Divyanshi Traing File

SHRI A.D.K.
MAHILA POLYTECHNIC, MATHURA

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
SUMMER TRAINING REPORT
2017-18
CONTENTS
 Preface
 Acknowledgement
 Certificate
 About the company
 Product
 Introduction To LED Bulb & components
 Transformer
 Introduction To Stabilizer
 Testing Of Components Used
 Introduction of Inverter
 Conclusion
SHRI A.D.K.MAHILA POLYTECHNIC, MATHURA
2017-18
PREFACE
Our course of ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING is a three year diploma

course after 2nd year examination ,we have to do INDUSTRIAL training of
FOUR WEEKS, which is also called field exposure by this field exposures
we get the knowledge of technical institution.
This is a short training for the students about their related field. This training
gives on experience to the student for a particular job in which the possible
difficulties, that can arises between and the way in which they may
handling it successfully this training makes student more aware about the
advantages of related field.
I am completed my industrial training of GRANDE ENERGY SOLUTIONS

PVT.LTD. NOIDA (U.P.) In my training, I learnt about LED Bulb
Components & Assemble, SMT Machine Operation Circuit.
I am highly grateful to our principal Er. V.B.Singh incharge of Elex.

Department Er.M.K.Singh & lecturers & placement officer Er. A.K.Verma
our respected teacher who is the base sources of my inspiration & helped
me in training.
2017-18
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Our diploma course is professional courses by which we get the changes

for job. It gives practical knowledge but this knowledge is not enough for to
days technical condition. Our government started industrial training for
improving this condition.
My industrial training is permitted by our respected principal Er. V. B. Singh

and incharge of electronic department Er. M. K. Singh. GRANDE ENERGY
SOLUTIONS PVT.LTD. NOIDA (U.P.)
I pay my great thanks to the respected principal & staff of electronics

department for their suggestions they helped me in industrial training and
visited there to solve problems.
I am greatly thankful to the respected honour of Mr. Ajay Singh Guided me

in my Training time.
2017-18
About The Company
Established in 2015, we, “Grande Energy Solutions Pvt. Ltd.”, are an

eminent organization, engrossed in manufacturer a commendable
range LED Productssuch as LED Bulbs, LED Lights, LED Panel Lights,
LED Ceiling Light, LED Street Lights, etc. The range offered by us is
manufactured in adherence to the guidelines laid in the industry to attain
highest benchmarks of quality. Applicable in commercial and residential
establishments, these products are demanded across the globe.
Grande Energy Solutions Pvt. Ltd. established in 2015 mainly focuses on

energy saving products such as LED Lights, LED Street Lights, LED Bulb,
LED Tube Lights, LED Panel Lights and LED TV. The company is
established by young entrepreneurs who have a wide vision and deliver
eco-friendly, efficient, reliable and quality products for sustainable Lighting
and Power product solutions. Keeping in mind the "MAKE IN INDIA" vision
Promoted by our HONOURABLE PRIME MINISTER we focus on bringing
an innovation to lighting by providing environment-friendly, energy-efficient
and cost-effective Lighting solution. The company has its own production
plant in Noida (UP.) and is being provided with the latest technology. Also,
the company has its own quality inspection department for checking the
quality of products to ensure their flawlessness. We are offering 3 years
warranty on our products as we believe the forte of our company lies in the
quality of the products. We have an association with Hongkong based
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Shenzhen Reliance Import & Export Co. Ltd. which would further help us to
manufacture these world-class products approved by international industry
associations. The company procures quality tested raw material from
reliable market vendors to manufacture the products. Along with this, the
company has implemented manufacturing techniques and methods that are
in strict adherence to industry norms and standards.
Owing to our competent professionals and state-of-the-art infrastructure

facility, we are able to cater to the demands of customers in a proficient
manner. Under the guidance of our mentor, "Kartik Khullar", we have
been able to gain formidable position across the national and international
markets. Owing to his leadership skills and management techniques, we
are able to cater to the demands of customers with competency.
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PRODUCT
LED Lights And Televisions
Established in 2015, we, “Grande Energy Solutions Pvt. Ltd.”, are an eminent
organization, engrossed in manufacturer a commendable range LED
Products such as LED Bulbs, LED Lights, LED Panel Lights, LED Ceiling
Light, LED Street Lights, etc.
LED Bulbs
LED Light Bulb
12W LED Bulb

