Biodiversity and Conservation C-301

(1) Offsite collections are live collections of wild and domesticated species in botanical
gardens, zoological parks, wildlife parks, etc. These parks have seed banks, tissue
culture facilities and other ex-situ technologies. Thus, offsite collections can be used
to restock depleted populations, reintroduce species in the wild and restore degraded
habitats.
(2) Gene banks : They are institutes that maintain stocks of viable seeds, live growing
plants, tissue culture and frozen germplasm with whole range of genetic variability.
(b) Hot spots of biodiversity : These are areas with high density of biodiversity which are also
the most threatened ones.
Hot spots are determined by four factors.
(1) Degree of endenism
(2) Number of species
(3) Degree of exploitation
(4) Degree of threat to habitat due to its degradation.
There are total of 34 hot spots all over the world for conservation of biodiversity. India has
two hot spots- Indo Burma Himalayas, Western ghats.
Western ghats occur along the western coast of India for a distance of about 1600 km in
Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerala extending over to Sri Lanka. At about 500
m area contains tropical evergreen rain forests while at 500-1500 m semi evergreen forests
are found. Major centres of biodiversity are Silent Valley, Amambalam reserve; There is
high degree of endenism.
Indo-Burma hot spot extends from Bhutan to Myanmar covering most of north-east.
Valleys are rich in endemic species. The region has tropical forests below 1500 m and
temperate forests between 1780-3500 m.
(c) Biosphere reserves deal with conservation of ecosystem and genetic resources present in
that. There were 408 biosphere reserves till 2002. India has 14 biosphere reserves. Zones
of biosphere reserye
There are three zones of biosphere reserve
(1) Core zone (2) Buffer zone
(3) Transition zone
(1) Core zone : It is legally protected undisturbed central part of biosphere reserve where
no human activity is allowed.
(2) Buffer zone : It surrounds the core area. Limited human activity is allowed like
research, education, etc.
(3) Transitional zone : It is the outermost part of biosphere reserve where active co-
operation exists between local people and reserve management for cropping,
recreation, forestry, settlements, etc without disturbing ecology.
Functions of biosphere reserves
(1) Conservation : They are means of conserving genetic resources, species ecosystems
and landscapes without uprooting the local people.
(2) They help in restoration of degraded ecosystems and habitats.
(3) They support education and research in various ecological aspects of ecosystem.
(4) It promotes economic, cultural and ecological development.
Q. 50. Which cells form the humoral immune system ?
AIIS. B-lyinphocytes.
Q. 51. Which carcinogen causes bladder cancer in dye worker ?
Ans. Aniline.
Q. 52. What are the symptoms of Bladder cancer ?
Ans. (1) Obstruction of urinary tract.
(2) Urinary tract infection.
Q. 53. Name the pathogen responsible for typhoid.
Ans. Salmonella typhi.
Q. 54. What is neoplasm ?
Ans. The uncontrolled proliferation of cells results in clone called neoplasm or tumour.
Q. 55. Name the drug of choice for withdraw! symptoms of alcohol.
Ans. Benzodiazepine.
Q. 56. What are psychotropic drugs ?
Ans. The drugs which affect central nervous system and change the behaviour, perception and
consciousness are called psychotropic drugs.
Q. 57. What is the role of histamine ?
Ans. Histamine is released by lymphocytes which cause dilation of blood vessels.
Q. 58. What is causative agent of Syphilis ?
Ans. Treponema palladium.
