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FUEL INJECTION EQUIPMENT
11
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fuel pump
The fuel oil system for a diesel engine can be considered in two parts:
...................... and ...............................
Fuel supply deals with the ....................... suitable for use by the
injection system.
A slow-speed two-stroke diesel is usually arranged to operate
continuously on .............. and have available a diesel oil supply for
...................... .
a In the system shown in the diagram above the oil 1 through a three-way valve to a mixing tank.
is stored
c From the daily service tank the oil flows 3 in tanks in the double bottom from which it
is pumped to a settling tank and heated.
d A flow meter is fitted into the system 4 and a viscosity regulator to the engine-driven
fuel pumps.
e Booster pumps are used to pump the oil through 5 high-pressure fuel to their respective
heaters injectors.
f The fuel pumps will discharge 6 the cleaned, heated oil is pumped to a daily
service tank.
B. Pritchard, M. Borucinsky , J.
Luzer, A. Spinčić
Supply the missing information
The viscosity regulator controls the fuel oil temperature in
order to ..........................
A pressure regulating valve ensures a constant
..................................................., and a pre-
warming bypass is used to
.........................................................
A diesel oil daily service tank may be installed and is
connected to the system ......................
B. Pritchard, M. Borucinsky , J.
Luzer, A. Spinčić
Pair work: Discuss the following terms with
your partner
viscosity regulator
pre-warming bypass
B. Pritchard, M. Borucinsky , J.
Luzer, A. Spinčić
Part II
B. Pritchard, M. Borucinsky , J.
Luzer, A. Spinčić
The common rail system – jumbled text – give the
right sequence of sentences
1. There are two basic system in use.
2. The function of the fuel injection system is to provide the right amount of
fuel at the right moment and a suitable condition for the combustion
process.
3. Injection of the fuel to each cylinder takes place through a fuel valve
operated from the camshaft which releases a metered amount of fuel into
each cylinder at the instant it is required.
4. There must therefore be some form of metered supply, a means of timing
the delivery, of atomisation and distribution of fuel.
5. One is the common rail system, in which a single pump supplies fuel at
high pressure to a common manifold feeding the cylinders.
B. Pritchard, M. Borucinsky , J.
Luzer, A. Spinčić
Supply the right term
The other system is known as _____________, in which
the fuel is metered and raised in pressure by a separate
____________ for each cylinder. The pump is timed to
force the fuel through the _______________ into the
cylinder at the appropriate moment.
The great majority of medium and _______________
engines use the latter system. Fig.11.1. shows a
__________ type fuel pump.
B. Pritchard, M. Borucinsky , J.
Luzer, A. Spinčić
The plunger is actuated by a cam and a roller follower. A
helical spring is fitted to return the plunger on its down
stroke and to maintain contact of follower on the cam.
When the follower is on the base circle of the cam, the
pump plunger is at the bottom of its stroke and the inlet
port in the barrel is uncovered allowing the fuel to fill that
portion of the barrel above the plunger.
The plunger is a close fit within a barrel. As the cam
rotates the plunger rises and seals off the inlet and relief
ports and at this point of the stroke the pumping action
starts./ See Fig.11.2.(a).
B. Pritchard, M. Borucinsky , J.
Luzer, A. Spinčić
Supply the missing text
The timing of the injection is controlled by the instant that the pump
plunger ......................
This instant can be adjusted with the reference to the camshaft and
crankshaft position by ...................... by the screw in the tappet
shown in Fig.11.4.
Raising the level of the screw will .......................... .
After .............................., the fuel is conveyed by high pressure
steel piping to the injector.
The fuel flows at high velocity through small holes in the injector
nozzle causing it ..................... which penetrates throughout the
combustion chamber.
The high pressure of the fuel necessary to do this must be created
sharply ............................ and must be just as sharply dropped
when ..................... in order to avoid dribbling.
The injection of the fuel is achieved by the location of cams on a camshaft. This
camshaft rotates at engine speed for a two-stroke engine and at half engine
speed for a four-stroke. There are two basic systems in use, each of which
employs a combination of mechanical and hydraulic operations. The most
common system is the jerk pump; the other is the common rail.
The needle valve is held closed on a mitred seat by an intermediate spindle and
a spring in the injector body. The spring pressure, and hence the injector
opening pressure, can be set by a compression nut which acts on the spring. The
nozzle and injector body are manufactured as a matching pair and are accurately
ground to give a good oil seal. The two are joined by a nozzle nut.
Magnetic strainers are often used in lubricating oil systems, where a large
permanent magnet collects any ferrous particles which are circulating in the
system. The magnet is surrounded by a cage or basket to simplify cleaning.
Fine filters, again in pairs, are used to remove the smallest particles of dirt
from oil before the oil enters the finely machined engine parts in either the fuel
injection system or the bearings of the rotating machinery. Fine filters are full-
flow units which clean all the oil supplied to the engine. The filtering substance
may be a natural or synthetic fibrous woolen felt or paper.
