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29 September 2016
A company of
LAHMEYER INTERNATIONAL(INDIA) pvt. ltd.
Intec House
37, Institutional Area, Sector 44
Gurgaon 122 002 (Haryana) – INDIA
tel. +91 124 469 85 00 - fax +91 124 469 85 86
engineering-in@tractebel.engie.com
tractebel-engie.com
DETAIL PROJECT REPORT – FINAL
Our ref.: Document No. P.009822-G-00008-003
TS:
Imputation: Project No. P.009822
PUBLIC
Client : Noida Power Company Limited
Project : 8MW Solar PV Project in Uttar Pradesh
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Y S
R Y T
E / A
V M T WRI
. M . TTE
LAHMEYER INTERNATIONAL (India) pvt. ltd. - Registered office: A-3 (2nd Floor), Neeti Bagh - New Delhi – 110049 - INDIA
CIN:U74899DL1993PTC055028
A Company of
8 MW SOLAR PV PROJECT IN UTTAR PRADESH
Detail Project Report – Final
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY........................................................................................................ 11
2. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 15
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2.2. The Consultant ......................................................................................................... 15
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4.4. The Land .................................................................................................................... 31
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5.3.2. Wind Speed ................................................................................................... 40
5.3.3. Relative Humidity ........................................................................................... 41
5.3.4. Rainfall 41
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7.7. Losses in the Solar PV System ............................................................................... 57
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8.4. Solar PV Array .......................................................................................................... 72
8.4.1. Module 72
8.4.2. String Monitoring Boxes (SMB)/Combiner Box ............................................. 73
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8.15. Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) System .............................. 82
9. CONSIDERATIONS FOR DESIGN, BUILT, OWN AND OPERATE (BOO) MODEL ............ 85
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12. AUTHORITY........................................................................................................................... 86
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13.12. Operation and Maintenance Spares ....................................................................... 97
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 1.1: 8 MWAC SOLAR PV POWER PROJECT AT A GLANCE..................................14
Table 3.1: Reserve of Fossil Fuels and Maximum Potential of RE in India ............................19
Table 3.2: Target and Achievements of Renewable Energy Installations in India .................22
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Table 4.1: Climatic Parameters at the Project Location..........................................................29
Table 4.2: Photographs of the selected land ..........................................................................32
Table 5.1: Daily Solar Radiation over the Project Site ............................................................37
Table 6.1: Comparison of different Conventional Solar PV technologies ...............................48
Table 6.2: Comparison between Crystalline and Thin Film Technologies .............................51
Table 6.3: Comparative Chart of Available Technologies.......................................................52
Table 7.1: PV module Technical Parameters .........................................................................55
Table 7.2: Inverter Technical Parameters ...............................................................................55
Table 7.3: Minimum Pitch at different hours for different Tilts on 21st December .................56
Table 7.4: Tilt Optimization Study ...........................................................................................57
Table 7.5: Technical Losses considered .................................................................................57
Table 7.6: Monthly CUF of the Solar PV Power Project .........................................................58
Table 7.7: Estimated Generation from the proposed Plant over 25 years .............................59
Table 7.8: CUF at different Probability Levels ........................................................................60
Table 7.9: Net Energy and CUF for the Project Life at different Probabilistic Levels .............61
Table 8.1: Summary of DC Field Layout .................................................................................63
Table 8.2: Inverters and transformers details .........................................................................65
Table 8.3: List of Codes & Standards .....................................................................................68
Table 8.4: Technical Particulars of Auxiliary Transformer ......................................................76
Table 8.5: Technical Specification of 33kV Switchgear ..........................................................77
Table 8.6: Technical Particulars of LV Switchboard ...............................................................78
Table 8.7: Technical Specification of DC System ...................................................................79
Table 8.8: Technical Specification of Solar Cables ................................................................80
Table 8.9: Technical Specification of Power and Control Cables ...........................................80
Table 13.1: Manpower deployment for 8 MWAC Solar PV Power Plant ................................96
Table 14.1: Bill of Quantity ......................................................................................................97
Table 16.1: Capital Cost and O&M Expenses of SPV Projects .......................................... 101
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 3.1: Installed Capacity Growth in India ........................................................................18
Figure 3.2: All India Generating Installed Capacity as on June 2016 .....................................19
Figure 3.3: All India Electricity Requirement and Deficit Scenario .........................................20
Figure 3.4: All India Electricity peak demand Requirement and Deficit Scenario ..................20
Figure 3.5: Power generation through different Renewable Technologies ............................23
Figure 3.6: Estimated Potential of Renewable Energy in India ..............................................25
Figure 3.7: Power supply position in UP in 2015-16 ...............................................................26
Figure 4.1: District map of Gautam Buddh Nagar, Uttar Pradesh ..........................................28
Figure 4.2: Satellite view of the proposed location .................................................................30
Figure 4.3: Preliminary Plot Plan of the Project location.........................................................31
Figure 4.4: Minimum distance between two arrays of Solar PV Modules ..............................32
Figure 5.1: Annual GHI over Project site using different data sources ...................................38
Figure 5.2: Monthly Global Horizontal Irradiance and Diffuse Horizontal Irradiance at the
Project Site ..............................................................................................................................39
Figure 5.3: Ambient temperature at the Project location ........................................................40
Figure 5.4: Prevailing wind speed at the Project location .......................................................40
Figure 5.5: Relative Humidity at the Project Location .............................................................41
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Figure 5.6: Precipitation at the Project location ......................................................................42
Figure 6.1: Solar PV Capacity Growth World-wide from 2005 to 2015 ..................................43
Figure 6.2: Cumulative Installed Solar Capacity .....................................................................44
Figure 6.3: Solar PV based installed capacity in India (MW) ..................................................45
Figure 6.4: Schematic of a Grid Connected Solar Photovoltaic System ................................46
Figure 6.5: Mono-crystalline Silicon Solar Cell and Module ...................................................47
Figure 6.6: Multi-Crystalline Silicon Solar Cell and Module ....................................................47
Figure 6.7: Thin film Solar Cell and Module ............................................................................48
Figure 6.8: Market Share of different Solar PV Technologies ................................................49
Figure 7.1: Climatic zone map of India....................................................................................54
Figure 8.1: Grid tied Power Conditioning Unit.........................................................................74
Figure 9.1: Block diagram showing boo model .......................................................................85
LIST OF ACRONYMS
AC : Alternate Current
ASI : Archaeological Survey of India
AWS : Automatic Weather Station
BOO : Built, Own and Operate (BOO) model
BOS : Balance of System
°C : Degree Celsius
CERC: Central Electricity Regulatory Commission
CDM : Clean Development Mechanism
CdTe: Cadmium Telluride
CIS : Copper Indium – Selenide
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CIGS: Copper Indium Gallium Di-Selenide
CSP : Concentrating solar power
CUF : Capacity Utilization Factor
DC : Direct Current
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LII : Lahmeyer International India Pvt. Ltd
MNRE
: Ministry of New and Renewable Energy
MVA : Mega Volt Ampere
MW : Megawatt
MWh: Megawatt Hour
MU : Million Units
NAPCC
: National Action Plan on Climate Change
NASA: National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NPCL: Noida Power Company Limited
NREL: National Renewable Energy Laboratory
NPT : Notice to Proceed
O&M : Operation and Maintenance
RPO : Renewable Power Obligation
RMU : Ring Main Unit
SCADA
: Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition
SERC: State Electricity Regulatory Commissions
SMB : String Monitoring Boxes
SNA : State Nodal Agencies
STC : Standard Test Conditions
SLD : Single Line Diagram
SPCB: State Pollution Control Board
SPV : Solar Photovoltaic
TWh : TeraWatt-hours
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UP : Uttar Pradesh
UPNEDA
: Uttar Pradesh New & Renewable Energy Development Agency
UNCED
: United Nations Conference on Environment and Development
UNFCCC
: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
V : Voltage
WEO: World Energy Outlook
Wp : Watt peak
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1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Solar energy is the most readily available source of non-polluting renewable
energy resource. It could be utilized in two ways viz. direct conversion in to
electricity through solar photovoltaic (PV) cells and indirect conversion through
generating high temperatures by concentrating collectors and hence run the
steam turbine in line with a conventional thermal Power Plant. Uniqueness of
the solar technologies is it offers a wide range of applications from milli watt to
mega watt in solar PV while using through solar thermal collectors, the
generated heat could be utilised from domestic to industrial applications and
power generation.
