9) and Eq.(10).Here, the
output voltage of the inverter can be completed as:

Vdc
V m
inv 2 a
(12)
Refdinal Nazir et al. / Energy Procedia 68 (2015) 77 – 86 83

If ratio of transformers is a, then the relationship between Vinvand Vscan be expressed as:

Vs
V
inv a
(13)

If Eq. (12) and (13) are substituted into Eq. (10) and (11) and the active and reactive power is set P = Pmax and Q
= 0 respectively, then the following Eq. will be obtained as,

G(ma , G ) Gi
V
dc
2 amaVg
sin G  Pmax 0
Xl (14)

H (ma , G ) Hi
V
dc
2 amaVg
CosG 
Vg 2
0
Xl Xl (15)

In this paper, the root solution of simultaneous Eq. (14 and 15) is calculated numerically using Newton Raphson
method, which is performed in in s-function (NR Block). From this solution, the values of ma and α can be
determined. In this analysis, Vg or Vpcc kept constant at a value of 200Volts and XL is 10.0441. Fig. 7 shows the
modelling ofnumerical calculation block. As shown this figure, the numerical NR Block is substituted on the block
that generating PWM signal.

Fig. 7. The modelling ofnumerical calculation block.

Testing of the proposed system is done under conditions of constant temperature and solar irradiation and load
change. In addition, Vpcc voltage is maintained at a constant value of 220 Volt. The variations of testing were
selected based on the PV system work for some conditions the output power. These variations are:

x Variation # 1 = Power Load < Output Power of PV system


x Variation # 2 = Power Load = Output Power of PV system
x Variation # 3 = Power Load < Output Power of PV system
84 Refdinal Nazir et al. / Energy Procedia 68 (2015) 77 – 86

Fig. 8. Signal test for variation of level irradiation

4. Results and discussion

The simulation results of power flow for PV system connected to the utility grid for different level of solar
irradiation and load is shown by Table 3 or Fig. 9. As indicate in Tabel 3 or Fig. 9, the output power of PV system is
proportional to its irradiation level. There are 3 variation of testing done. The first variation, when the output power
of PV system exceeds the power load, then the utility grid will absorb the excess power from the PV system. The
second variation, if the output power of the PV system is equal to the load power, then there will be no delivery of
power from the PV system to the grid. The third variation, when the output power of the PV system is not sufficient
for the load power, then PV system and the grid will be share to supply the load power.

Table 3. Simulation results for power flow of proposed system for different level of solar irradiation and load.
Irradiation Load Active Power (Watt) Reactive Power (VAr)
Variation Vpcc (Volt)
(W/m2) Capacity PV Grid Load PV Grid Load

#1 1000 100W 10VAr 220.3 408 -307.9 100.1 -11.7 21.7 9.998

#2 600 200W 20VAr 219.9 221.1 -21.4 199.7 -11.82 31.78 19.96
#3 500 300W 30VAr 219.7 178.8 120.3 299.1 -9.371 39.27 29.9

Fig. 9. Active and Reactive Power in PV, Grid, Load for different level irradiation and load.

From the test results it can be shown that the proposed system can work well in optimizing the delivery of power
from the PV system to the grid. The voltage at the PCC point obtained its stable value approaching 220Volt.As
shown in Table 3, the maximum value of the active power of the PV system for irradiation level of 1000
Refdinal Nazir et al. / Energy Procedia 68 (2015) 77 – 86 85

Watt/m2was obtained 408 Watt. Meanwhile, the maximum value of reactive power from the PV system has
produced 11.82 Var. This value is still relatively low, because the value of the power factor of PV systems is still
high (0.9996).The wave form of voltage, current and power for variation # 1 is shown in Fig. 10.

a b

Fig. 10 Wave form of voltage, current and power for variation # 1 (a) Utility Grid; (b) PV System; (c) Load

5. Conclusions

The optimization of the power flow of the PV system connected to the single phase grid has been successfully
simulated. Optimizing has been done through the completion of the root of the active power equation P (ma, α) and
reactive power equation Q (ma, α) using Newton Raphson method. The voltage at the PCC point has reached its
stable value at 220Volt. Simulation results have shown the maximum value of the active power system at 1000
W/m2 irradiation was 408 W, as the reactive power is needed only 11.82 Var.

Acknowledgements

The authors would like thanks to Andalas University for the financial support by BOPTN funding through
university competitive research grant in 2014 (No. 05/UN.16/PL/D-UPT/2014).

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