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UNIVERSIDAD ESTATAL AMAZONICA

DEPARTAMENTO DE CIENCIAS DE LA VIDA CARRERA DE INGENIERIA


AMBIENTAL

MATERIA: MICROBIOLOGIA
TEMA: BACTERIAS

EQUIPO: 3
INTEGRANTES:Pamela Morales

Jaqueline Mayorga
Gardenia Pionce
Paola Quinga
Luis Reyes
Liz Grefa
INTRODUCTION
Them bacteria are microorganisms prokaryotes that presented a size of some few
micrometers (usually between 0.5 and 5 μm of length) and different forms including
strands, spheres (coconuts), bars (bacilli), corkscrew (vibrios) and propellers (spirits).
Bacteria are prokaryotic cells, so in contrast to eukaryotic cells (of animals, plants, fungi,
etc.), have no defined nucleus or have, in general, inner membranous organelles. Usually
have a wall cell and this is composed of Peptidoglycan. Many bacteria have flagella or
other systems of displacement and are mobile.
Found in every terrestrial and aquatic habitat; they grow up in the most extreme as in
the hot and acidic springs in radioactive waste, in the depths of the sea and of the Earth's
crust. Some bacteria can even survive in the extreme conditions of outer space. It is
estimated that they can find around 40 million bacterial cells in a gram of soil and a
million bacterial cells in a millilitre of fresh water.
Have a great importance in nature, they are present in the natural cycles of nitrogen,
carbon, phosphorus, etc. and they can transform organic substances in inorganic and
vice versa.
The bacteria are everywhere, in the water, Earth and air, in the food we eat, and also
intrinsically different living beings, like humans. Some of these organisms bacteriological
are benefactors and favoring the development of the vegetation. (MasTiposde, 2015).

KEYWORDS
prokaryotes, bacteria, benefactors, micro-organisms, natural cycles

OBJECTIVES
Objectives general
study the origin of the waxre
Objectives specific
• Identify the features General and structure of the bacteria.
• Know the morphology of the bacteria DEVELOPMENT
General information
• Agencies prokaryotes
• Belong to the United bacterium
• Nutrition autotrophic and heterotrophic
• Reproduction asexual, by fission binary
• Motiles or not
• Habitat cosmopolitan, are the more resistant between all them beings live, can
survive to very low temperatures, even to the freezing total during years. Some
species live in sources hydrothermal and others survive in acid hot.
Bacterial structure

Structures unchanged
• DNA or Nucleoid: lies the genetic information
• Ribosomes: synthesis of proteins
• Cell wall: is one of the most important structures of the bacterial cell but it is not
always present. It gives rigidity and shape to the cell. Can be flexible or light. Are
relatively resistant and do not break easily by the osmotic pressure inside the
cell so they are osmotically protective. Its structure is not visible with the light
microscope but if with the electron microscope. Is not continuous but it is full of
pores through which pass water and other chemical elements necessary for the
existence of the cell. Is a barrier for those large molecules, such as proteins and
nucleic acids.
• Complex • Less compeja
• Presents Lipopolysaccharides • Not presents Lipopolysaccharides little
• Porins amount of porins
• More depeptidoglicano • Less amount of Peptidoglycan-
 Dyeing technique • you will get a pink or • In the technical of had you will get a color
red color pink or red a color violet

• Cytoplasmic membrane:
Acts limiting organelle since there are bacteria that do not possess wall (there can be no
bacteria without membrane).
In it they located certain enzymes usually of the metabolism energy.
Is the place where is cellular constituents certain biosintetizan of the wall and the
capsule.
A difference of membranes in cells eukaryotes do not possess sterols.
Its main function is the transport of nutrients into the cell in a process that requires
energy.
Variable structures
• flagella: gives movement to certain types of bacteria mobility and nutrients for the
cell.
• Fimbriae or pili: protein appendices, may be rigid or flexible, varying in diameter.
• capsule or biofilm: the capsules and the layers mucous are composed by
polysaccharides, polypeptides or complex of polysaccharides and proteins.
• -Protection against desiccation
• -Protection against priority
• -Protection against antibacterial agents
• -Improving the diffusion of nutrients
• -Adhesion to substrates