India being a tropical country is blessed with good sunshine over most parts,
and the number of clear sunny days in a year also being quite high. India is
located in the sunny belt of the world. As per Ministry of New and Renewable
Energy (MNRE), Government of India (GoI), the country receives solar energy
equivalent to more than 5,000 trillion kWh per year with a daily average solar
energy incident over India which varies from 4.0 to 7.0kWh/m2 depending upon
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the location. India’s equivalent solar energy potential is about 6,000 million GWh
of energy per year1.
Realizing the overall aspects of solar power potential of Uttar Pradesh, Noida
Power Corporation Limited has planned to implement a solar PV power Project
of the capacity of 8 MWAC at the location at Sector 16 of Greater Noida in
Gautam Buddh Nagar district of Uttar Pradesh state.
The proposed solar plant area is located at Latitude 28.5827° North and
Longitude 77.4948° East near Sector 16 of Greater Noida in Gautam Buddh
Nagar district of Uttar Pradesh state in India. The annual daily average global
solar radiation over horizontal surface has been estimated as 5.4 kWh/m 2. The
selected Project location has well established connectivity and accessibility
through road and rail networks. The total land available at the selected location
is around 27 Acres for use in the solar PV Project. The land is stable and
suitable for setting up of 8 MW AC solar PV Power Plant based on Mono
crystalline based technology.
1
http://www.mnre.gov.in/information/solar-rpo/
This section addresses review of the solar radiation resource assessment of the
site at Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh. All the available Solar Database
Resources indicate that the annual average daily GHI at the selected Project
location is more than 5.0 kWh/m2 which suggests that the current location is
suitable for setting up a solar power Project. As Meteonorm interpolated
database is considerably more accepted and widely used in industry,
Meteonorm database has been used for the Energy Yield Assessment of the
proposed PV Project. It has been observed that the Project location receives
annual solar radiation of 1973 kWh/m2 (i.e. 5.40 kWh/m2 daily); which is best
suited for setting up of large scale solar PV power Project. The annual average
values of ambient temperature, wind speed and relative humidity have been
observed as 25oC, 1.8 m/s and 57% respectively.
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Section – 7: Energy Yield Estimation
The energy yield estimation has been carried using PVSyst software (V6.4.6)
with Solar Resource data from Meteonorm 7.1 Weather Database. The
optimised pitch distance considered for the Project is 7.3 m which will entirely
eliminate the direct shading effect between 9 am to 3 pm on 21st December. At a
row pitch of 7.3 m for a table of width 4.3m, the generated energy shall be
maximum at a tilt angle of 23°. This section also presents the technical
parameters of the selected solar PV Modules and Inverter. The technical losses
(DC and AC) have been elaborated along with the energy generation. From the
Energy Yield Assessment based on Meteonorm Solar Resource Database, it is
observed that the proposed 8 MW AC PV plant could generate 17,065 MWh of
electricity annually (DC CUF of 20.57% / AC CUF of 23.87%). Long term
performance assessment of the Project on account of Module degradation (first
five year degradation has been considered as 1.0%/ year while degradation
sixth year onwards has been estimated about 0.4 % for the project life of 25
years) has also been carried out.
This section elaborates the plant philosophy and presents the layout (DC and
AC) of the proposed 8 MWAC solar PV Project over the available land. The
string sizing of solar PV Modules has been optimized through PVSyst simulation
while the inter row spacing and other design parameters have been taken as per
the best practices.
The technical design aspect of the Project covers plant electrical design,
applicable codes and standards, specification of Solar PV Modules, Inverters,
Transformers, Switchgear (LT & HT), Grid Interface etc.
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section.
This section presents the Bill of Quantity of the major components of Solar PV
Power Project based on the Project Layout, Single Line Diagram and Estimated
Energy Yield.
This section presents the cost comparison of different projects in the industry.
As per the in-house database of LII it is observed that the actual expenditure of
different projects varies from around INR 6 Cr/MW to INR 8.5 Cr/MW whereas
the CERC Cost assumptions for year 2016-17 is INR 5.30 Cr /MW.
Table 1.1 below presents the major aspects of the 8 MWAC Solar PV Power
Project proposed at the location near Sector 16 of Greater Noida in Gautam
Buddh Nagar district of Uttar Pradesh.
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11. PV Module Technology Monocrystalline
2. INTRODUCTION
NPCL has planned to implement a 8 MWAC Solar Power Project near Sector 16
of Greater Noida in Gautam Buddh Nagar district of Uttar Parade. NPCL has
around 26.93 Acre of land for implementation of the 8 MWAC capacity solar PV
plant. The 10 MVA, 33/11 kV ESS-II Sub-station-cum-Switching Station has
been identified as evacuation point for the proposed Plant which is around 3 KM
from the project site.
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2.1. The Project Promoter
Noida Power Company Limited (NPCL) distributes power in Greater Noida, near
Delhi in Uttar Pradesh. The Company reaches out to a population of about 7 lac
spread across hamlets, villages and a new township spanning an area of 335
sq. km. The Company is a joint venture between the RP-Sanjiv Goenka Group
and Greater Noida Industrial Development Authority. The Company started its
operations in December 1993 pursuant to grant of license by the U.P.
Government. Currently, the Customer base is 70,994 and the peak load served
is 265 MW. The load profile is dominated by large and heavy industries that
constitute 59% of energy sale and contribute as much as 62% of the Company’s
income.
Site assessment
Solar Resource Assessment and Meteorological study
Solar PV Technology Assessment and Evaluation
Energy Yield Estimation
Project Technical Design
Project Registration and Clearances
Operation and maintenance
CDM
Bill of quantity and
Financial Analysis
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2.4. Basis of the Report
The Detailed Project Report (DPR) is based on the following data/ documents
and information:
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the world's third largest producer of electricity in the year 2013 with 4.8% global
share in electricity generation surpassing Japan and Russia.
Renewable Power plants constituted 28% of the total installed capacity, Non-
Renewable Power Plants constituted the remaining 72%. India generated
around 1272 TeraWatt-hours (TWh) in 2014-15.
