ECE Electronics and Communication Engineering - Lecture Notes, Study Materials and Important Questions Answers

ECE - Electronics and Communication
Engineering
Lecture Notes, Study Materials and Importants questions answers
Circuit Analysis - (Click Here)

Digital Electronics - (Click Here)
Communication Theory - (Click Here)
Basic Electrical and Instrumentation Engineering - (Click Here)
Electrical Engineering and Instrumentation - (Click Here)
Electronic Devices - (Click Here)
Linear Integrated Circuits - (Click Here)
Signals and Systems - (Click Here)
Electronic Circuits I - (Click Here)
Electronic Circuits II - (Click Here)
Control System Engineering - (Click Here)
Digital Communication - (Click Here)
Principles of Digital Signal Processing - (Click Here)
Transmission Lines and Wave Guides - (Click Here)
Microprocessors and Microcontrollers - (Click Here)
Computer Architecture - (Click Here)
Computer Networks - (Click Here)
Operating Systems - (Click Here)
RF and Microwave Engineering - (Click Here)
Medical Electronics - (Click Here)
VLSI Design - (Click Here)
Optical Communication and Networks - (Click Here)
Embedded and Real Time Systems - (Click Here)
Cryptography and Network Security - (Click Here)
Engineering Mathematics I - (Click Here)
Engineering Mathematics II - (Click Here)
Probability and Random Processes - (Click Here)
Transforms and Partial Differential Equations - (Click Here)
Engineering Physics - (Click Here)
Engineering Chemistry - (Click Here)
Engineering Graphics - (Click Here)
Physics for Electronics Engineering - (Click Here)
Technical English - (Click Here)
Problem Solving and Python Programming - (Click Here)
Object Oriented Programming and Data Structures - (Click Here)
Environmental Science and Engineering - (Click Here)
Principles of Management - (Click Here)
Professional Ethics in Engineering - (Click Here)
Total Quality Management - (Click Here)
Subject : Circuit Analysis

UNIT I BASIC CIRCUITS ANALYSIS AND NETWORK
TOPOLOGY
1. Fundamentals of Communication Engineering - Answer (click here)
2. Basic Circuits Analysis - Answer (click here)
3. Important Short Questions and Answers: Basic Circuits Analysis -
Answer (click here)
4. Basic Elements and Introductory Concepts - Answer (click here)
5. Kirchoff's Law with Example Problems and Calculations - Answer (click
here)
6. DC Circuits and AC Circuits - Answer (click here)
7. Difference Between AC And DC - Answer (click here)
8. Problem on Parallel Networks - Answer (click here)
9. Mesh Analysis - Answer (click here)
10. Nodal Analysis - Answer (click here)
UNIT II NETWORK THEOREMS FOR DC AND AC CIRCUITS

1. Network Reduction and Network Theorems for DC And AC Circuits -
Answer (click here)
2. Important Short Questions and Answers: Network Reduction and
Network Theorems for DC And AC Circuits - Answer (click here)
3. Potential Divider - Answer (click here)
4. Star Delta Conversion - Answer (click here)
5. Thevenins Theorem - Answer (click here)
6. Norton’s Theorem - Answer (click here)
UNIT III RESONANCE AND COUPLED CIRCUITS

1. Resonance and Coupled Circuits - Answer (click here)
2. The step response of series RLC circuit - Answer (click here)
3. Expressions for Q-factor of inductor and capacitor - Answer (click here)
4. linear transformer - Answer (click here)
5. Solved Problems: Resonance and Coupled Circuits - Answer (click here)
6. Important Short Questions and Answers: Resonance and Coupled
Circuits - Answer (click here)
UNIT IV TRANSIENT ANALYSIS

1. Transient Response For DC Circuits - Answer (click here)
2. Current through purely resistive circuit, inductance and capacitance -
Answer (click here)
3. Current lags and leads voltage in R-L series circuit - Answer (click here)
4. Phasor diagram for a series RLC circuit - Answer (click here)
5. Solved Problems: Transient Response For DC Circuits - Answer (click here)
6. Time constant and step response of series RL circuit - Answer (click here)
7. Time constant and step response of series RC circuit - Answer (click here)
8. Analysis of undriven(source free) series RC and RL circuits - Answer
(click here)
9. Transient Response of RL Circuits - Answer (click here)
10. Transient Response of RC Circuits - Answer (click here)
11. Transient Response of RLC Circuits - Answer (click here)
12. Characterization of Two Port Networks in Terms Of Z,Y and H
Parameters - Answer (click here)
13. Important Short Questions and Answers: Transient Response For DC
Circuits - Answer (click here)
UNIT V TWO PORT NETWORKS

1. Analysing Three Phase Circuits - Answer (click here)
2. Important Short Questions and Answers: Analysing Three Phase Circuits
- Answer (click here)
3. Star connection and Star connection - Answer (click here)
4. Solved Problems: Analysing Three Phase Circuits - Answer (click here)
5. Two Port RF Networks - Circuit Representation - Answer (click here)
6. Important Questions and Answers: Two Port RF Networks - Circuit
Representation - Answer (click here)
Subject : Digital Electronics