Kerosene, used for commercial jet turbine engine fuels, for small heaters
etc
Diesel, used during cold weather conditions for automotive or truck fuels
in "compression ignition" engines
Heating oil used for residential heating furnaces and also used in warmer
conditions as diesel fuel for larger land-based, on and off-road engines, such
as trucks, buses, earth moving and material lifting and moving equipment,
farm equipment and railroad diesel locomotives. As gas oil it is used as fuel
for industrial heaters and boilers
Finally, the "heaviest", or highest boiling point fractions are often
blended with residual oil to make fuels for ocean going ships and large
industrial steam boilers
Bunker Fuel Terminology
Fuel for marine use in engines and boilers has the following types
and grades:
Notes: * Denotes a specific grade, usually shown by viscosity of the grade in cSt at 50°C
DMA
The product that is supplied as DMA is sometimes specially
manufactured at local refineries with a higher sulphur content and lower
price than land-based fuels rebranded for marine use. When that supply
is short of demand, "Home-Heating Oil" (No 2 fuel oil) is used,
provided the flash is above 60ª C, which it normally is. Similarly, DMC is
sometimes supplied by local refineries from "cycle oil" (lower boiling
point than No 2 fuels), and is sometimes blended in the supply terminal
from DMA and residual fuel oils. DMA is the common fuel for
tugboats, fishing boats, crew boats, drilling rigs and ferry boats. Ocean-
going ships that take residual fuel oil bunkers also take distillate fuels for
use in auxiliary engines and sometimes for use in port. The common
fuels are DMC, IFO-180 and IFO-380, depending on the specific
engines in service. DMB is infrequently specified, and is not available in
all ports. Where it is not available, DMA is supplied, sometimes in a
barge that has transported DMC or IFO (hence, a "dirty" cargo hold
that would contaminate DMA).
Properties of fuel oils
Fuel oils have various properties which determine their performance and are
quoted in specifications.
The specific gravity or relative density is the weight of a given volume of
fuel compared to the weight of the same volume of water expressed as a ratio,
and measured at a fixed temperature.
Viscosity is a resistance to flow. A highly viscous fuel will therefore require
heating in order to make it flow. Measurement of viscosity is by Redwood,
Saybolt or Engler instrument flow times for a given volume of fuel.
The ignition quality of a fuel is measured by the time delay between
injection and combustion, which should be short for good controlled burning.
Ignition quality is indicated as cetane number, diesel index and calculated cetane
index; the higher the value the better the ignition quality of the fuel.
The flash point is a figure obtained and used mainly to indicate the maximum
safe storage temperature. The test determines the temperature at which the fuel
will give off sufficient vapours to ignite when a flame is applied. Two values are
possible: an open flash point for atmospheric heating, and a closed flash point
when the fuel is covered while heating.
B. Pritchard, M. Borucinsky , J. Luzer, A.
Spinčić
• Low-temperature properties are measured in terms of pour point and cloud point. The pour
point is slightly above the temperature at which the fuel just flows under its own weight. It is the
lowest temperature at which the fuel can be easily handled. At the cloud point waxes will form in
the fuel. Below the cloud point temperature, pipe or filter blocking may occur.
• The carbon residue forming property of a fuel is usually measured by the Conradson method.
Controlled burning of a fuel sample gives a measure of the residual carbon and other remains.
Sulphur content is of importance since it is considered a cause of engine wear. A maximum limit,
expressed as a percentage by weight, is usually included in specifications.
• The calorific value of a fuel is the heat energy released during combustion. Two values are used,
the more common being the Higher Calorific Value, which is the heat energy resulting from
combustion. The Lower Calorific Value is a measure of the heat energy available and does not
include the heat energy contained in steam produced during combustion but passing away as
exhaust. The measurement is obtained from a bomb calorimeter test where a small fuel quantity is
burnt under controlled conditions.
The various fuel properties have different effects on performance of the engine and the storage
and handling requirements of the system. Blending and the use of various additives will also
influence both the engine and the system.
Metering
Timing
Atomisation
Distribution
metering is controlled
timing is adjusted
atomisation and distribution are ahieved
1. The oil enters the cylinders. Impurities are extracted from the oil passing it through
a filter.
2. The Third Engineer was at dinner. The supply pipe to the boiler burst.
3. Don’t use the new lubricating oil. The filter elemnts is first changed.
4. The air flows through the diffuser. Its velocity falls and is converted into pressure.
5. I was leaving the engine room. I met the master.
6. The pressure of the exhaust gas is almost down to a minimum. It has passed through
the turbine.
7. The crankshaft has to be handled outside the engine. It should be carefully
supported.
8. The rotary vane of the spur wheel is turned together with the camshaft. The vanes
come to rest against the stop segment.
B. Pritchard, M. Borucinsky , J.
Luzer, A. Spinčić
II. Join each pair of sentences by using the time link in brackets.
Remember that the Future Tense is not used in Time Clauses,
use the Present Tense instead.
Ex.The ship will reach port. Its dangerous cargo will be unloaded. (as soon as)
As soon as the ship reaches port its dangerous cargo will be unloaded.
1. The cadet will take your letter to the Post Office. He will go ashore. (when)
2. The refrigerator will continue to make that noise. We shall repair it. (until)
3. New main beraings will be fitted. The ship will laeve port. (before)
4. The heavy fuel oil will be heated. It will be properly atomised. (when)
5. The lubricating oil pump will be assembled. The necessary spare part will
come. (as soon as)
6. The rain will stop. We’ll go ashore. (when)
7. The mechanic will overhaul the crane winches. The ship will be at sea.
(while)
8. The Superindendant will know the facts. He won’t express an opinion about
the causes of engine breakdown. (until)