2
http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/monthly/installedcapacity/2016/installed_capacity-07.pdf
3
http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/daily/dgr/2016/July/31/dgr17.pdf
350
303
300 272
250
200
Capacity, GW
200
132
150
105
86
100 64
43
50 27
9 17
1 2 3 5
0
1947
1950
1953
1956
1959
1962
1965
1968
1971
1974
1977
1980
1983
1986
1989
1992
1995
1998
2001
2004
2007
2010
2013
2016
Year
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The per capita average annual domestic electricity consumption in India in 2009
was 96 kWh in rural areas and 288 kWh in urban areas for people having
access to electricity in contrast to the worldwide per capita annual average of
2,600 kWh and 6,200 kWh in the European Union. The per capita total electricity
consumption in India is around 1075 kWh4 in year 2015-16. Electric energy
consumption in the agriculture is the highest (18.5%) in India.
For a quick look into the Indian scenario for energy resources, Figure 3.2 shows
the All India Generating Installed Capacity as on 2016 while Table 3.1 below
indicates the estimated hydrocarbons and other energy reserves along with
limitations either year-wise and the MW potential for all forms of conventional
fossil based fuels and present form of renewable energy sources.
4
http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/monthly/executivesummary/2016/exe_summary-06.pdf
186
303
43
43 25
1
6
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TABLE 3.1: RESERVE OF FOSSIL FUELS AND MAXIMUM POTENTIAL OF RE IN INDIA
Figure 3.3 below shows the electricity requirement/ deficit for India. Although the
country saw some improvement, it is still reeling under energy deficit. Figure 3.4
shows the peak demand requirement/ deficit for India.
10,00,000
6,00,000
4,00,000
2,00,000
42,428 38,138 23,557
0
2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
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1,80,000
1,60,000
1,40,000
1,20,000
Power, MW
1,00,000
80,000
60,000
40,000
20,000 6,103 7,006 4,903
0
2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
FIGURE 3.4: ALL INDIA ELECTRICITY PEAK DEMAND REQUIREMENT AND DEFICIT
SCENARIO
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environment supportive. Renewable and non-conventional energy resources
appear to be the alternatives to conventional resources as there are no harmful
emissions to the environment. Solar energy is the most readily available
source of non-polluting renewable energy and more or less uniformly distributed
over all tropical and sub-tropical regions of the earth. According to the statistics
of MNRE, the cumulative grid connected renewable energy based power
generation capacity was 44,244 MW6 till 30th June 2016. Out of this, wind power
accounts for 27,151 MW. Table 3.2 below presents the recent achievement of
renewable energy installations in India till 30.06.2016. The estimated potential of
power generation through renewable energy (wind, Solar, biomass etc.)
resources has been reported to be more than 1 Lakh MW by MNRE. In the
present scenario, the contribution of renewable energy resources towards power
generation is more than 28% in the country. Figure 3.5 shows the all India
installed capacity with the percentage of power generation through various RE
technologies as per MNRE.
6
http://mnre.gov.in/mission-and-vision-2/achievements/
Sector Cumulative
FY- 2016-17 Achievements (as on
30.06.2016)
Target Achievement
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Waste to Energy 15 1.23 141.27
-Rural
-Industrial 8 0 164.24
11%
18%
61%
18%
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FIGURE 3.5: POWER GENERATION THROUGH DIFFERENT RENEWABLE
TECHNOLOGIES
In addition the State Nodal Agencies (SNA) of MNRE along with the State
Governments has announced several policies towards promoting large scale
solar power generation. Gujarat Solar Power Policy-2009 is the best example of
State Policy under which around 850 MW capacity solar PV power Projects
have been connected to the national grid. Presently a number of states have
launched their Solar Power Policies namely Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Tamil
Nadu, Uttar Pradesh etc. In addition to the policies Government is implementing
Renewable Power Obligation (RPO) for the Generators and the Distributors in
the state towards promoting solar power by making specific consideration under
RPO.
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The target of Uttar Pradesh Solar Policy -2012 has been to reach 500 MW of
installed capacity of Solar Power Project in the state by March 2017
7
http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/monthly/installedcapacity/2016/installed_capacity-03.pdf
Goa, 0%
Sikkim, 1% Tamil Nadu,
4%
Gujarat, 8%
Haryana,
1%
Rajasthan, 17%
Himachal Pradesh, 4%
Punjab, 1%
Orissa, 3%
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Nagaland, 1%
Mizoram, 1%
Meghalaya, 1%
Manipur, 1% Maharashtra, 8%
Karnataka, 5% Jharkhand, 2%
Madhya Pradesh, 7%
Kerala, 1%
(Source: www.mnre.gov.in)
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3.6. Renewable Energy Initiatives of Uttar Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh New & Renewable Energy Development Agency
(UPNEDA) administers and promotes RE development in the state as the state
is having less renewable energy in numbers as compared to other states. A
target capacity addition of 500 MW of Grid connected Solar Power Plant has
been envisaged to be achieved till March 2017.
8
http://mnre.gov.in/file-manager/UserFiles/state-power-policies/UP-Solar-Power-Policy.pdf
Solar power generation has emerged as one of the most rapidly growing
renewable sources of electricity. In January 2015 the Indian government
significantly expanded its solar plans, targeting 100 GW of solar
capacity (including 40 GW from rooftop solar) by 2022. Moreover Solar RPO of
1 % is implemented in the state of Uttar Pradesh.
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Need of electricity, Environmental benefit and RPO requirement significantly
justifies the present project.
4. SITE ASSESSMENT
The proposed site is located near Sector 16 of Greater Noida in Gautam Buddh
Nagar district of Uttar Pradesh state. Greater Noida lies between 28.38° and
28.61° North of Latitude and between 77.43° and 77.61° East of Longitude.
Gautam Buddh Nagar district of Uttar Pradesh covers the geographical area of
1442 Sq. km
The district receives rain under the influence of southwest monsoons. As per
Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) 2009 Report, maximum rainfall occurs
during the monsoon period i.e., from June to September having the normal
value of 600 mm which is 85.7% of annual rainfall.
The climate of the district is sub-humid and characterized by hot summer and
cold season. After February, there is a continuous increase in temperature till
May which is generally the hottest month with average mean temperature of
33°C. The coldest month is January with average mean temperature of 14°C
followed by December with 15°C.
4.1. Micro-Climate
Gautam Buddh Nagar district is located in the ‘Composite’ Climatic Zone of the
country. According to the Meteonorm database, the Project location, near Sector
16 of Greater Noida of Uttar Pradesh state, receives a daily global solar
radiation ranging from around 3.71 kWh/m2 (in December) to 7.16 kWh/m2 (in
May) over the year. The annual daily average global solar radiation over
horizontal surface has been estimated as 5.4 kWh/m2 while the annual average
daily global solar radiation over inclined surface (i.e. at the latitude of the
location) has been estimated as 6.13 kWh/m2. The climatic parameters namely
the ambient temperature, relative humidity and wind speed at the Project
Location have been given in Table 4.1 below for each month of the year.
Mar 2 23.6 48
May 2.5 33 38
Aug 2 30.5 71
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Nov 1 20.3 58
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FIGURE 4.2: SATELLITE VIEW OF THE PROPOSED LOCATION
4.3. Connectivity
The selected Project location has well established connectivity and accessibility
through road and rail networks.
Air
The nearest airport from the location is at Delhi which is located around 50 km
from the site.
By Rail
Maripat railway station is the nearest railway station from the Project location
which is located around 1 km.
By Road
The location has good proximity with the National Highway. The Project area is
located at a distance of 4 kM from NH 34 and 14 kM from NH 24 and is well
connected through the approach roads.