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LED Lights
LED Track Lights
LED Down Lights
LED Panel Lights

LED Square Panel Lights
LED Round Panel Lights

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LED Ceiling Lights
LED Ceiling Lights

LED Square Ceiling Lights
LED Rectangular Ceiling Lights
LED Street Lights

LED Street Lights
40W LED Street Lights
LED Solar Street Lights
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LED Modules
LED Modules
LED AC Modules
LED Sign Modules
LED Strips
LED Light Strips

LED Flexible Light Strips
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LED Power Supply
LED Driver Power Supply

LED Modules Power Supply
LED Raw Materials
LED Bulb IC Driver

LED Bulb Driver
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LED TV
HD LED TV
Slim LED TV
High Definition LED TV
Solar Home Kits

Solar Home Kits
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INTRODUCTION TO LED BULB
A LED lamp or LED light bulb is an electric light for use in light fixtures that
produces light using light-emitting diode (LED). LED lamps have a lifespan
and electrical efficiency which are several times greater than incandescent
lamps, and are significantly more efficient than most fluorescent lamps,
with some chips able to emit more than 300 lumens per watt (as claimed by
Cree and some other LED manufacturers). The LED lamp market is
projected to grow by more than twelve-fold over the next decade, from $2
billion in the beginning of 2014 to $25 billion in 2023, a compound annual
growth rate (CAGR) of 25%.As of 2016, LEDs use only about 10% of the
energy an incandescent lamp requires.
Similar to incandescent lamps and unlike most fluorescent lamps (e.g.
tubes and compact fluorescent lamps or CFLs), LEDs come to full
brightness without need for a warm-up time; the life of fluorescent lighting is
also reduced by frequent switching on and off. The initial cost of LED is
usually higher. Degradation of LED dye and packaging materials reduces
light output to some extent over time.
Some LED lamps are made to be a directly compatible drop-in replacement

for incandescent or fluorescent lamps. An LED lamp packaging may show
the lumen output, power consumption in watts, color temperature in kelvins
or description (e.g. "warm white", "cool white" or "daylight"), operating
temperature range, and sometimes the equivalent wattage of an
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incandescent lamp of similar luminous output.
Most LEDs do not emit light in all directions, and their directional
characteristics affect the design of lamps, although omnidirectional lamps
which radiate light over a 360° angle are becoming more common. The
light output of single LED is less than that of incandescent and compact
fluorescent lamps; in most applications multiple LEDs are used to form a
lamp, although high-power versions are becoming available.
LEDs, as their name suggests operate as diodes, run on direct current

(DC), whereas mains current is alternating current (AC) and usually at
much higher voltage than the LED can accept. Although low voltage LED
lamps are available LED lamps can contain a circuit for converting the
mains AC into DC at the correct voltage. These circuits contain rectifiers,
capacitors and may have other active electronic components, which may or
may not permit the lamp to be dimmed.
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LED BULB & COMPONENTS
1.PC cover
According to appearance, LED tube PC cover can be approximately divided into three types: Transparent PC cover,
milky PC cover, strip PC coverr. Different PC covers will be used in different ways. Here are some tips to show how
to choose LED tube PC cover:
Transparent PC Cover
The brightness of transparent PC cover is high, which is dazzling to our eyes. It can be applied when LED tube can
be installed on a dizzy height(4 meters above).
Milky PC Cover
Luminance of milky PC cover is much lower than transparent PC cover. The light is very soft and mild. Milky PC is
suitable to be employed in hospitals, banks, family home use and so on to create warm atmosphere.
Strip PC Cover
The brightness of strip PC cover is between transparent PC cover and milky PC cover. It can satisfy the brightness of
the LED tube as well as our eyes's fitness. However, the light is not well-distributed.
Before purchasing, customers should be clear about the advantages and applications of different PC covers and
choose the right PC covers as needed.
2 Aluminum PCB and led