MINIMIZATION TECHNIQUES AND LOGIC GATES
1. Boolean Postulates and Laws - Answer (click here)
2. De-Morgan’s Theorem - Answer (click here)
3. Minimization of Boolean Expressions - Answer (click here)
4. Sum-of-Products (SOP) Form - Answer (click here)
5. Standard SOP Form & Minterms - Answer (click here)
6. Product-of-Sums (POS) Form - Answer (click here)
7. Standard POS Form & Maxterms - Answer (click here)
8. Keeping Circuits Simple (Karnaugh Maps) - Answer (click here)
9. Quine Mccluskey (Tabular) Minimization - Answer (click here)
10. Logic Gates - Answer (click here)
11. NAND-NOR Implementations - Answer (click here)
12. TTL Family of ICS - Answer (click here)
13. CMOS Family of ICs - Answer (click here)
14. Tristate Gates - Answer (click here)
15. Important Short Questions and Answers: Minimization Techniques and
Logic Gates - Answer (click here)
COMBINATIONAL CIRCUITS
1. Half Adder and Full Adder - Answer (click here)
2. Half and Full Subtractor - Answer (click here)
3. Bit Binary Parallel Adder and Subtractor - Answer (click here)
4. Carry Propagation and The Look-Ahead Carry Circuit - Answer (click here)
5. Serial Adder With Accumulator and Serial Subtractor - Answer (click here)
6. BCD Adder - Answer (click here)
7. Cascading BCD Adders - Answer (click here)
8. Binary Multiplier - Answer (click here)
9. Multiplexer - Answer (click here)
10. De-Multiplexers - Answer (click here)
11. Encoders - Answer (click here)
12. Decoders - Answer (click here)
13. Parity Generator and Checker - Answer (click here)
14. Code Converters - Answer (click here)
15. Comparator - Answer (click here)
16. Important Short Questions and Answers: Digital Electronics -
Combinational Circuits - Answer (click here)
SEQUENTIAL CIRCUITS
1. SR Flip Flop - Answer (click here)
2. D Flip Flop - Answer (click here)
3. JK Flip-Flops - Answer (click here)
4. Master-Slave Flip-Flops - Answer (click here)
5. Synchronous Counter - Answer (click here)
6. Synchronous and Asynchronous Up /Down Counter - Answer (click here)
7. Design of Synchronous Counters - Answer (click here)
8. The Shift Register - Answer (click here)
9. Universal Shift Register - Answer (click here)
10. The Ring Counter - Answer (click here)
11. Johnson Ring Counter - Answer (click here)
12. Important Short Questions and Answers: Sequential Circuits - Answer
(click here)
MEMORY DEVICES
1. Classifications of Memory - Answer (click here)
2. Types of RAM - Answer (click here)
3. Types of ROM - Answer (click here)
4. Hybrid Memory Types - Answer (click here)
5. Programmable Logic Devices(PLD) - Answer (click here)
6. Fixed Logic Versus Programmable Logic - Answer (click here)
7. Advantages and Disadvantages of Fixed Logic Versus Programmable
Logic - Answer (click here)
8. Programmable Logic Devices - An Overview - Answer (click here)
9. Memory Hierarchy - Answer (click here)
10. Important Short Questions and Answers: Digital Electronics - Memory
Devices - Answer (click here)
SYNCHRONOUS AND ASYNCHRONOUS SEQUENTIAL

CIRCUITS
1. Synchronous and Asynchronous Sequential Circuits - Answer (click here)
2. Synchronous Sequential Circuit - Answer (click here)
3. Concept of Sequential Logic - Answer (click here)
4. Latches and Flip-Flops - Answer (click here)
5. Sequential Circuits Design Procedures - Answer (click here)
6. Sequential Circuits Analysis Procedures - Answer (click here)
7. Analysis With D Flip-Flops - Answer (click here)
8. Analysis With JK Flip-Flops - Answer (click here)
9. Analysis With T Flip-Flops - Answer (click here)
10. Mealy and Moore Models - Answer (click here)
11. State Reduction & Assignment - Answer (click here)
12. Shift Registers - Answer (click here)
13. Counters - Answer (click here)
14. HDL For Sequential Circuits - Answer (click here)
15. Asynchronous Sequential Circuits - Introduction - Answer (click here)
16. Analysis Procedure - Asynchronous Sequential Circuits - Answer (click
here)
17. Race-Free State Assignment - Answer (click here)
18. Hazards in Combinational Circuits and Sequential Circuits - Answer (click
here)
19. ASM Chart - Answer (click here)
20. Important Short Questions and Answers: Synchronous and
Asynchronous Sequential Circuits - Answer (click here)
Subject : Communication Theory

AMPLITUDE MODULATION
1. Amplitude Modulation - Answer (click here)
2. AM Transmitters - Answer (click here)
3. SSB Transmission - Answer (click here)
4. Vestigial Side Band (VSB) Modulation - Answer (click here)
5. Double-sideband suppressed-carrier transmission (DSB-SC) - Answer
(click here)
6. Hilbert Transform - Answer (click here)
7. Superheterodyne Receiver - Answer (click here)
8. Amplitude Modulation: Application & Uses - Answer (click here)
9. Important Short Questions and Answers: Amplitude Modulation - Answer
(click here)
ANGLE MODULATION
1. Frequency & Phase Modulation - Answer (click here)
2. Phase Modulation - Answer (click here)
3. Narrow Band FM Modulation - Answer (click here)
4. Wide-Band FM - Answer (click here)
5. FM Transmitter - Answer (click here)
6. Angle Modulation: Application and Uses - Answer (click here)
7. Important Short Questions and Answers: Angle Modulation - Answer
(click here)
RANDOM PROCESS
1. Random Variables - Answer (click here)
2. Central Limit Theorem - Answer (click here)
3. Stationary Process - Answer (click here)
4. Correlation - Answer (click here)
5. Covariance Functions - Answer (click here)
6. Ergodic Process - Answer (click here)
7. Guassian Processs - Answer (click here)
8. Linear Filtering of Random Processes - Answer (click here)
9. Application of Random Process - Answer (click here)
10. Important Short Questions and Answers: Communication Theory -
Random Process - Answer (click here)
NOISE CHARACTERIZATION
1. Noise Characterisation - Answer (click here)
2. Analysis of Noise In Communication Systems - Answer (click here)
3. Classification of Noise - Answer (click here)
4. Noise in Cascade Systems - Answer (click here)
5. Narrow Band Noise - Answer (click here)
6. FM Capture Effect - Answer (click here)
7. Pre-Emphasis & De-Emphasis - Answer (click here)
8. FM Threshold Effect - Answer (click here)
9. Important Short Questions and Answers: Noise Characterisation - Answer
(click here)
INFORMATION THEORY
1. Information Theory - Answer (click here)
2. Entropy - Answer (click here)
3. Discrete Memory less Channel - Answer (click here)
4. Channel Coding Theorem - Answer (click here)
5. Source Coding - Answer (click here)
6. Shannon-Fano Coding - Answer (click here)
7. Huffman Coding - Answer (click here)
8. Shannon-Hartley Theorem - Answer (click here)
9. Important Questions and Answers: Information Theory - Answer (click
here)
Subject : Basic Electrical and Instrumentation