Following key features and site characteristics of the selected location for setting
up the 8 MW AC capacity Solar PV based Power Project have been observed
during the site assessment:
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FIGURE 4.4: MINIMUM DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO ARRAYS OF SOLAR PV MODULES
While preparing the site plan, the Control Building, Guard House, Inverters and
Transformers need to be positioned in such a way so as to avoid any shadow on
PV arrays from these objects. A full scale Shade Analysis of the Plant Buildings
and inter-row spacing is required to be performed during detailed design and
engineering. A typical arrangement of Solar PV arrays from the point of view of
inter-row shading is given above in Figure 4.4. Table 4.2 below present the
various aspects of the selected site captured during the site visit.
As already explained in the earlier section, there are some shading elements
adjacent to the project location like trees and Transmission Tower which may
cause shading effect on the plant. The land is stable and suitable for setting up
of 8 MW AC solar PV Power Plant based on Mono crystalline based technology.
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Existing Building inside Plant Premises
The interconnection between GSS and the Plant will be through 33 kV cables
which will be laid separately by NPCL.
This section addresses review of the solar radiation resource assessment of the
site at Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh.
5.1. Introduction
The electrical output of a solar Power Plant is dependent on the incident solar
radiation it receives. Outside the Earth’s atmosphere, on a surface normal to the
solar beam, the power density is 1,365W/m2 which is known as ‘Solar
Constant’9. As the solar radiation passes through the atmosphere, depending on
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the length of the atmospheric path traversed by the solar radiation and the
quantity of dust, water vapour, ozone, CO2 and other aerosols/ gases present,
some amount of it is scattered and absorbed. The diffused radiation plus the
direct irradiance from the sun are together termed as Global (or Total)
Irradiance. The diffused sunlight can vary from about 20% on a clear day to
100% in heavily overcast conditions. The peak irradiance of 1,000 W/m 2 has
been taken as the standard value by which PV Modules are rated10. However,
the total solar energy received in a day over a specific area, called Daily Solar
Irradiance or Insolation, is more important than the instantaneous solar
irradiance. The solar resource is not equally available in all regions of the globe.
On a clear day in the tropics, when the sun is overhead, the global irradiance
can exceed 1000W/m2 but in higher latitudes, it rarely exceeds 850W/m2.
Similarly, Daily Solar Insolation may be 5-7 kWh/m2/day in the tropics but could
be less than 0.5 kWh/m2/day in higher latitudes.
9
The solar constant is defined as the quantity of solar energy (W/m²) at normal incidence outside the atmosphere (extraterrestrial) at the
mean sun-earth distance. Its mean value is 1367.7 W/m².
10
1MW PV Power plant will generate 1MW of electricity in an irradiance of 1000W/m2 with a cell temperature of 25oC and Air Mass of 1.5.
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Government of India maintains a nationwide network of Radiation Stations
which measure solar radiation, daily duration of sunshine and other climatic
parameters on hourly/ daily basis. For the proposed Project site, ground
measured database is not available and the only way to predict the solar
radiation is the realistic modelling (interpolation/ Projection/ statistical analysis)
based on the national/ international databases. In context to Project locations in
the country, the following solar radiation and climatic databases are usually
availed of.
Solar Radiation over India, (1980), A Mani, Allied Publishers, New Delhi
Handbook of Solar Radiation, (1982), A Mani and S. Rangrajan, Allied
Publishers, New Delhi
Solar Radiation Handbook, (2008), MNRE, Government of India
Solar handbook of Solar Radiant Energy Over India, (2009), MNRE,
Government of India
11
maps.nrel.gov/SWERA
12
mnre.gov.in/sec/solar-assmnt.htm
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5.2.4. Meteonorm Database
Meteonorm is the weather data and modelling tool that provides approximately
20 years of data for GHI and other climatic parameters like ambient
temperature, humidity, wind speed etc. The data is collected from ground based
weather stations and supplemented with satellite data where there is a low
density of ground weather stations. Hourly values are calculated from the
collected data using a stochastic model comprising interpolation.
The monthly average of daily GHI at the selected Project location has been
presented using all possible weather data sources.
The annual GHIs derived from all the above databases for the selected Project
location of Uttar Pradesh have been presented in Figure 5.1 below.
2500
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1973
2000 1843 1850
1827
Annual GHI kWh/m2
1500
1000
500
0
NREL NASA Meteonorm 7 Delhi-IMD
FIGURE 5.1: ANNUAL GHI OVER PROJECT SITE USING DIFFERENT DATA SOURCES
NASA and IMD provides monthly database whereas NREL and Meteonorm are
hourly databases. In order to get accurate Yield Estimation, it is recommended
to use hourly database. As Meteonorm interpolated database is considerably
more accepted and widely used in industry, hence Meteonorm database has
been used for the Energy Yield Assessment of the PV Project under reference
in the Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh.
200
150
100
50
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
All Solar Database Resources indicate that the annual average daily GHI at the
selected Project location is more than 5.0 kWh/m2 which suggests that the
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current location is suitable for solar power Project.
In addition to above, there are other databases available viz. ISHRAE, SolarGIS
and 3TIER based on moderate and high resolution satellite data as well as
statistically processed ground data.
Ambient Temperature, C
Higher temperature will lead to higher temperature driven losses in the Solar PV
Modules thereby effectively reducing the generated energy. The Thin Film
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Modules will typically have comparatively lower temperature losses than Mono /
Multi-Crystalline Solar PV Modules under such ambient condition as the
temperature coefficient of Thin Film PV Modules is lower than Mono/ Multi-
Crystalline PV Modules.
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
However, on a positive side, as the air velocity increases the cell temperature
will drop due to greater convective heat transfer from the Module surface which
will result in better PV better module performance.
80
70
60
50
40
30
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20
10
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Relative humidity, %
5.3.4. Rainfall
Using Meteonorm database, the annual rainfall has been observed to be around
721 mm. Figure 5.6 below presents the monthly average profile of Rainfall at the
Project location over a typical year.
200
150
100
50
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Precipitation, mm
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However on the positive side, rain cleans the Module and reduces the soiling
loss which results in a better plant performance.
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FIGURE 6.1: SOLAR PV CAPACITY GROWTH WORLD-WIDE FROM 2005 TO 2015
13
http://mnre.gov.in/mission-and-vision-2/achievements/
14
http://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/GSR_2016_Full_Report_REN21.pdf
This represents around three-times the India’s total installed power capacity
today. Although the available solar resource is the strongest in north and
northwest of the country (Rajasthan, Jammu and Kashmir), it is also of
considerable value in a number of other states, including Maharashtra, Madhya
Pradesh, and Andhra Pradesh. India has seen a quick growth in the installed
capacity of Solar generation. Utility-scale solar photovoltaic (PV) Projects have
made the fastest in-roads, with about 7.8 GW of capacity in place as on 30th
June 2016 (up from 4.9 GW in 2015). The growth of installed capacity of
Concentrating solar power (CSP) on the contrary has been only extremely slow
with just around 200 MW in operation. Figure 6.3 below represents the growth of
Solar PV Power Project development in India in the last five years.
15
Indian Energy Outlook
Capacity, MW
4000
3060
3000 2650
1840
2000 1400 1250
950
1000 450 450 410
0
2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
Solar power is at the heart of India’s push towards low-carbon energy sources.