Q. 59. What are two sources of AIDS infection in India ?
Ans. Heterosexual transmission : 80% ; Perinatal transmission : 8%.
Q. 60. Give full form of SCID.
Ans. Severe Combined Immuno Deficiency.
Q. 61. Write name of two fluids which contain lysozyme.
Ans. Saliva and tears.
Q. 62. What is name for wandering macrophages ?
Ans. Phagocytes.
Q. 63. Name the cells that produce, antibodies.
Ans. B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes.
Q. 64. What is role of histamine in inflammatory response ?
Ans. Histamine released by lymphocytes causes blood vessels to dilate.
Q. 65. What are Hallucinogens ? (PSEB 2012 C)
Ans. Drugs which change thoughts, feelings are called psychedelic drugs e.g, LSD.
Q. 66. Define Addiction. List three types of addictions.
Ans. Addiction is the physical and mental dependency. It is of three types : smoking, alcoholism and
drug addiction.
Q. 67. What are stimulants? List various stimulants and their source. (PSEB 2015 B, 2016 A) Ans.
Stimulants are those chemicals which increase the activity of central nervous system. They are called
superman drugs and mood elevators. Cocaine and caffeine are stimulants.
Q. 68. Why Alcohol is absorbed rapidly ? i ih Ans. Alcohol is absorbed rapidly due to low molecular
weight and high fat and water solubility.
C-170 Iggggtiil Bank of Questions BIOLOGY - XII [PB.]
Q. 69. Which day is celebrated as “No-Tobacco Day” ?
Ans. May 31.
Q. 70. Why is alcohol called a depressant ?
Ans. It lowers the activities of CNS (Central nervous system).
Q. 71. Why an alcoholic generally suffers from dehydration ?
Ans. Alcohol decreases ADH secretion which decreases reabsorption of water so more and hypotonic
urine is excreted which causes dehydration.
Q. 72. What is effect of alcohol on vision ?
Ans. Alcohol causes blurred vision, double vision and improper judgement of distance.
Q. 73. What is syndrome ?
Ans. Syndrome is aggregate of signs and symptoms indicating the presence and nature of a disease. Q.
74. Which is largest defensive organ ?
Ans. Skin is the largest, waterproof, germproof organ.
Q. 75. What is the principle of vaccination ?
Ans. On the principle of “Memory” of the immune system.
Q. 76. Which is the most abundant immunoglobulin in man ?
Ans. Immunoglobulin C.
Q. 77. What are the different types of T-lymphocytes ?
Ans. Helper T-cell, killer T-cell and suppressor T-cell.
Q. 78. Which type of antibodies are present in colostrum ?
Ans. Immunoglobulin A.
Q. 79. What are autoimmune diseases ?
Ans. Disorder in which immune system of an individual starts rejecting its own body cells are called
auto immune diseases. '
Q. 80. What are allergens ?
Ans. The substances which cause allergy are called allergens.
Q. 81. Define health.
Ans. Complete, physical, mental and social well being is defined as health.
Q. 82. What are the factors which affect the health ?
Ans. Physical and social environment and improper nutrition.
Q. 83. Name two diseases whose pathogens show transplacental transmission.
Ans. German measles (viral) and syphilis (bacterial).
Q. 84. Which vaccine is given to prevent tuberculosis ?
Ans. BCG vaccine.
Q. 85. Which factors determine the severity of disease ?
Ans. Number of microbes infecting the body and target organs of the microbes.
Q. 86. What do you understand by suitable gene ?
Ans. The term Suitable gene refers to that gene that will be modified in the host to produce specific
protein to kill specific disease causing organisms.
Q. 87. Why is poliomyelitis called infantile paralysis ?
Ans. Poliomyelitis generally affects the infants so it is called infantile paralysis.
C-182 DEEPAK Bank of Questions BIOLOGY - XII [PB.]