Engineering
UNIT I AC CIRCUITS AND POWER SYSTEMS
1. Magnetic Circuits and Magnetic Materials - Answer (click here)
2. Laws Governing Magnetic Circuits - Answer (click here)
3. Flux Linkage, Inductance and Energy - Answer (click here)
4. Statically and Dynamically Induced Emf - Answer (click here)
5. Properties of Magnetic Materials - Answer (click here)
6. Iron or Core losses - Answer (click here)
7. AC Operation of Magnetic Circuits - Answer (click here)
8. Transformer as a Magnetically Coupled Circuit - Answer (click here)
9. Solved problems - Magnetic Circuits and Magnetic Materials - Answer
(click here)
10. Important Short Questions and Answers : Electrical machines -
Magnetic Circuits and Magnetic Materials - Answer (click here)
UNIT II TRANSFORMER
1. Transformer - Electrical Engineering and Instrumentation - Answer (click
here)
2. Single Phase Transformer Construction and Principle of Operation -
Answer (click here)
3. EMF Equation of Transformer - Answer (click here)
4. Transformer on No-Load - Answer (click here)
5. Transformer on Load - Answer (click here)
6. Equivalent Circuit of Transformer - Answer (click here)
7. Regulation of Transformer - Answer (click here)
8. Transformer Losses and Efficiency - Answer (click here)
9. All Day Efficiency of Transformer - Answer (click here)
10. Auto Transformer - Answer (click here)
11. Solved Problems: Electrical Engineering and Instrumentation -
Transformer - Answer (click here)
12. Important Short Questions and Answers: Electrical Engineering and
Instrumentation - Transformer - Answer (click here)
REFER
1. Transformer: Principle of Operation - Answer (click here)
2. An ideal Transformer: Principle of Operation - Answer (click here)
3. Induction Law - Transformer - Answer (click here)
5. Transformer Losses - Answer (click here)
6. Transformer Tests - Answer (click here)
7. Efficiency of a Transformer - Answer (click here)
8. Voltage Regulation of Transformer - Answer (click here)
10. Three-phase autotransformer connection - Answer (click here)
11. Parallel Operation of Transformers - Answer (click here)
12. Tap Changing in Transformer - Answer (click here)
13. Solved Problems - Transformer - Electrical machines - Answer (click here)
14. Important Short Questions and Answers: Electrical machines -
UNIT III DC MACHINES