The overall national target is to reach 100 GW of installed capacity by 2022, a
huge task given the starting point. This total is split between 60 GW of utility-
scale Projects (both solar PV and CSP), including a series of large solar parks,
with capacity generally above 500 MW each, and a further 40 GW of rooftop
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solar applications for commercial users and households, together with some
small-scale schemes and off-grid capacities. A range of national and state-level
initiatives have been announced in support of these objectives. Since electricity
is a shared responsibility between federal and state authorities, the political
commitment of individual states to development of solar power is critical to the
prospects for growth.
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System. Solar PV technologies are usually classified into three generations;
depending on the basis material used and the level of commercial maturity.
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6.3.1.2. MULTI-CRYSTALLINE SILICON SOLAR CELL (POLY-SI OR MC-SI)
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Mono-crystalline Si 0.3 mm 16 – 22 (Module) Dark blue, black Lengthy production
solar cells with AR coating, procedure, wafer sawing
grey WO AR necessary. Best
coating researched solar cell
material – highest
power/area ratio.
(Source: www.pvresources.com)
a-Si,
CdTe, 4% 1% CIGA, 2%
Mono -
crystalline , 24%
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Multi- crystalline
, 69%
The commonly used standards for Solar PV Modules as applicable in the Indian
context are as follows.
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13. IEC 61701 Resistance to salt mist and corrosion
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Manufacturing Mono-crystalline is produced by slicing Each of the three materials is amenable to
Process wafers (up to 150mm diameter and large area deposition (on to substrates of
350 microns thick) from a high-purity about 1 meter dimensions) and hence high
single crystal Module. Mono-crystalline volume manufacturing. The Thin Film
silicon, made by sawing a cast block of semiconductor layers are deposited on
silicon first into bars and then wafers. either coated glass or stainless steel sheet.
Power High power per given area Low power per given area
Efficiency 11–22% 5 – 17 %
Effect of Effect is more on output power to Effect is less compared to crystalline silicon
Temperature (Higher temperature coefficient cells (Low temperature coefficient)
compared to Thin Films)
Logistics Fewer Modules - lower shipping cost More Modules - more shipping cost
Mounting structures Fewer Modules- less mounting More Modules- more mounting structures
structures per kW per kW
required
Accessories & Requires less cables, Junction Boxes Requires more cables, Junction Boxes etc.
etc.
additional materials
16
For example, the temperature coefficient of power for a solar PV panel is -0.485% per degree C indicates that for
every degree rise of temperature above 25°C, the maximum power of PV panel will reduce by 0.485%.
The temperature coefficient of power is always negative. With increase in temperature, the solar PV module power
will decrease accordingly. Temperature coefficient for thin film silicon solar cell is around -0.3%/oC while that of
crystalline solar cell is around -0.45%/oC which indicates that when the module operates at 50oC cell temperature,
compared to the efficiency reached on 25oC test standard , thin film silicon solar module will lose around 7% while
and the loss for crystalline will be around 11%.
Output Output depends on number of solar Directly proportion on the dimension of the
cells in the Module Module
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1. 6 Efficiency 12% 10 7 7
2. 2 Temperature 11% 9 5 10
Tolerance
3. 4 Shade Tolerance 10% 5 5 10
4. 8 Power Output 7% 10 7 7
5. 10 Market share 5% 8 10 3
6. 9 Environmental Issues 6% 10 10 3
7. 11 Balance of System 4% 10 7 4
(mounting structure,
cabling, etc.)
8. 12 Accessories & 3% 10 7 3
additional materials
9. 13 Inverter flexibility 2% 10 10 3
10. 1 Cost 13% 5 8 8
11. 14 Stabilization 1% 10 8 3
12. 7 Status of 8% 10 10 9
commercialization
13. 5 Proven at MW scale in 10% 8 7 10
Hot climates
14. 3 Spectral gain 9% 3 3 10
Total 100% 7.8 7.0 7.7
Selection choice 1 2 3
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Weather Database. The complete Project has been planned using Mono-
crystalline Solar PV Modules mounted on fixed tilt structures with a tilt angle of
23o towards south.
7.1. Introduction
The selected Project location at Greater Noida in Uttar Pradesh falls under the
‘Composite’ climatic zone of India. Figure 7.1 below presents the climatic zone
map of India indicating the Project location.
17
Ones who have provided own-brand, own-manufactured products to five different projects, which have been financed
non-recourse by five different (non- development) banks, in the past two years
http://about.bnef.com/content/uploads/sites/4/2012/12/bnef_2012-12-03_PVModuleTiering.pdf
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FIGURE 7.1: CLIMATIC ZONE MAP OF INDIA
The location experiences a temperature ranging from 5°C to 45°C across the
year. The diffuse component of solar irradiance is around 38% of the Global
Horizontal Irradiance as per the Meteonorm Weather Database.
S. No PV module SunPower
1 Model X21-345
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6 Maximum voltage, Vmp, V 57.3
7.4. Inverter
Schneider Electric make solar Inverters (Model – Conext Core XC 680) have
been selected for the proposed 8 MW Solar PV Project. Technical Parameters
of the selected Schneider Electric inverter is shown in the table 7.2 below.
12 Weight, kg 1590
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rows is maintained to effectively carry out cleaning during O&M phase. Table
7.3 below shows the minimum pitch distance required to eliminate the direct
shading at different tilts for a typical table of 4.3 m width on 21st December.
TABLE 7.3: MINIMUM PITCH AT DIFFERENT HOURS FOR DIFFERENT TILTS ON 21ST
DECEMBER
The optimised pitch distance considered for the Project is 7.3 m which will
entirely eliminate the direct shading effect between 9 am to 3 pm on 21st
December.
Generation from
Tilt GHI W/m2 GTI W/m2 PVSyst (MWh)
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It has been observed that with the fixed tilt design, at a row pitch of 7.3 m for a
table of width 4.3m, the generated energy shall be maximum at a tilt angle of
23°.
4. Soiling -2.0%
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The energy yield estimation for the proposed Plant in Greater Noida has been
carried out using the above technical losses. The month wise pattern of energy
generation from the Project has been presented in Table 7.6 below:
The Consultant has considered a degradation of 1%/ year for first five years and
0.4% from the 6th year till the end of the Project life of 25 years.
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The estimated 25 years generation data, considering Modules degradation to
the extent indicated above, has been given in Table 7.7 below.
TABLE 7.7: ESTIMATED GENERATION FROM THE PROPOSED PLANT OVER 25 YEARS
Expected
Generation DC CUF AC CUF
Year MWH % %
Year MWH % %
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25 15130 18.23 21.17
The energy generation and CUF at different probability levels for the Solar
Project under reference have been presented in the following Table 7.8.
The long term energy generation and CUFs (DC & AC) over the entire life of the
Project at different Probabilistic Levels using Mono-crystalline Solar PV
Technology in fixed tilt position have been presented in the Table 7.9 below:
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8 16197 19.52 22.66 15388 18.55 21.53 14661 17.67 20.51
Average 15922 19.19 22.27 15128 18.23 21.16 14413 17.37 20.16
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8. PROJECT TECHNICAL DESIGN
The major considerations which have been taken into account while planning
layout of various facilities in the plant are site coordinates, size and topography
of land, approach to the site, row to row distance, row to row shading of
Modules, predominant wind directions, water supply, tracking arrangement,
selection of Modules, Inverters, Inverter Transformers and other electrical
equipments, optimization of cables, power evacuation corridor, etc. The layout
of the array structures shall be so designed that it shall occupy minimum space
without sacrificing the output of solar PV Modules.