Characteristics of Mental Illness :

(1) False beliefs and hallucination.
(2) Partial or complete loss of memory.
(3) Serious thoughts of suicide.
(4) Lack of sleep or excessive sleeping.
(5) Social disfunctional.
(6) Drinking, gambling and drug abuse.
Q. 6. What kind of damage to brain may lead to mental illness ?
Ans. Brain controls the behaviour of individuals. Any morphological or psychological change may cause
mental illness. The brain can be damaged by following ways :
(1) Tumour.
(2) Infection in the brain.
(3) Radiation during neural development.
(4) Metabolic disorder, tuberculosis and leprosy.
(5) Toxic substance such as mercury, lead, tin.
(6) .Prolonged use of alcohol.
(7) Short supply of vitamins and minerals.
Q. 7; What are Psychotropic Drugs ?
Ans. Psycftoto^icdrugs are also addictive drugs. They are mainly of four types. They are also known as
mood altering drugs. The main Psychotropic drugs are :
(1) Tranquillizers: They lessen anxiety and tension and promote calmness without inducing ■
sleep.
(2) Sedatives : They switch off the activities of central nervous system and bring calmness,
relaxation.
(3) Opiate Narcotics : They suppress brain activity and relieve pain. They are popularly known
as pain killers.
(4) Stimulants : They stimulate the person make them alert, and cause excitement. They include
cocaine.
Q. 8. What are the factors which cause drug addiction ?
Ans. The factors wtiich cause drug addiction are :
(1) Curiosity due to frequent references of drugs in newspapers.
(2) Lack of interest in day-to-day activities.
(3) Desire to do more physical or mental work.
(4) Persistent use to get relief from pain.
(5) To overcome frustration and depressions.
(6) Inspiration from friends.
(7) Family History. f|j|;
Q. 9. Describe how the foetus with Rh +ve blood is affected if mother is Rh -ve.
Ans. The child of Rh +ve male and Rh -ve female will be Rh +ve. When blood of Rh +ve child and Rh -
ve mother comes in contact, the Rh factor of foetus stimulates the formation of anti-Rh factor in
maternal blood. Nothing Will happen in first pregnancy. But from second pregnancy antibodies of
maternal blood react with Rh antigen of foetal blood and cause agglutination. This is called
Haemolytic disease of newborn or erythroblastosis. It causes death due to severe anaemia, jaundice
or brain damage.
Human Health and Diseases C-181
 (2) Animal protein rich diet can cause cancer of large intestine,
(3) Sex hormones and steroids can also cause cancer.
Biological agents : Some viruses and other parasites are also believed to cause cancer.
Q. 2. What is the difference between normal cell and cancer cell ?
Ans. The differences between normal cell and cancer cell are following :
Normal cell Cancer cell
1. Definite lifespan. 1. Lifespan is not definite.
2. Normal cells are similar to parent cells. 2. Cancer cells show several changes in plasma
membrane, cytoplasm and genetic material,
3. Cancer cell show metastasis
3. Normal cells do not show metastasis. 4. Number of cells do not nearly remain constant.
4. Number of cells nearly remain constant.5. There is no balance between new cells and dead
5. There i s balance between new cell and cells.
dead cell.

Q. 3. What are the different types of cancer ? (PSEB 2012 A)

Ans. Cancers are classified on the basis of the original tissue.- They are of following types :
(.1) Carcinomas : It is derived from epithelial cells and glandular tissue, it includes skin
cancer, breast cancer, brain cancer, lung cancer, stomach cancer.
(2) Sarcomas : These cancers affect the tissue derived from Mesoderm. It includes cancer of
bone, cartilages, muscles.
(3) Lymphomas : It appears in lymphatic nodes, spleen. There is enlargement of spleen,
liver.
(4) Melanomas : These are cancerous growth of skin cells.
(5) Lipomas : It includes cancer of adipose tissue
(6) Osteoma : It is cancer of bones
(7) Leukaemia : There is excessive formation of WBC in the bone marrow leads to increase
in the count of WBC in blood.
Q. 4. What do you mean by Adolescence ? Give its common problems.
Ans. It is the period of rapid growth and physical and mental development betweenchildhood
and adulthood. It is marked by physical growth, development of reproductive organs and
changes in the functioning of neuro endocrine system.
Common Problems of Adolescence :
(1) Development of Acne due to influx of sex hormones.
(2) Hypochondria is due to anxiety disorder.
(3) Adolescents experience alternate period of loneliness and tendency to be with social
surroundings.
(4) Adolescents sometimes have inability to concentrate or enjoy and lead to depression.
(5) Stress disorder.
(6) Addiction to drugs, alcohol and tobacco smoking.
Q. 5. What is Mental Illness ? Give its characteristics.
Ans. It is defined as incomplete development of mind. It also prevents adjustment with the society.