1. Three Phase Circuits, A Review - Answer (click here)
2. Construction of DC Machines - Answer (click here)
3. Theory of Operation of DC Generators - Answer (click here)
4. Characteristics of DC Generators - Answer (click here)
5. Operating Principle of DC Motors and Torque Equation - Answer (click
here)
6. Types of DC Motors and their Characteristics - Answer (click here)
7. Speed Control of DC Motors - Answer (click here)
8. Application of DC Motor - Answer (click here)
9. Solved Problems: Electrical Engineering and Instrumentation - DC
Machines - Answer (click here)
Instrumentation - DC Machines - Answer (click here)
REFER
2. Lap Winding - Answer (click here)
3. Wave Winding - Answer (click here)
4. EMF Equation of DC Generators - Answer (click here)
5. Armature reaction - Answer (click here)
6. Methods of excitation of the field windings - Answer (click here)
7. Methods of Excitation used for DC Generator - Answer (click here)
8. Commutation and Interpoles - Answer (click here)
9. DC Generator Characteristics - Answer (click here)
10. Important short questions and answers: DC Generators - Answer (click here)
11. Principle of operation of a D.C. Motor - Answer (click here)
12. Working of D.C. Motor - Answer (click here)
13. Types of DC Motors - Answer (click here)
14. DC Motor Characteristics - Answer (click here)
15. Speed Control of DC Shunt Motor: Varying Armature Resistance, Field
Resistance - Answer (click here)
16. Starting of DC Motors - Answer (click here)
17. Three Point Starter: Working principle - Answer (click here)
18. Four Point Starter - Answer (click here)
19. Swinburne’s Test - Answer (click here)
20. Hopkinson’s test: Procedure, Calculation of efficiency, Advantages,
Disadvantages - Answer (click here)
21. Braking of DC shunt motor - Answer (click here)
22. Important Short questions and answers: DC Motor - Electrical machines
UNIT IV AC MACHINES
1. Types, Construction and Working of 3 Phase Induction Motor - Answer
(click here)
2. Equivalent Circuit of Induction Motor - Answer (click here)
3. Construction of Single-Phase Induction Motors - Answer (click here)
4. Types of Single Phase Induction Motors and Double Revolving Field
Theory - Answer (click here)
5. Starting Methods of Induction Motor - Answer (click here)
6. Types, Construction and Working Principle of Synchronous Generator
or Alternator - Answer (click here)
7. Equation of Induced EMF - Synchronous Generator or Alternator -
Answer (click here)
8. Voltage Regulation - Synchronous Generator or Alternator - Answer (click
here)
9. Working Principle and Methods of Starting of Synchronous Motors -
Answer (click here)
10. V Curves - Answer (click here)
11. Important Short Questions and Answers: Induction Machines and
Synchronous Machines - Answer (click here)
REFER
1. Fundamental Principles of A.C. Machines - Answer (click here)
2. E.M.F. equation of an elementary alternator single phase - Answer (click
here)
3. E.M.F. equation of an elementary alternator three phase - Answer (click
here)
4. Relation between speed and frequency - Answer (click here)
5. Factors affecting the induced emf (Coil Pitch and Distributed Windings)
- Synchronous Generator - Answer (click here)
6. Armature Reaction - Synchronous Generator - Answer (click here)
7. Synchronous Generators - Answer (click here)
8. Open circuit characteristic (OCC) and Short Circuit Characteristics
(SCC) of a Synchronous generator - Answer (click here)
9. Armature Reaction Reactance - Synchronous Generators - Answer (click
here)
10. Synchronous reactance - Answer (click here)
11. Short Circuit Ratio (SCR) - Synchronous Generator - Answer (click here)
12. Load Characteristics - Synchronous Generator - Answer (click here)
13. Potier Reactance - Synchronous Generator - Answer (click here)
14. Voltage Regulation - Synchronous Generator - Answer (click here)
15. Methods of finding Voltage Regulation in Synchronous Generator -
Answer (click here)
16. Power angle characteristics - Answer (click here)
17. Salient pole alternators and Blondel's Two Reaction Theory - Answer
(click here)
18. Direct-axis and Quadrature-axis Synchronous Reactances - Answer (click
here)
19. Power Angle Characteristic of Salient Pole Machine - Answer (click here)
20. Slip Test - Answer (click here)
21. Parallel Operation of Alternators - Answer (click here)
22. Synchronizing Current - Answer (click here)
23. Effect of Change of Excitation - Answer (click here)
24. Effect of Change of Input Torque - Answer (click here)
25. Sharing of load when two alternators are in parallel - Answer (click here)
26. Prime-mover Governor Characteristic - Answer (click here)
27. Important Short Questions and Answers: Synchronous Generator -
Answer (click here)
28. Synchronous Motors: Construction, Operating Principle, Equivalent
Circuit - Answer (click here)
29. Phasor Diagram - Synchronous Motors - Answer (click here)
30. Torque and Power Relations - Answer (click here)
31. V-Curves and Inverted V-Curves - Answer (click here)
32. Effect of Changing Field Excitation at Constant Load - Answer (click here)
33. Synchronous Condenser and its Advantages, Disadvantages - Answer
(click here)
34. Methods of starting synchronous motor - Answer (click here)
35. Performance Characteristic of Synchronous Motors - Answer (click here)
36. Hunting and Damper Winding - Answer (click here)
37. Synchronous Induction Motor - Answer (click here)
38. Important Short Questions and Answers: Synchronous Motors - Answer
(click here)
39. Three Phase Induction Motor - Answer (click here)
40. Types and Construction of Three Phase Induction Motor - Answer (click
here)
41. Squirrel cage Induction Motors - Answer (click here)
42. Slip ring Induction Motors - Answer (click here)
43. Principle of Operation - Three Phase Induction Motor - Answer (click here)
44. Rotating Magnetic Field and Induced Voltages - Answer (click here)
45. Alternate Analysis for Rotating Magnetic Field - Answer (click here)
46. Phasor Diagram of Three Phase Induction Motor - Answer (click here)
47. Equivalent Circuit of Three Phase Induction Motor - Answer (click here)
48. Power and Torque Relations of Three Phase Induction Motor - Answer
(click here)
49. Induction Motor Torque - Answer (click here)
50. Rotor Output - Answer (click here)
51. Circle Diagram - analyse the three phase induction motor performance -
Answer (click here)
52. Tests to Determine the Equivalent Circuit Parameters - Induction Motor
53. Construction of Circle Diagram - Induction Motor - Answer (click here)
54. Performance Characteristics of Three phase Induction Motor - Answer
(click here)
55. Operation with Unbalanced Supply Voltage on Polyphase Induction
Motors - Answer (click here)
56. Important Short Questions and Answers: Three Phase Induction Motor -
Answer (click here)
57. Methods of Starting Three Phase Induction Motors - Answer (click here)
58. Starting of Slip-Ring Induction Motors - Answer (click here)
59. Speed control of Three Phase Induction Motors - Answer (click here)
60. Changing applied voltage - Speed control of Three Phase Induction
61. Rotor resistance control - Speed control of Three Phase Induction
62. Cascade control - Speed control of Three Phase Induction Motors -
Answer (click here)
63. Pole changing method - Speed control of Three Phase Induction Motors
64. Stator frequency control - Speed control of Three Phase Induction
65. Power Stages in an Induction Motor - Answer (click here)
66. Double Cage Induction Motor: Construction, Working - Answer (click here)
67. Cogging and Crawling of Induction Motor - Answer (click here)
68. Induction Generator - Answer (click here)
69. Induction Generator advantages, disadvantages and Application - Answer
(click here)
70. Induction Motor Braking Regenerative Plugging Dynamic - Answer (click
here)
71. Important Short Questions and Answers: Starting and Speed Control of
Three Phase Induction Motor - Answer (click here)
UNIT V MEASUREMENT AND INSTRUMENTATION

1. Transducers - Answer (click here)
2. Classification of Electrical Transducers - Answer (click here)
3. Advantages and Disadvantages of Electrical Transducers - Answer (click
here)
4. Characteristics of Transducer - Answer (click here)
5. Transducer Selection Factors - Answer (click here)
6. Resistance Transducers - Answer (click here)
7. Resistance Thermometers: Construction, Advantages, Limitations -
Answer (click here)
8. Thermistors: Construction, Advantages, Limitations - Answer (click here)
9. Capacitive Transducers and its Application - Answer (click here)
10. Inductive Transducers - Answer (click here)
11. Digital Transducers - Answer (click here)
12. Static and Dynamic Characteristics of Measurement - Answer (click here)
13. Errors in Measurement - Answer (click here)
14. Strain gauge: Principle of Working, Materials Used, Applications -
Answer (click here)
15. Capacitive Transducers - Answer (click here)
16. Piezo electric transducer - Answer (click here)
17. Variable Inductive Transducers: LVDT and RVDT - Answer (click here)
18. Important Short Questions and Answers: Basics of Measurement and
Instrumentation - Answer (click here)
REFER
1. D.C and A.C Bridges - Answer (click here)
2. Wheatstone bridge(Null-type, D.C. bridge) - Answer (click here)
3. Deflection-type D.C. bridge - Answer (click here)
4. Null-type impedance A.C bridge - Answer (click here)
5. Maxwell bridge: Definition, Circuit Diagram, Explanation, Advantages
and Disadvantages - Answer (click here)
6. Schering Bridge: Definition, Circuit Diagram, Explanation, Advantages -
Answer (click here)
7. Hay Bridge: Definition, Circuit Diagram, Explanation, Advantages and
8. Wien bridge: Definition, Circuit Diagram, Explanation, Advantages -
Answer (click here)
9. Transformer Ratio Bridges & Self-Balancing Bridges - Answer (click here)
10. Digital Voltmeter (DVM) - Answer (click here)
11. Digital Multi Meter (DMM) - Answer (click here)
12. Storage oscilloscope - Answer (click here)
13. Wheat stone bridge and Kelvin’s double bridge - Answer (click here)
14. Q-Meter - Answer (click here)
15. Important Short Questions and Answers: Analog and Digital Instruments
Subject : Electrical Engineering and