Since the total output current of all the strings combined shall be very high,
these strings will be divided into several sub groups and connected to String
Monitoring Boxes (SMB)/ Combiner Boxes and the String Monitoring Boxes /
Combiner Boxes will be connected to the Inverter inputs. A summary of the DC
Field layout is furnished in Table 8.1 below.
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TABLE 8.1: SUMMARY OF DC FIELD LAYOUT
Each Inverter Station shall consist of four (s) Nos. of 680kW Inverters, 33kV
Switchgear & RMU, two winding, 10 kVA, 380/ 415V Auxiliary Transformers, LV
Distribution Boards, Inverter Transformer Protection Panels, UPS and Battery
etc. there shall be six nos. of three winding 1.4 MVA, 33kV/0.38-0.38kV Inverter
Transformers outside each Inverter Station. LT cables shall be provided to
interconnect LV winding of Inverter Transformers with the Solar Inverters.
Ventilation system with air ducts for the Inverters along with fire protection and
detection system shall be provided at the Inverter Stations. The Inverter Station
shall be made of Pre-Engineered Building with proper thermal insulation. The
roof slope shall be kept at 1:15 with single sided slope.
Main Control Building
The Main Control Building shall consist of the 33 kV Switchgear Room, SCADA/
Control Room, Battery/ Auxiliary Room apart from One Administration Room,
One Staff Room & One Supervisor's Room, one Pantry along with Toilets,
Stores etc. Air conditioning shall be provided in the SCADA/ Control Room and
Heat Ventilation System shall be provided in the 33kV Switchgear Room,
Auxiliary Room, Battery Room and Toilets. The entire Building shall be provided
with fire protection and detection system.
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The Control Building shall have RCC Plinth with RCC columns, brick walls and
RCC Roof. There shall also be an overhead water tank of 2000 Litres (mounted
on separate structures adjacent to the Building or on the roof of the Building),
adequately sized septic tank and required wash basins. The MV Switchgear
Room shall be provided with mechanical ventilation system having a minimum
of 8 air changes during normal condition and 30 air changes in the event of fire.
The Exhaust Fans shall be hooked to the Fire Detection System. Energy
efficient Split ACs will be provided in Control Room, SCADA Room, Supervisor's
Room & Staff Room with a nominal operating temperature of 23 deg C and shall
comply with all ASHRAE standards. Internal electrification with minimum
illumination of 400 Lux shall be maintained in all Control Rooms.
The Plant shall be provided with one separate Tariff Metering Room having a
Tariff Metering Cubicle complete with the following equipment and accessories.
Current Transformers
Voltage Transformer
Bus Post Insulators as required
Tariff Meter
Locations of the Main Control Building and the Inverter Transformers shall be
optimized to reduce DC & AC cable losses. Details of the Inverter and
Transformers proposed to be used are given in Table 8.2 below.
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technicians and engineers on duty, permitted visitors and inspection team as
and when required. The plant Main Entrance Gate shall be 6.5m wide for
vehicles along with 1.75m wide wicket gate for pedestrians and visitors. The
height of gate is kept equal to the height of the boundary wall. While ashphalt
road shall be provided from the Main Gate to the Main Control Building, other
Plant Interconnecting Roads connecting all the Inverter Stations, Main Control
Building, Pump House and 33kV Tariff Metering Room shall be 10T Roller
Compacted Roads with 150 mm gravel below. The Road width shall be 3.5 Mtrs
with 0.5 Mtrs shoulder.
All the individual input terminals of Inverter shall have disconnection facility.
Solar grade DC cables shall be provided for interconnection between Modules
and the SMB/ Combiner Boxes.
DC Side Protection
The Solar Modules are made of Semiconductor material which will in turn act as
a Diode. These are connected in series to make the desired system voltage.
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The following protection equipments shall be provided for the Solar PV Module
Strings at the String Monitoring Boxes (SMB)/ Combiner Box end.
The Solar Inverter is the link between the PV Array DC system and the grid
connected AC system. Its basic task is to convert the DC electricity generated
by the PV Modules into AC by synchronizing itself to the frequency and voltage
level of the Utility Grid. The Inverter receives varying DC input power from the
Module due to varying nature of solar radiation and motion of Sun throughout
the day & year, which is converted into AC power by its highly efficient Power
Electronics Circuit working based on Multi MPPT mode and synchronizing to the
Grid Frequency and Voltage. The output of the Solar Inverter shall be 680kW,
380V, 50 Hz AC with ± 10 % voltage variation. Six (06) Nos. three winding
outdoor Inverter Transformers, each of rating 1.4 MVA, 33kV/0.380 0.380 kV are
envisaged for the Plant. Two Nos. of 380kW Solar Inverters shall be connected
with one three Winding Inverter Transformer i.e. one Inverter per LV winding.
The Inverter Transformers will step up the Inverter output voltage of 380V, 50Hz
AC to 33kV, 50Hz AC.
The power output of six Nos. Inverter Transformers i.e. total 8 MW approx. shall
be connected to the Main 33 kV Switchgear through 3 no. 33 kV RMUs and
Cables. From the 33 kV Switchgear, the generated power shall be evacuated to
the Grid Substation.
For Auxiliary System Power Supply, each inverter station shall consists of 10
kVA , 380/415V Unit Auxiliary Transformers, each fed from the LV winding of the
Inverter Transformer and MCR shall consists of one (01) 40kVA, 33/0.415kV
Common Auxiliary Transformer fed from 33kV Busbar to meet the common
auxiliary load requirements, have been envisaged. The capacities of the Unit
Auxiliary Transformer and Common Auxiliary Transformer shall be finalized
during detailed engineering based on proper sizing calculation. The Common
Auxiliary Transformer shall be connected with 415V LV Distribution Board for
further distribution of auxiliary power. In order to ensure reliability in the Auxiliary
Power Supply, a Ring Main Scheme shall be considered.
AC Side Protection: Inverter Protection
The followings monitoring/ protection features shall be provided for each Solar
Inverter.
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DC disconnect switch.
AC side Insulation monitoring device
Earth-fault protection.
Each Inverter Transformer shall be protected through the VCB at the 33KV
Local Switchgear and Air Circuit Breaker (ACB) on the LV side. The following
electrical and mechanical protections for Inverter Transformers shall be
provided:
The above protections will trip the 33 kV VCB through the Master Trip Relay
(86). In addition, the VCB shall be provided with the following protections.
The above protections will trip the 33 kV VCB through the Master Trip Relay
(86). In addition, the VCB shall be provided with the following protections.
Moulded Case Circuit Breakers (MCCBs) will be provided for the Incomers/ Bus
Ties of the LV Auxiliary Switchboards for short circuit and over current
protections. Outgoing feeders shall be provided with Miniature Circuit Breaker
(MCB). The design concept of the electrical system as a whole shall be based
on the requirements for safe and reliable operation of the Plant with provision for
easy maintenance. The design and performance requirements of equipment will
be generally as per the latest Indian Standards and the Codes of Practice,
International standards like IEC. Indian Electricity Rules, wherever applicable
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will also apply.
Inverter Standards
Junction Box
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12. IEC 61730 PV component standards
Switchboard Standard
AC Cables
37.
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IS 3975 Mild steel wires, strips and tapes for
armouring of cables.
DC Cable
RMU
33 kV Switchgear
Transformer
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60. IS 3639 Fittings and Accessories for Power
Transformers
Outdoor Arrangement
73. CBIP Substation Manual Central Board of Irrigation and Power Manual
on Substation layout
8.4.1. Module
Mono-crystalline Silicon based Solar PV technology has been selected for the 8
MW AC/ 9.5 MWp DC Solar PV Power Project. The Solar Modules offered
should be constructed according to the international standards such as IEC, etc.