Printed circuit boards, or PCBs, are everywhere in our technology-based society. Everything from computers to
medical equipment to cars contains these PCBs in one form or another. However, not all PCBs are the same— many
of them use different designs or materials to suit a unique purpose. The base material is especially important for the
circuit board, which helps determine how effectively the circuit board transfers heat.
Some applications require specific properties in their circuit boards. This is especially true for temperature-sensitive
applications, one of which is LED lighting. The LED lighting industry is expanding rapidly in response to increased
interest in the more efficient and cost-effective lighting method, but much of the functionality of LED lights depends
on the temperature of its system. For many companies, the solution to this problem is in aluminum-based PCBs.
To help you understand why the LED lighting industry uses PCBs, we’ve outlined the nature of PCB base layers, the
attractive qualities of aluminum PCBs and why they work well in the LED lighting industry.
PCB Cores
Engineers design printed circuit boards to work best within their particular application. The designs can specify the
nature of the circuit, the PCB coating material, the size of the PCB and a variety of other qualities. One of the most
basic qualities to change, however, is the core of the circuit board.
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PCB bases come in a variety of materials, including:
 FR-4: Most common of these materials is FR-4, a base composed of glass and epoxy. While fire-retardant,
FR-4 tends to be relatively inefficient at transferring heat.
 Epoxies: Another, albeit less common substrate for PCBs is a material known as an epoxy. While less durable
than other options, epoxy-based PCBs are much cheaper to manufacture.
 Metal-core: Metal-core PCBs are very effective for a variety of applications, specifically those involving heat
transfers. These bases consist of metal, usually aluminum, laminated with copper. These metals give the circuit
board improved electrical insulation and thermal conductivity.
When thermal qualities are not as important, FR-4 or epoxy bases are more common, as these tend to be relatively
less expensive. However, when thermal qualities are important for the proper function of the end product, metal-core
printed circuit boards are likely the solution.
About Aluminum PCBs
Most common among metal-core printed circuit boards is the aluminum PCB. This type of printed circuit board is
built on top of an aluminum alloy base, instead of a fiberglass base. The alloy usually consists of a combination of
magnesium, aluminum and silumin, altering the properties of the metal to best suit the needs of the application.
All aluminum PCBs consist of the following layers:
 The Base Layer: The base layer of the PCB is the aluminum alloy sheet upon which the rest of the PCB
builds. This alloy is typically designed to provide maximum electrical insulation and thermal conductivity.
 The Thermal Insulation Layer: This layer is extremely important in the design of the PCB. Consisting of a
ceramic polymer, this layer protects the PCB from mechanical or thermal damage by offering thermal
resistance and viscoelastic properties. This works by absorbing the heat created as the current moves through
the circuits and transferring it to the aluminum layer — there it disperses.
 The Circuit Layer: This layer contributes most to the end function of the board, containing the copper foil
circuits needed for the PCB to function.
These layers occur in any number of variations, with one or several thermal and circuit layers depending on the
particular application. The layers listed also lend a number of different benefits to aluminum PCBs, which can be of
use to several key industries.
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Aluminum PCB Types