Instrumentation
DC MACHINES
1. Three Phase Circuits, A Review - Answer (click here)
3. Theory of Operation of DC Generators - Answer (click here)
4. Characteristics of DC Generators - Answer (click here)
5. Operating Principle of DC Motors and Torque Equation - Answer (click
here)
6. Types of DC Motors and their Characteristics - Answer (click here)
7. Speed Control of DC Motors - Answer (click here)
8. Application of DC Motor - Answer (click here)
9. Solved Problems: Electrical Engineering and Instrumentation - DC
Machines - Answer (click here)
Instrumentation - DC Machines - Answer (click here)
TRANSFORMER
1. Transformer - Electrical Engineering and Instrumentation - Answer (click
here)
2. Single Phase Transformer Construction and Principle of Operation -
Answer (click here)
3. EMF Equation of Transformer - Answer (click here)
4. Transformer on No-Load - Answer (click here)
5. Transformer on Load - Answer (click here)
7. Regulation of Transformer - Answer (click here)
8. Transformer Losses and Efficiency - Answer (click here)
9. All Day Efficiency of Transformer - Answer (click here)
11. Solved Problems: Electrical Engineering and Instrumentation -
Instrumentation - Transformer - Answer (click here)
INDUCTION MACHINES AND SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES

1. Types, Construction and Working of 3 Phase Induction Motor - Answer
(click here)
2. Equivalent Circuit of Induction Motor - Answer (click here)
3. Construction of Single-Phase Induction Motors - Answer (click here)
4. Types of Single Phase Induction Motors and Double Revolving Field
Theory - Answer (click here)
5. Starting Methods of Induction Motor - Answer (click here)
6. Types, Construction and Working Principle of Synchronous Generator
or Alternator - Answer (click here)
7. Equation of Induced EMF - Synchronous Generator or Alternator -
Answer (click here)
8. Voltage Regulation - Synchronous Generator or Alternator - Answer (click
here)
9. Working Principle and Methods of Starting of Synchronous Motors -
Answer (click here)
10. V Curves - Answer (click here)
11. Important Short Questions and Answers: Induction Machines and
Synchronous Machines - Answer (click here)
BASICS OF MEASUREMENT AND INSTRUMENTATION

1. Transducers - Answer (click here)
2. Classification of Electrical Transducers - Answer (click here)
3. Advantages and Disadvantages of Electrical Transducers - Answer (click
here)
4. Characteristics of Transducer - Answer (click here)
5. Transducer Selection Factors - Answer (click here)
6. Resistance Transducers - Answer (click here)
7. Resistance Thermometers: Construction, Advantages, Limitations -
Answer (click here)
8. Thermistors: Construction, Advantages, Limitations - Answer (click here)
9. Capacitive Transducers and its Application - Answer (click here)
10. Inductive Transducers - Answer (click here)
11. Digital Transducers - Answer (click here)
12. Static and Dynamic Characteristics of Measurement - Answer (click here)
13. Errors in Measurement - Answer (click here)
14. Strain gauge: Principle of Working, Materials Used, Applications -
Answer (click here)
15. Capacitive Transducers - Answer (click here)
16. Piezo electric transducer - Answer (click here)
17. Variable Inductive Transducers: LVDT and RVDT - Answer (click here)
18. Important Short Questions and Answers: Basics of Measurement and
ANALOG AND DIGITAL INSTRUMENTS

1. D.C and A.C Bridges - Answer (click here)
2. Wheatstone bridge(Null-type, D.C. bridge) - Answer (click here)
3. Deflection-type D.C. bridge - Answer (click here)
4. Null-type impedance A.C bridge - Answer (click here)
5. Maxwell bridge: Definition, Circuit Diagram, Explanation, Advantages
6. Schering Bridge: Definition, Circuit Diagram, Explanation, Advantages -
Answer (click here)
7. Hay Bridge: Definition, Circuit Diagram, Explanation, Advantages and
8. Wien bridge: Definition, Circuit Diagram, Explanation, Advantages -
Answer (click here)
9. Transformer Ratio Bridges & Self-Balancing Bridges - Answer (click here)
10. Digital Voltmeter (DVM) - Answer (click here)
11. Digital Multi Meter (DMM) - Answer (click here)
12. Storage oscilloscope - Answer (click here)
13. Wheat stone bridge and Kelvin’s double bridge - Answer (click here)
14. Q-Meter - Answer (click here)
15. Important Short Questions and Answers: Analog and Digital Instruments
Subject : Electronic Devices
UNIT I SEMICONDUCTOR DIODE
1. Semiconductor Diode - Answer (click here)
2. Important Questions and Answers: Semiconductor Diode - Answer (click
here)
3. Quantitative Theory of P-N Diode Currents - Answer (click here)
UNIT II BIPOLAR JUNCTION TRANSISTORS

1. Bipolar Junction - Answer (click here)
2. Important short Questions and Answers: Bipolar Junction - Answer (click
here)
UNIT III FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTORS

1. Field Effect Transistors(FET) - Answer (click here)
2. Important short Questions and Answers: Field Effect Transistors(FET) -
Answer (click here)
UNIT IV SPECIAL SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES

1. Metal-Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MESFETs) - Answer (click
here)
2. Schottky Barrier (Hot-Carrier) Diodes - Answer (click here)
3. Zener diode - Answer (click here)
4. Applications of zener diode - Answer (click here)
5. Difference between Zener breakdown from avalanche breakdown -
Answer (click here)
6. Varactor Diode - Answer (click here)
7. Tunnel diode(Esaki diode) - Answer (click here)
8. Gallium Arsenide Device - Answer (click here)
9. Laser Diode - Answer (click here)
10. LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) - Answer (click here)
11. Important Short Questions and Answers: Special Semiconductor Devices
UNIT V POWER DEVICES AND DISPLAY DEVICES

1. Uni Junction Transistor (UJT) - Answer (click here)
2. Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR) - Answer (click here)
3. DIAC (Diode A.C. Swiitch) - Answer (click here)
4. TRIAC - Answer (click here)
5. Power BJT(Power Bipolar Junction Transistor) - Answer (click here)
6. Power MOSFET - Answer (click here)
7. Double-Diffused MOS (DMOS) - Answer (click here)
8. V-Groove MOS(VMOS) - Answer (click here)
9. Liquid-Crystal Displays (LCD) - Answer (click here)
10. Light Emitting Diode (LED) - Answer (click here)
11. Light Sensors - Answer (click here)
12. Photo Diode - Photo junction Devices - Answer (click here)
13. Photo transistors - Photo junction Devices - Answer (click here)
14. Photovoltaic Cells - Answer (click here)
15. Optocoupler - Answer (click here)
16. CCD( Charge Coupled Device) - Answer (click here)
17. Important Short Questions and Answers: Power Devices and Display
Subject : Linear Integrated Circuits

BASICS OF OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS
1. General Operational Amplifier - Answer (click here)
2. IC 741 Bipolar operational amplifier - Answer (click here)
3. Ideal op-amp characteristics - Answer (click here)
4. AC Characteristics of op-amp - Answer (click here)
5. Circuit Stability of op-amp - Answer (click here)
6. Slew Rate - Answer (click here)
7. DC Characteristics of op-amp - Answer (click here)
8. Open loop-op-amp Configuration - Answer (click here)
9. Limitations of Open - loop Op - amp configuration - Answer (click here)
10. Closed - loop op-amp configuration - Answer (click here)
11. Differential amplifier - Answer (click here)
12. Important Short Questions and Answers: Characteristics of op-amp -
Answer (click here)
APPLICATIONS OF OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS

1. Application of Op-Amp - Answer (click here)
2. Voltage follower - Answer (click here)
3. Current to Voltage Converter (I-V) - Answer (click here)
4. Summing Amplifier - Answer (click here)
5. Subtractor - Answer (click here)
6. Adder/Subtractor - Answer (click here)
7. Differentiator - Answer (click here)
8. Integrator - Answer (click here)
9. Log and Antilog Amplifier - Answer (click here)
11. Zero Crossing Detector: [ Sine wave to Square wave converter] - Answer
(click here)
12. Drawbacks of Zero- crossing detector - Answer (click here)
13. Important Short Questions and Answers: Applications of Op Amp -
Answer (click here)
ANALOG MULTIPLIER AND PLL

ANALOG TO DIGITAL AND DIGITAL TO ANALOG
CONVERTERS
WAVEFORM GENERATORS AND SPECIAL FUNCTION ICS
IC FABRICATION
1. IC Fabrication and Circuit Configuration for Linear ICs - Answer (click
here)
2. Classification of ICs - Answer (click here)
3. Construction of a Monolithic Bipolar Transistor - Answer (click here)
4. Transistor Fabrication: PNP Transistor - Answer (click here)
5. Schottky Barrier Diode - Answer (click here)
6. Schottky transistor - Answer (click here)
7. Monolithic diodes - Answer (click here)
8. Monolithic Capacitors - Answer (click here)
9. Current Mirror and Current Sources - Answer (click here)
10. Important Short Questions and Answers: IC Fabrication and Circuit
Configuration for Linear ICs - Answer (click here)
CHARACTERISTICS OF OPAMP
1. General Operational Amplifier - Answer (click here)
2. IC 741 Bipolar operational amplifier - Answer (click here)
3. Ideal op-amp characteristics - Answer (click here)
4. AC Characteristics of op-amp - Answer (click here)
5. Circuit Stability of op-amp - Answer (click here)
6. Slew Rate - Answer (click here)
7. DC Characteristics of op-amp - Answer (click here)
8. Open loop-op-amp Configuration - Answer (click here)
9. Limitations of Open - loop Op - amp configuration - Answer (click here)
10. Closed - loop op-amp configuration - Answer (click here)
11. Differential amplifier - Answer (click here)
12. Important Short Questions and Answers: Characteristics of op-amp -
Answer (click here)
APPLICATIONS OF OPAMP
1. Application of Op-Amp - Answer (click here)
2. Voltage follower - Answer (click here)
3. Current to Voltage Converter (I-V) - Answer (click here)
4. Summing Amplifier - Answer (click here)
5. Subtractor - Answer (click here)
6. Adder/Subtractor - Answer (click here)
7. Differentiator - Answer (click here)
8. Integrator - Answer (click here)
9. Log and Antilog Amplifier - Answer (click here)
11. Zero Crossing Detector: [ Sine wave to Square wave converter] - Answer
(click here)
12. Drawbacks of Zero- crossing detector - Answer (click here)
13. Important Short Questions and Answers: Applications of Op Amp -
Answer (click here)
SPECIAL ICs
1. The 555 Timer IC and its Pin Configuration - Answer (click here)
2. Block Diagram of 555 Timer IC - Answer (click here)
3. Applications of Monostable Mode of Operation - Answer (click here)
4. The 555 timer as an Astable Multivibrator - Answer (click here)
5. Astable Multivibrator Applications and Ramp generator - Answer (click
here)
6. Important Short Questions and Answers: Spical ICs - Answer (click here)
APPLICATION ICs
1. IC Voltage Regulators - Answer (click here)
2. Switching Fundamentals - Answer (click here)
3. Transformer Operation - Answer (click here)
4. Spark Firing Circuit - Answer (click here)
5. Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) - Answer (click here)
6. Buck Regulator - Answer (click here)
7. Boost Regulator - Answer (click here)
8. Buck-Boost (Inverting) Regulator - Answer (click here)
9. Flyback Regulator - Answer (click here)
10. Generating Multiple Outputs - Answer (click here)
11. Bypass Capacitors - Answer (click here)
12. Linear Regulators - Answer (click here)
13. Classifications of IC voltage regulators - Answer (click here)
14. IC 723 - General Purpose Regulator - Answer (click here)
15. IC723 as a LOW voltage LOW current - Answer (click here)
16. IC723 as a HIGH voltage LOW Current - Answer (click here)
17. IC723 as a HIGH voltage HIGH Current - Answer (click here)
18. Switching Regulator - Answer (click here)
19. Power Audio Amplifier IC LM380 - Answer (click here)
20. Applications of LM 380 - Answer (click here)
21. Optocouplers/Optoisolators: Characteristics, Types, Advantages,
Disadvantages, Applications - Answer (click here)
22. Optocoupler IC - Answer (click here)
23. Important Short Questions and Answers: Application of ICs - Answer
(click here)
Subject : Signals and Systems