In order to connect the solar Module in series, interconnection cables shall be
provided. Solar to electrical conversion of PV Module shall be of the highest
efficiency in the class. Modules shall be made of Transparent Toughened Safety
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Glass front surface giving high encapsulation gain and with edge sealant for
Module protection and mechanical support. All materials used shall have a
proven history of reliable and stable operation in external applications. PV
Modules must qualify to table 8.4 standards.
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17. Conformité Européenne (EC The certified product conforms to the
EU health, safety and Environmental
requirements.
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always synchronized with the grid.
The controller will have the following control and automated functions.
8.5.1. Cooling
For cooling the Solar Inverter, air shall be taken in through the ventilation
openings at the bottom of the front doors and the hot air shall be blown out via
the fans mounted in the roof of the Inverter. Ventilation ducts shall be installed in
order to prevent unnecessary heating of the Inverter Room and maintain the
ambient temperature within the permissible limits inside the room. Filters shall
be provided at cooling air intake to ensure dust free supply of air.
8.5.2. Islanding
The condition of a Distributed Generation generator continuing to power a
location even though power from the Electric utility is no longer present is
termed a “islanding”. Islanding of Inverter-connected PV-generator systems
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means any situation where the source of power from the network operator’s
distribution system is disconnected from the network section in which the
generator is connected, and one or more Inverters maintain a supply to that
section of the distribution system or consumer’s installation. The situation may
cause an electrical shock hazard to service personnel operating on the islanded
network section while it has been supposedly shut down. Islanding can be
dangerous to Utility workers, who may not realize that the utility is still powered
even though there is no power from the Grid. For that reason, Distributed
Generators must detect Islanding and immediately stop producing power.
Inverter shall be provided with Islanding protection to isolate it from the grid in
case of no-supply, under voltage & over voltage condition to ensure safety. To
provide this safety function, voltage, frequency and current have to be monitored
and in case of exceeding the limit, the system has to trip.
1. Service Indoor
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3. Quantity 10 kVA Unit Auxiliary
Transformers: 3 Nos.
40 kVA Common Auxiliary
Transformer 1 No.
6. No. of Phases 3
7. Rated frequency 50 Hz
2. Service Indoor
3. Quantity As required
4. Enclosure IP-4X
6. Voltage 33000 V
7. Phase 3
8. Frequency 50 Hz
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8.8.1. Energy Metering
Dedicated CT and PT shall be provided for Tariff metering inside the Tariff
Metering Panel. Accuracy class of CT and PT shall be 0.2s and 0.2 respectively.
Tariff Metering Panel shall be located separately adjacent to the Main Control
Building within a Tariff Metering Room as per the existing practice followed by
the utility.
2. Service Indoor
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3. Quantity As required
4. Enclosure IP-4X
5. Voltage 415 V
6. Phase 3
7. Frequency 50 Hz
8.11.1. Battery
The Battery shall be of high discharge performance Tubular Lead Acid storage
type. The plates shall be designed for maximum durability during all service
conditions including high rate of discharge & rapid fluctuation of load. For the
purpose of design, an ambient temperature of 55°C and relative humidity of
100% shall be considered.
1. Voltage 220 V
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6. Quantity of Battery Charger One Battery & Charger in Main
Control Building
4. Approvals FIA/AC/ISI
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Sr. No. Parameter Value
HV Power Cables
1. Voltage Grade 33 kV
LV Power Cables
Control Cables
3. Insulation PVC
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5. Overall Sheath Extruded FRLS PVC of type ST1
outer sheathed
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8.16. Automatic Weather Station (AWS)
Automatic Weather Station (AWS) is required at the plant site in order to
measure climatic parameters and Global Solar Radiation periodically. The
realistic climatic parameters are required for performance testing of the
proposed solar PV Power Plant. The Weather Monitoring Station shall consist of
1 Kipp & Zonnen CMP11 pyranometers on horizontal plane. The sampling
frequency of AWS shall be 10 secs time interval with averaging at 5 minutes
recording time. The Weather Station along with data loggers shall be located at
strategic point and shall be capable of collecting the data points, sample
frequency along with SCADA interface. The Weather Station shall have
capability of recording and storing environmental data without AC power for two
(3) days. In addition, 1 No. Pyranometer shall be provided at the designed tilt
and located within the Plant premises at selected location.
The Automatic Weather Station (AWS) shall be provided with the following
features:
The following points should be taken into account for the components of the
AWS:
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construction. Site may require filling at some patches to elevate the FGL
depending upon the actual site condition.
The indoor quality of air conditioned areas served by air conditioning units shall
be as per ASHRAE Standard 62. Sufficient allowances for possible equipment
heat loads shall be kept and adequacy of system sizing shall be finalised
through calculations. The occupancy shall be considered as per ASHRAE
Standards.
For proper ventilation of the air conditioned area, fresh air intake of 1.5 air
changes per hour or 0.57 m3/min of fresh air/person, whichever is higher shall
be adopted. A minimum design margin of 15% is to be considered while
selecting the AC equipment capacity for each area. All the equipment shall be
designed for continuous duty.
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8.20.2. Ventilation System
Provision of Heat Ventilation System shall include but not be limited to the
following areas.
Switchgear Room
Inverter Room
Toilets, etc.
The design of the proposed PV plant in Greater Noida shall comply with all the
technical requirement of the Case-II Competitive Bidding Guidelines of
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy.
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BOO is a form of Project financing, wherein an entity receives concession to
finance, design, construct, and operate a facility stated in the contract. This
enables the Project Developer to recover its investment, operating and
maintenance expenses in the Project. In a BOO Project, ownership of the
Project remains with the Project Developer. Therefore, the Project Developer
gets the benefits of any residual value of the Project. This framework is used
when the physical life of the Project coincides with the concession period.
The Project developer shall construct the solar power plant; therefore NPCL do
not bear the capital cost. Operation and maintenance will be the responsibility of
the Project Developer without any risk to NPCL The NPCL will pay for the
generated energy as per PPA. Figure 9.1 shows the block diagram of BOO
model.
For the proposed solar PV project in Greater Noida, UP, project developer shall
adopt the Design, Built, Own and Operate (BOO) model (as described in the this
section).
The major Non-Statutory Clearances for Solar PV Projects are Clearance for
National Monuments from Archaeological Survey of India (ASI)/ Government of
India etc. In addition, sanction of Construction Power from the Office of the Chief
Engineer of the respective State, permission to use Ground Water and
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permission from Central Ground Water Board, Ministry of Water Resources are
the other clearances which might be required. The permits, approvals and
clearances required to be taken at different stages of implementation of the 8
MW AC Solar PV Project have been presented in Table 10.1 below.
TABLE 10.1: APPROVALS & CLEARANCES REQUIRED FOR THE SOLAR PV PROJECT
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Steps for arrangement of finance
Preliminary interaction with NPCL on grid interface provisions
Establishment of a Project Execution Team
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associated equipment foundations. Minor works involve construction of security
kiosks, underground water reservoir, overhead water tank, pathways and
drainage. Water for construction can be obtained from bore wells or water
tankers. To ascertain soil parameters of the proposed site for construction of
Control Building, DC Fields, Transformer Foundations, Inverter Stations etc, soil
investigation has to be carried out. The scope of soil investigation should cover
execution of complete soil exploration including boring, drilling, collection of
undisturbed soil sample wherever possible, otherwise conducting laboratory test
of disturbed soil samples to find out the various parameters mainly related to
load bearing capacity, ground water level, settlement and sub soil condition and
submission of detailed Reports with recommendation regarding suitable type of
foundation for each bore hole and soil improvement wherever necessary.