There are numerous ways the layers above can be altered to create new PCB designs. Each of these variations results
in slightly different qualities of the PCB, making it more suitable for some industries and applications over others.
Some types of Aluminum PCBs include:
 Flexible Aluminum: This relatively new material uses ceramic fillers and polyimide resin to provide excellent
insulation and flexibility, all while retaining the aluminum’s impressive thermal conductivity. These PCBs can
be formed to connect directly where they are needed. This eliminates the need for cables, connectors and
fixtures, which can add to the end cost of the product. Once they are bent, however, they are meant to stay
there — these PCBs are not designed to flex constantly.
 Hybrid Aluminum: Just as it sounds, a non-thermal material fused to an aluminum base metal creates hybrid
aluminum. Usually, the material is a circuit board made with conventional FR-4. By fusing these layers
together, the circuit board can dissipate heat more effectively, as well as increase rigidity. These hybrids also
tend to be less expensive than entirely aluminum products. The downside, however, is the loss of flexibility.
 Multilayer Aluminum: In high performance power-supply applications, multilayer aluminum PCBs are
generally the best. These PCBs consist of layers of thermally conductive dielectrics. While this multilayer
approach can handle high performance, they tend to be less efficient when it comes to transferring heat
However, overall these PCBs tend to be effective for basic heat dissipation in more complex designs.
 Through-Hole Aluminum: For more complex constructions, the aluminum base of a PCB can be pre-drilled
and back-filled with dielectric before being laminated with thermal materials. These are highly complex, and
tend to be labor-intensive projects meant for particularly complicated or specific projects.
Get Pricing and Lead Time
Of these aluminum PCB types, flexible and hybrid varieties tend to see the most use in industries like the LED
lighting industry.
The LED Lighting Industry
Light Emitting Diode, or LED, lighting is an increasingly popular lighting solution, favored for its improved
longevity and reduced environmental impact. Some of the benefits of LED lighting over conventional methods
include:
 Lower Power Consumption: Quality LED lights can be six to seven times more efficient than traditional
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incandescent lights. On average, switching your home from incandescent lighting to LED lights can cut your
energy use by more than 80 percent
 Longer Lifespan: LED light bulbs can have a life of over 25,000 hours, or three years of 24/7 use! This is 25
times longer than any traditional light bulb. This saves you the time, money and effort involved in purchasing
and installing new bulbs!
 More Efficient: Traditional incandescent light bulbs release 90 percent or more of their energy as heat. LED
lights cut this by up to twenty percent! This means more of your energy is going into lighting your home, and
less into unnecessarily heating it.
 Very Compact: Because of their small size, LED lights feature in applications of various sizes and varieties.
This means manufactures can insert LEDs into anything from computers and smartphones to cars and traffic
lights.
 Mercury Free: LED lights contain no mercury, unlike more traditional options. As a result, LEDs have a
smaller environmental impact than traditional bulbs and can be more easily disposed of, without special
disposal procedures.
These benefits are incredible, and have lent to the popularity of LED lighting today. As of 2012, Americans installed
over 49 million LEDs, saving $675 million in annual energy costs and significantly cutting carbon emissions. You
can find LEDs in automobile lighting, traffic lights, TVs and electronics and a variety of other applications.
However, one of the major problems with LED lighting is its thermal limitations. The temperature at which these
LED lights operate influences the color of the lighting, its efficiency and the overall lifespan of the light. This is
especially problematic as 70 to 80 percent of the electrical power applied to LED lights is converted into heat, and
every 10°C increase in temperature decreases the lifespan of the LED by as much as 50 percent! As brighter, higher
density LED arrays hit the market, more efficient thermal management solutions are needed to keep these arrays
functioning as long and as strong as possible.
Aluminum PCBs and the LED Lighting Industry
For many companies within the LED industry, aluminum PCBs are the new standard. This is because of the
numerous benefits and features aluminum PCBs contain. Some of these benefits include the following:
 Less Expensive: You can find aluminum in mines across the world, making it easy to access and refine,
especially compared to other metals. This abundance means aluminum is much less expensive than other rarer
metals. As a result, manufacturing with aluminum is also less expensive, especially when it comes to
aluminum PCBs.
Aluminum-based circuit boards are also inexpensive when compared to other methods of heat transfer, such as heat
sinks. While heat sinks may be slightly more effective at transferring heat than aluminum bases, they are much more
expensive to add on to the PCB.
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 Environmentally Friendly: Most of us know that aluminum soda cans are recyclable, and aluminum boards
are no different. Aluminum PCBs are recyclable and non-toxic, which means disposing of them is relatively
easy and environmentally sound.
 Improved Durability: Compared to ceramic and fiberglass, aluminum is much sturdier. This strong, durable
material is much more resistant to breakage, and can better handle the stresses of the manufacturing process.
This also means that the end PCB is much more resistant to damage from everyday handling, especially in
impact-prone environments.
 Lightweight: Despite how durable it is, aluminum is very lightweight. This means a PCB can have improved
resilience without additional weight, an important factor in manufacturing. Not only does this result in a lighter
end product, but it makes shipping and handling of the circuit boards and end products much cheaper and
easier to handle in large quantities.
 Better Heat Transfer: In electronics, consistently high temperatures can cause serious damage, negatively
affecting functionality. This makes heat transference one of the most important parts of a finished PCB.
Heat transference is a term referring to how well thermal energy moves from one place to another. How effectively a
material does his depends on the materials conduction, convection and radiation. Conduction refers to how easily a
material will transfer thermal energy from one area to another, while convection is the transfer of thermal energy
from a material to a fluid and radiation refers to the amount of thermal energy a material gives off.
Aluminum has some of the best qualities for heat transfer, because it conducts thermal energy fairly easily,
transferring it away from critical parts and minimizing thermal damage to the PCB. Comparatively, fiberglass is
much less conductive. This difference results in PCB boards that are much more efficient at thermal energy transfer
— in fact, aluminum-backed designs can be up to more efficient than fiberglass-backed designs by up to 10 times!
Because of these qualities, specifically the incredible ability to dissipate heat, aluminum PCBs have become the new
PCBs of choice within the LED lighting industry. This growing popularity within the LED industry is due to a few
incredible capabilities and improvements upon LED PCB designs made possible with aluminum PCBs. These
include:
 Increased LED Density: Each PCB design allows for a greater number of LEDs to mount onto it. Each of
these LEDs produces heat, heating up the PCB more quickly. This can be a serious problem for the longevity
of the LED lights, because each LED must stay within a strict range of temperatures in order to function
properly.
Traditional fiberglass-based designs have a cap on the density of lights per board, purely because the board can get
too hot. This is because fiberglass transfers heat relatively slowly, causing the heat to build up. With aluminum
boards however, more LEDs can function simultaneously without exceeding the specified temperature tolerance.
This is because in an aluminum-core PCB, heat transfers quickly and efficiently, due to the high thermal
conductivity of the material.
 Longer Operating Time: As with most electronics, the longer you use them, the hotter they get. This can
negatively impact the functionality of the system and alter its operation, especially in more complex systems.
In the case of LEDs, the quality and color of the lights change depending on how hot they get, and operating at
a hotter temperature reduces the overall lifespan of the LED.
With aluminum LED PCBs, the improved heat transferring qualities of the material results in the LEDs operating at
a lower temperature for a longer amount of time. This means aluminum PCB LEDs can operate for much longer
before they finally fail.
The Applications of Aluminum LED PCBs
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The above benefits make LEDs with aluminum-based printed circuit boards very desirable for a number of
applications and industries. Some of the more prominent applications of Aluminum PCB LEDs include:
 Telecommunications: Telecommunications equipment often uses LED indicators and displays, and because
of the surrounding machinery, the improved heat transfer ability of aluminum-based LED PCBs is extremely
useful in this application. Improved durability and decreased weight also make these aluminum PCB LEDs
quite desirable within telecommunications applications. Not only that, but aluminum PCBs are commonly used
in other components of telecommunications equipment as well, including filtering appliances and high-
frequency amplifiers.
 Automotive: You can also find aluminum PCB LEDs in cars on indicators, in headlights and brake lights, and
other applications. The durability, longevity and relatively low price makes these aluminum PCBs ideal within
the automotive industry. Their applications don’t end at LEDs either – aluminum PCBs are commonly used
within electronic regulators and power controllers.
 Computer: LED displays and indicators are becoming increasingly common within computer applications,
and the heat sensitivity of computer machinery makes aluminum PCB LEDs the ideal solution. In addition to
LED applications, computer parts like power devices, floppy drives and CPU boards are commonly use
aluminum PCBs because of their ability to handle and transfer heat.
 Medical: Lighting tools used in surgeries and medical examinations commonly use high-powered LED lights,
and these LED lights often use aluminum PCBs. This is primarily due to the durability and heat transfer
capabilities of aluminum PCB LEDs — this ensures medical equipment is functioning properly regardless of
the number of patients cycling through a medical office. In addition to lighting tools, medical scanning
technology often uses aluminum PCBs as well.
3.Heat sink
ny material that can conduct heat away from the LED can serve as a heat sink. Most
metals are excellent conductors of heat and therefore many LED manufacturers suggest
that mounting materials containing metal frames, fasteners and connectors be used, and
that the contact area between the LED and its mounting surface be maximized. It is also
important to make a good thermal contact between the LED and its mounting surface.
Recent illumination-grade LEDs contain metal fins and wings to assist in heat sinking as well
as large, flat areas suitable for attachment to heat sinks. Even larger heat sinking devices,
such as those used in some computer systems, consisting of metal slugs shaped to
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maximize their surface area, can be incorporated into LED systems containing arrays of
LEDs. These could even be integrated into the design of the system to increase
attractiveness (Figure 10).
4 LED driver
An LED driver is an electrical device which regulates the power to an LED or a string (or strings) of LEDs. An LED
driver responds to the changing needs of the LED, or LED circuit, by providing a constant quantity of power to the
LED as its electrical properties change with temperature. An LED driver is a self-contained power supply which has
outputs that are matched to the electrical characteristics of the LED or LEDs. LED drivers may offer dimming by
means of pulse width modulation circuits and may have more than one channel for separate control of different
LEDs or LED arrays. The power level of the LED is maintained constant by the LED driver as the electrical
properties change throughout the temperature increases and decreases seen by the LED or LEDs. Without the
proper driver, the LED may become too hot and unstable, therefore causing poor performance or failure.
Types of LED Drivers
There are several different kinds of LED drivers. At Future Electronics we stock many of the most common types
categorized by output current per channel, supply voltage, output voltage, maximum switching frequency and
packaging type. The parametric filters on our website can help refine your search results depending on the required
specifications.
The most common sizes for supply voltage are 2.3 to 5.5 V, 2.7 to 5.5 V and 3 to 5.5 V. We also carry LED drivers
with supply voltage up to 630 V. The output current per channel can be between 250 µA and 50 A, with the most
common chips having an output current per channel of 20 mA, 25 mA and 100 mA.
LED Drivers from Future Electronics
Future Electronics has a complete selection of LED drivers from several chip manufacturers that can be used as a
high power LED driver, constant current LED driver, RGB LED driver, dimmable LED driver, 24v LED driver, in an
LED driver IC (integrated circuit) or LED driver board as well as for any circuits that might require LED driver chips.
Future Electronics has a complete selection of LED drivers from several chip manufacturers that can be used as a
high power LED driver, constant current LED driver, RGB LED driver, dimmable LED driver, 24v LED driver, in an
LED driver IC (integrated circuit) or LED driver board as well as for any circuits that might require LED driver chips.
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Applications for LED Drivers:
Some applications for LED drivers are:

 Industrial / outdoor lighting
 Commercial lighting
 Residential lighting
 Cell phone camera flash
 Automotive interior or tail lights
 Garden lighting
 Portable flashlight / torch
 Signage
 Elevator lighting
 LCD backlighting
Choosing the Right LED Driver:
When you are looking for the right LED drivers, you can filter the results by various attributes with the
FutureElectronics.com parametric search: by Supply Voltage (-0.3 to +20 V, 2.7 to 5.5 V, 3 to 5.5 V,… ), Output
Voltage (up to 198 V) and Maximum Switching Frequency (from 200 Hz to 200 GHz) to name a few. You will be
able to find the right LED driver chip that can be used as a constant current LED driver, high power LED driver,
RGB LED driver, 24v LED driver, dimmable LED driver, in an LED driver board or LED driver IC (integrated circuit)
and for any circuits that may require LED driver chips.
LED Drivers in Production Ready Packaging or R&D Quantities
If the quantity of LED drivers required is less than a full reel, we offer to customers many of our LED driver
products in tube, tray or individual quantities that will help you avoid unneeded surplus.
In addition, Future Electronics offers its clients a unique bonded inventory program designed to eliminate potential
problems that could arise from an unpredictable supply of products containing raw metals and products with long
or erratic lead times. Talk with your nearest Future Electronics branch so you can find out more on how you can
avoid possible shortages.
5 Lamp holder
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SHRI A.D.K.

