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Points to note:
By using minor loop roads or branches, the size of the
area served by the ring road can be increased and
individual facilities can be directly served by the road Multi-level access roads: Ring road access to
system. New Bangkok Swarnabhumi Airport, Thailand.
3.6 External Circulation and Services
3.6.2 Road Patterns
The overall value and appeal of commercial/private buildings and other developments are greatly
dependent upon its accessibility features; i.e. roads and other means of accessibility. However, the
benefits of public roads become largely social and non-monetary in nature. When designing access
roads to a facility, the road engineers and planners need to consider:
Population concerned
Usage (present uses and potential future developments)
Affordability
Alternatives (construction/management/application)
Vehicle 100 trips in / out combined in the peak hours for the proposed
Movements development
Development traffic exceeds 10% of turning movements at
junctions with and on National Roads.
Development traffic exceeds 5% of turning movements at
junctions with National Roads if location has potential to become
congested or sensitive.
Parking
Provided 100 on-site parking spaces.
3.6 External Circulation and Services
3.6.5 Hierarchy of Road Types and Capacities
3.6 External Circulation and Services
3.6.6 Traffic Analyses and Road Widths/Lanes
Traffic Analysis can be split into two well defined areas:
Traffic Volume – Done by Traffic Engineers and does not normally concern the Civil Engineer. This is not
relevant to determining the load on the road, only the size and layout.
Traffic Loading - This is the role of the Pavement Engineer and involves determining the loading on the road to
be carried forward to the Pavement Design.
Traffic Volume
The role of the traffic engineer is to enable all traffic to travel on the road at a reasonable speed and with an
appropriate degree of safety. This is not the loading that is used in the Pavement Design. These values are used
to determine the road width only.
With relation to the volume of traffic using the road, the passenger car is adopted as the standard unit and
other vehicles are assessed in terms of passenger car units (pcu). The classification of vehicles in pcu's is shown
below:
Differences in the urban and rural situations arise due to
Type of Vehicle Rural Urban
the variation of speeds in the two areas. Decisions on road
width are not normally made on total traffic flow per day as
Private cars, motor cycle combinations, taxis and
1 1 this is misleading but rather on the peak hourly flow.
light private goods vehicles up to 1.5t unladen
The maximum permissible flow is 3,000 pcu/h for a two
Motorcycles (solo), scooters and mopeds 1 0.75
lane dual carriageway and 4,500 pcu/h for a three lane dual
carriageway (motorway). For all purpose roads with
junctions these figures reduce to 1,100 and 1,900 pcu/h
Goods vehicles over 1.5t unladen weight 3 2
respectively.
Where the road is new, studies must be carried out to
estimate the volume of traffic expected to use the road.
3.6 External Circulation and Services
3.6.6 Traffic Analyses and Road Widths/Lanes
It is indicated that in normal circumstances a carriageway width of 5.5 m will be required where there is direct access to
dwellings but this can be reduced where there is no direct access. Further information on widths is provided as follows :-
It is indicated that the width of 5.5 m is normally sufficient for cars to maneuver around parked vehicles to use
accesses but where lengths of road do not provide direct access widths can be reduced as follows :-
The need to cater for access by fire appliances is covered and it is necessary to ensure that appliances can reach
within 45 m of a suitable entrance to any dwelling via a road of at least 2.75 m width with 3.66 m being the minimum
necessary to allow for operating space around the vehicle.
3.6 External Circulation and Services
3.6.6 Road Hierarchy and Recommended Widths
3.6 External Circulation and Services
3.6.7 Traffic Generation Tables/Guidelines
Average Base Trip Generation during Weekday PM Peak Hour
3.6.8 Design Details of Car Parking Spaces
Guideline to estimate required number of
parking spaces are given in the table.
All car parking spaces (except disabled spaces)
shall be a minimum of 2.4m x 4.8m, with a
minimum aisle width of 6m & 2.0m headroom.
Minimum 18.0m x 5.0m for lorries/trucks.
Should be well lit, incorporate good quality
hard and soft landscaping and be situated in
safe (surveillance by staff or CCTV), accessible
and convenient locations.
Disabled car parking spaces
Disabled car parking spaces shall be a
minimum of 3.6m x 4.8m and include a
wheelchair transfer zone of 1.2m.
For adjoining parking spaces, the 2.4m x 4.8m
minimum is acceptable when combined with a
common 1.2m transfer zone.
For in-line spaces the minimum shall be 6.6m x
2.4m with access available from one side.
Parking spaces and transfer zones should be
clearly marked with the British Standard
‘Disabled’ symbol on the road surface and a
notice at the driver’s eye level; BS3262 Part 1.
3.6.8 Design Details of Car Parking Spaces Operational Spaces