Stabilization of land
MMS Foundation
Transformer pedestals
Inverter Stations
Main Control Room
Fire Fighting System
Cable trenches/ Cable trays and Cable racks
Drainage
Water storage tank
Security kiosks
Vehicle parking area
Plumbing and sewerage lines including septic tank
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13.6. Selection and Procurement of Equipments
The major equipment involved in this Project covers the two packages viz. “solar
PV system” including array mounting structure, cables, connectors, Inverters
and controls and “Balance of System” including Transformers, HT Switchgear,
Grid Interface and Control equipments. These equipments shall be procured
from different vendors based on market availability and vendor’s interests/
activity/expertise.
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After completion of 33 kV grid interface facilities, the Power Plant shall be ready
for commissioning. All erections and installations shall be completed by the 4th
month from the start of the Project and the complete plant capacity i.e. 8 MWAC
can be synchronized and commissioned on the scheduled date.
The Basic and Detailed engineering of the plant will aim at achieving high
standards of operational performance especially with respect to the following
key parameters:
The plant instrumentation and control system should be designed to ensure high
availability and reliability of the plant to assist the operators in the safe and
efficient operation of the plant. It should also provide for the analysis of the
historical data and help in the plant maintenance people to take up the plant and
equipment on preventive maintenance.
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terms, commissioning can be defined as setting up of the plant to work safely
and reliably. It is necessary to ensure that all equipment is completely erected
before operations begin. Although this may be considered difficult, but operating
a plant with insufficient instrumentation, controls, and alarms is very dangerous.
Although some compromise could be made in regard to plant completion, the
commissioning procedures should never be compromised in terms of personnel
and system safety.
A proper checklist procedure should be drawn up which should include all the
sections of the plant and shall take into account the contractual responsibilities,
Site Acceptance Test (SAT), the technological relationship between the various
sections, pre-commissioning, cleaning requirements etc. The checklists
procedure helps in the following:
To ensure that the necessary checks are carried out on each item of the
plant before it is put into commercial service
To ensure that energy is supplied to equipment or a plant when it is safe to
do so
To facilitate the recording of the progress on the various commissioning
activities
To provide a basis for the plant history
The operation of the grid connected plant is an activity that must be properly
coordinated, within the plant as well as within the designated sub-station to
which the plant feeds power. Operation in parallel with the grid eventually makes
the Solar PV power plant a part of the State utility system and hence the power
plant should assume some of the same responsibilities of State utility system.
The State utility system local dispatch centre will have to monitor the incoming
power from the Solar PV power plant on a continuous basis.
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significance for a Solar PV power plant exporting power to the State Electricity
grid under contractual commitments. It is imperative that any planned
maintenance is undertaken with closer coordination with State Electricity board
substation.
Efficient operation implies close control not only over the cost of production but
also over the cost of maintenance. There are two components in maintenance
cost: one is the direct cost of maintenance, (i.e. the material and labour), and
the other is the cost of production loss.
The following steps will help in reducing the breakdown maintenance and also in
planning for preventive maintenance:
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Monitoring the operations of the Plant via the HMI (Human Machine
Interface) system;
Performing all duties in compliance with the requirement of the PPA;
Complying with all Regulatory Obligations;
Developing Operation and Safety Plans;
Unlike conventional Power Plants, Solar photovoltaic systems are highly reliable
and require minimal maintenance. However, thoroughly planned maintenance
technique should help to increase plant availability. Expected performance is
totally dependent on the quality and capability of operation and maintenance
philosophy being adopted. Several maintenance activities need to be completed
at regular intervals during the lifetime of the Plant. In order to maintain a Solar
PV plant highly reliable, there are several requirements which are to be
maintained as discussed below:
The energy generation of the plant is usually monitored using the remote data
acquisition system connected to each inverter. Significant reduction in energy
yield will trigger specific maintenance requirements such as inverter servicing or
module replacement. In addition to this, typical scheduled maintenance of any
PV plant is described below:
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in view. Given the regional experience Suzlon envisaged approximately 2 litres
of water/m2of PV module area.
Wiring and junction boxes: Visual inspection for corrosion, damage such as
chafing, and damage by rodents and birds, and for overheating of cables and
connections. This requires the skills of an electrical technician.
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PV Panel glass surface cleaning/ washing solar PV panels to remove dust
(Bi-Weekly) / dirt and bird droppings etc.
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and upkeep of the Power Plant. They will be assisted by Site Technicians.
Additional unskilled manpower will be required for scheduled cleaning and other
civil/ structural maintenance work which could be outsourced from external
agencies.
All heavy maintenance jobs and those of capital nature shall be contracted out.
While estimating manpower, it has been considered that the Maintenance
Personnel will have multidisciplinary skills so that occasional minor repairs and
adjustments in all systems could be carried out without waiting for Specialists.
Table 11.1 below provides an indicative manpower requirement for the
proposed Power Plant.
3. Technicians 3 -4 Site
Total 11-14
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TABLE 14.1: BILL OF QUANTITY
3. DC Junction Box As
required
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16. 415V/ 230V As per Short time LS
Switchboard Manufacturer's rating 15 kA
Standard for 1 sec
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Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)
While different in operation, the three mechanisms are based on the same
principle; that industrialized countries are allowed to reduce emissions wherever
in the world such reductions are cheapest, and then count those reductions
towards their national targets. Joint Implementation (JI) and the CDM are called
the ‘Project-based’ mechanisms because they fund actual Projects. JI generally
funds Projects in Annex-I countries (normally in Eastern Europe and the former
Soviet Union due to low costs); while CDM Projects can only happen in
developing countries which do not have any emission reduction target under the
Kyoto Protocol.
18
Annex I countries which have ratified the Protocol have committed to reduce their emission levels of greenhouse
gasses to targets that are mainly set below their 1990 levels. They may do this by allocating reduced annual
allowances to the major operators within their borders. These operators can only exceed their allocations if they buy
emission allowances, or offset their excesses through a mechanism that is agreed by all the parties to UNFCCC.
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equitable and sustainable manner.
The large scale and negative impact of conventional energy production and
consumption on the physical and human environment.
The need for meeting energy needs of an un-served population in rural and
remote areas as well as those residing on islands.
Need for maintaining a properly diversified energy mix. Such a diversified
portfolio would also help in minimizing the socio-economic impact if the
supply of a particular fuel were to break down.
19
Non-Annex I Parties are mostly developing countries. Certain groups of developing countries are recognized by the
Convention as being especially vulnerable to the adverse impacts of climate change, including countries with low-
lying coastal areas and those prone to desertification and drought. Others (such as countries that rely heavily on
income from fossil fuel production and commerce) feel more vulnerable to the potential economic impacts of climate
change response measures. The Convention emphasizes activities that promise to answer the special needs and
concerns of these vulnerable countries, such as investment, insurance and technology transfer.
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4. Rajasthan 2015-16 20.4 7.03 7.26 5.0
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Mayank THAPLIYAL
tel. +91 1244698500
mthapliyal@lahmeyer.in