• Endospores: Resistance and perpetuation of the species


Morphology

The form of the bacteria to the microscope is determined by the rigidity of its wall cell.
Basically, is differ according to their form in cocos (spherical or oval), bacilli (cylindrical
or of canes; straight or curved) and spirits (spiral); These last include: Treponema and
Leptospira, Borrelia (see Figure 1). The spirits vary in the number of turns, since few
(Borrelia) to many (Treponema). Them bacteria can maintain is United ones with others
after the division cell, but keeping always the independence cell. If the plane of division
is unique, we can find diplococci or coconuts chain (microorganisms of the genus
Streptococcus). If the division planes are many, coconuts can be grouped in TETRADS or
in clusters (Staphylococcus). The bacilli can be very short (coccobacilli) or very long. Their
edges may be rounded or straight; they can be isolated, in chains, in filaments or forming
letters (Corynebacterium). Those bacilli curved can have form in comma (Vibrio
cholerae). Bacterial morphology is to be observed with optical microscope or electron
microscope, given the small size of these microorganisms. The most widely used in the
laboratory is the microscope's field of course, but there are others in which organisms
appear bright on dark background like dark field optical microscope. This microscope
allows the visualization of bacteria difficult of coloring as the Treponema pallidum, agent
of the syphilis.
* Coco: Have form spherical, as if were a pea. An example of bacteria type coconut can
be Streptococcus pyogenes, which can cause tonsillitis.

Ilustración 1. K. kingae
Ilustración 2. N. meningitidis

* Vibrio: They are Jewish (slightly curved). For example, Vibrio cholerae, which causes
cholera.

Ilustración 3. V. parahaemolyticus
Ilustración 4, Vibrio cholerae

* Spirillum: have form helical without arriving to be a corkscrew.


The spirits are gram-negative bacteria (mainly grouped in the "proteo bacteria") flogged
spiral or helical shape. Move in viscous media moving in screw. Its diameter is very small,
which makes that can cross the mucous. They are more sensitive to the environmental
conditions that other bacteria, so when they are pathogens are transmitted by direct
contact (via sexual) or through vectors, usually blood-sucking arthropods. The spirits are
the morphological classification of bacteria. They cause diseases like syphilis,
Leptospirosis and epidemic relapsing fever. They can be very dangerous. They can cause
pathology.
Example
Leptospira interrogans, that cause the leptospirosis

Ilustración 5,Leptospira interrogans

* Espiroqueta: They have a corkscrew shape. An example would be the Treponema


pallidum, which causes syphilis.

Ilustración 7. Spirochaeta plicatis Ilustración 6, Treponema pallidum

Ilustración 8.Leptospira which causes leptospirosis


or Weil disease

DIPLOCOCOS

The diplococci are a group of bacteria that are characterized by being associated
coconuts forming couples. Among them diplococci pathogens more characteristic find
a:

Ilustración 10Streptococcus pneumoniae: Ilustración 9, Neisseria gonorrhoeae: Diplococo


Neumococo o diplococo grampositivo. gramnegativo.
BACILOS

Have form of swab of the ears. An example can be the bacillus of Aertrycke, responsible of the
salmonella
example

Ilustración 11,Bacilo of Aertrycke: Salmonella

CONCLUSIONS
• We identify the General characteristics which are bodies prokaryotes that
pertain unto the Kingdom bacteria autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition and
their reproduction is asexual, by binary fission and the structure of the bacteria
• Met the morphology of the bacteria in the is determined by the rigidity of its wall
cell. Basically, they differ according to its form in cocci, bacilli (cylindrical or canes
and spirits.
RECOMMENDATIONS or PERSPECTIVES
• It is recommended to study the interrelationship between bodies and the
bacteria.
• It is recommended to carry out studies of how bacteria can be used in the food
and chemical industries: involved in the synthesis of vitamins and antibiotics
• Managed to investigate the characteristics of bacteria and their morphology is
formed in a very general way.

BIBLIOGRAFIA

Schaechter M, Medoff G, Eisenstein BI, Guerra H. Microbiología. Mecanismos de las


enfermedades infecciosas. Ed Panamericana. 2ª ed. Buenos Aires 1993

http://www.higiene.edu.uy/cefa/2008/MorfologiayEstructuraBacteriana.pdf

. Ballows A, Hauser-Jr WJ, Herrmann KL, Isenberg HD y Shamody HJ. 1991. Manual of clinic
Microbiology 5th Edition. American Society for Microbiology. Washington D.C.

http://www.unavarra.es/genmic/microclinica/tema03.pdf
CONCLUSIONS
the contribution of this study, is the identification of them types of bacteria level of
species giving features specific of each a, among them main features of them cells
bacterial is has the size, the form, the structure and the mode of grouping. These
characters constitute the morphology of the cell. The size of the bacteria, despite their
dimensions microscopic, can measure is with accuracy. Individual cells are spherical,
cylindrical or helical, shaped according to the species. On the other hand, in certain
bacterial genera, cells are associated with characteristic groups, the most common of
them are couples, clusters and chains. It is important to know these grouping models
because they are often characteristic of the species.
RECOMMENDATIONS or OUTLOOK
the main recommendation is that this information is transmitted, so that in future
research on bacteria is more detailed. You are advised that they deepen more in this
topic since it is very interesting.
BIBLIOGRAPHY

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