CLASSIFICATION OF SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS
1. Classification of Signals and Systems: Introduction - Answer (click here)
2. Continuous-time and discrete-time systems - Answer (click here)
3. Elementary Signals - Answer (click here)
4. Classification of CT and DT signals - Answer (click here)
5. Classification of system - Answer (click here)
6. Sample Solved Problems: Classification of Signals and Systems - Answer
(click here)
7. Important Short Questions and Answers: Classification of Signals and
Systems - Answer (click here)
ANALYSIS OF CONTINUOUS TIME SIGNALS

1. Fourier series analysis - Answer (click here)
2. Continuous Time Fourier Transform - Answer (click here)
3. Inverse Transforms - Answer (click here)
4. Parseval’s theorem - Answer (click here)
5. Laplace Transform - Answer (click here)
6. Properties of ROC of Laplace Transform - Answer (click here)
7. Important Short Questions and Answers: Analysis of Continuous Time
Signals - Answer (click here)
LINEAR TIME INVARIANT CONTINUOUS TIME SYSTEMS

1. Linear Time Invariant -Continuous Time Systems - Answer (click here)
2. Important Short Questions and Answers: Linear Time Invariant,
Continuous Time Systems - Answer (click here)
ANALYSIS OF DISCRETE TIME SIGNALS

1. Analysis of Discrete Time Signals - Answer (click here)
2. Important Short Questions and Answers: Analysis of Discrete Time
Signals - Answer (click here)
LINEAR TIME INVARIANT

1. Linear Time Invariant Discrete Time Systems - Answer (click here)
2. Sample Problems and Important Short Answers: Linear Time Invariant
Discrete Time Systems - Answer (click here)
Subject : Electronic Circuits I

POWER SUPPLIES AND BIASING OF DISCRETE BJT AND
MOSFET
1. Biasing of Discrete BJT and MOSFET - Answer (click here)
2. Need for biasing - Answer (click here)
3. Load line and Variation of quiescent point - Answer (click here)
4. Biasing Methods - Answer (click here)
5. Fixed Bias (Base Resistor Bias) - Answer (click here)
6. Requirements of a biasing circuit - Answer (click here)
7. Method of stabilizing the Q point - Answer (click here)
8. Stability Factors - Answer (click here)
9. Collector to Base Bias - Answer (click here)
10. Modified collector to base bias circuit - Answer (click here)
11. Voltage divider bias circuit - Answer (click here)
12. Diode and Thermistor Compensation technique - Answer (click here)
13. FET Biasing - Answer (click here)
14. Biasing of MOSFET - Answer (click here)
15. Important Short Questions and Answers: Biasing of Discrete BJT and
MOSFET - Answer (click here)
BJT AMPLIFIERS
1. BJT Amplifiers Introduction - Answer (click here)
2. Common Emitter Amplifier Circuit - Answer (click here)
3. Common Collector Amplifier Circuit - Answer (click here)
4. Common Base Amplifier Circuit - Answer (click here)
5. Small Signal Low Frequency h-parameter Model - Answer (click here)
6. h-Parameters for all three configurations - Answer (click here)
7. Midband analysis of BJT Single Stage Amplifiers - Answer (click here)
8. Introduction of Differential Amplifier - Answer (click here)
9. Transistorised Differential Amplifier - Answer (click here)
10. Configurations of Differential Amplifier - Answer (click here)
11. D.C. Analysis of Differential Amplifier - Answer (click here)
12. A.C. Analysis of Differential Amplifier using h-Parameters - Answer (click
here)
13. Common Mode rejection Ratio (CMRR) - Answer (click here)
14. Techniques of Improving Input Impedance - Answer (click here)
15. Important Short Questions and Answers: Electronic Circuits - BJT
Amplifiers - Answer (click here)
JFET AND MOSFET AMPLIFIERS

1. JFET Amplifiers - Answer (click here)
2. Common Source Amplifier With Fixed Bias - Answer (click here)
3. Common source amplifier with self bias (Bypassed Rs) - Answer (click
here)
4. Common source amplifier with self bias (unbypassed Rs) - Answer (click
here)
5. Common source amplifier with Voltage divider bias (Bypassed Rs) -
Answer (click here)
6. Common source amplifier with Voltage divider bias (unbypassed Rs) -
Answer (click here)
7. Common Drain Amplifier - Answer (click here)
8. Common Gate Amplifier - Answer (click here)
9. Multistage Amplifiers - Answer (click here)
10. Small signal Analysis of MOSFET - Answer (click here)
11. Cascaded Amplifiers - Answer (click here)
12. Important Short Questions and Answers: JFET and MOSFET Amplifiers
FREQUENCY ANALYSIS OF BJT AND MOSFET
AMPLIFIERS
1. General shape of frequency response of amplifiers - Answer (click here)
2. Definition of cut-off frequencies and bandwidth - Answer (click here)
3. Low frequency analysis of amplifier to obtain lower cut-off frequency -
Answer (click here)
4. Effect of various capacitors on frequency response - Answer (click here)
5. Miller Theorem - Answer (click here)
6. Low frequency analysis of BJT - Answer (click here)
7. Low frequency analysis of FET amplifier - Answer (click here)
8. Hybrid - π equivalent circuits of BJTs - Answer (click here)
9. High frequency analysis of FET - Answer (click here)
10. Frequency Response of Multistage Amplifiers - Answer (click here)
11. Rise time and its Relation to Upper Cut-off Frequency - Answer (click here)
12. Relation between Bandwidth and Rise time - Answer (click here)
13. Sag and its Relation to Lower Cut-off Frequency - Answer (click here)
14. Important Short Questions and Answers: Frequency Analysis of BJT and
MOSFET Amplifiers - Answer (click here)
IC MOSFET AMPLIFIERS
1. Integrated Circuit Amplifier - Answer (click here)
2. IC Biasing: Basic MOSFET current source - Answer (click here)
3. MOS current-steering circuits - Answer (click here)
4. NMOS Current Sources and Sinks - Answer (click here)
5. PMOS Current Source - Answer (click here)
6. MOSFET Differential amplifier - Answer (click here)
7. Important Short Questions and Answers: IC MOSFET Amplifiers -
Answer (click here)
Subject : Electronic Circuits II