MAHILA POLYTECHNIC, MATHURA

 About the company

 Introduction To LED Bulb & components

 Testing Of Components Used

Our course of ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING is a three year diploma

I am completed my industrial training of GRANDE ENERGY SOLUTIONS

I am highly grateful to our principal Er. V.B.Singh incharge of Elex.

Our diploma course is professional courses by which we get the changes

My industrial training is permitted by our respected principal Er. V. B. Singh

I pay my great thanks to the respected principal & staff of electronics

I am greatly thankful to the respected honour of Mr. Ajay Singh Guided me

About The Company

Established in 2015, we, “Grande Energy Solutions Pvt. Ltd.”, are an

Grande Energy Solutions Pvt. Ltd. established in 2015 mainly focuses on

Owing to our competent professionals and state-of-the-art infrastructure

12W LED Bulb

LED Down Lights

LED Panel Lights

LED Round Panel Lights

LED Ceiling Lights

LED Ceiling Lights

LED Street Lights

LED Light Strips

LED Power Supply

LED Driver Power Supply

LED Raw Materials

LED Bulb IC Driver

Solar Home Kits

INTRODUCTION TO LED BULB

Some LED lamps are made to be a directly compatible drop-in replacement

LEDs, as their name suggests operate as diodes, run on direct current

LED BULB & COMPONENTS

2 Aluminum PCB and led

Aluminum PCB Types

Types of LED Drivers

LED Drivers from Future Electronics

Applications for LED Drivers:

Some applications for LED drivers are:

Choosing the Right LED Driver:

LED Drivers in Production Ready Packaging or R&D Quantities

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