FEEDBACK AMPLIFIERS
1. Feed Back Amplifiers - Introduction - Answer (click here)
2. Feedback - Answer (click here)
3. Principles of Negative Voltage Feedback In Amplifiers - Answer (click
here)
4. Gain of Negative Voltage Feedback Amplifier - Answer (click here)
5. Advantages of Negative Voltage Feedback - Answer (click here)
6. Feedback Circuit - Answer (click here)
7. Principles of Negative Current Feedback - Answer (click here)
8. Current Gain with Negative Current Feedback - Answer (click here)
9. Effects of Negative Current Feedback - Answer (click here)
10. Emitter Follower - Answer (click here)
11. D.C. Analysis of Emitter Follower - Answer (click here)
12. Voltage Gain of Emitter Follower - Answer (click here)
13. Input Impedance of Emitter Follower - Answer (click here)
14. Output Impedance of Emitter Follower - Answer (click here)
15. Applications of Emitter Follower - Answer (click here)
16. Nyquist Criterion - Answer (click here)
17. Important Short Questions and Answers: Feed Back Amplifiers - Answer
(click here)
OSCILLATORS
1. Introduction about Oscillators - Answer (click here)
2. Mechanism of start of oscillation - Answer (click here)
3. Basic Oscillator Feedback Circuit - Answer (click here)
4. Basic LC Oscillator Tank Circuit - Answer (click here)
5. Basic Transistor LC Oscillator Circuit - Answer (click here)
6. The Hartley Oscillator - Answer (click here)
7. Armstrong oscillator - Answer (click here)
8. The Colpitts Oscillator - Answer (click here)
9. Colpitts Oscillator Circuit - Answer (click here)
10. RC Phase-Shift Oscillator - Answer (click here)
11. Wien Bridge Oscillator - Answer (click here)
12. Quartz Crystal Oscillators - Answer (click here)
13. Pierce Oscillator - Answer (click here)
14. Important Short Questions and Answers: Oscillators - Answer (click here)
TUNED AMPLIFIERS
1. Introduction to tuned circuits - Answer (click here)
2. Resonance circuits - Answer (click here)
3. Need for tuned circuits - Answer (click here)
4. Applications of tuned amplifier - Answer (click here)
5. Classification of tuned amplifier - Answer (click here)
6. Important Short Questions and Answers: Tuned Amplifiers - Answer (click
here)
WAVE SHAPING AND MULTIVIBRATOR CIRCUITS

1. Wave Shaping and Multivibrator Circuits - Answer (click here)
2. RL circuit - Answer (click here)
3. The RC Integrator - Answer (click here)
4. RL Integrators - Answer (click here)
5. Astable and Bistable Multivibrators - Answer (click here)
6. Series clipper - Answer (click here)
7. Positive and Negative Clamper - Answer (click here)
8. Schmitt Trigger - Answer (click here)
9. Important Short Questions and Answers: Wave Shaping and
Multivibrator Circuits - Answer (click here)
BLOCKING OSCILLATORS AND TIMEBASE GENERATORS

1. Waveform Generator - Answer (click here)
2. Time-Base Generators - Answer (click here)
3. Unijunction Sawtooth Generator - Answer (click here)
4. UJT Relaxation Oscillator - Answer (click here)
5. Pulse Transformer - Answer (click here)
6. Blocking Oscillator - Answer (click here)
7. Important Short Questions and Answers: Blocking Oscillators and
Timebase Generators - Answer (click here)
Subject : Control System Engineering

CONTROL SYSTEM MODELING
1. Basic elements of control system - Answer (click here)
2. Open loop and Closed loop systems - Answer (click here)
3. Mechanical Translational systems - Answer (click here)
4. Mechanical Rotational Systems - Answer (click here)
5. Modeling of electrical system - Answer (click here)
6. Transfer Function - Answer (click here)
7. Synchros - Answer (click here)
8. AC Servo Motors - Control Systems - Answer (click here)
9. DC Servo Motor - Control Systems - Answer (click here)
10. Block diagram reduction Techniques - Transfer Function - Answer (click
here)
11. Signal Flow Graph Representation - Answer (click here)
12. Tutorial Problems: Control Systems - Systems and their Representation -
Answer (click here)
13. Important Short Questions, Answers: Control Systems - Systems and
their Representation - Answer (click here)
TIME RESPONSE ANALYSIS

1. Time response - Answer (click here)
2. Time response analysis - Answer (click here)
3. Typical Input Signals - Answer (click here)
4. System Time Response - Answer (click here)
5. Steady State Error - Answer (click here)
6. P, PI, PD and PID Compensation - Answer (click here)
7. Impulse Response of a First Order System - Answer (click here)
8. Time Domain Specifications of a Second Order System - Answer (click
here)
9. Root Locus Technique, Analysis and Application Procedure - Answer
(click here)
10. Important Short Questions, Answers, Tutorial Problems: Time Response
Analysis - Answer (click here)
FREQUENCY RESPONSE ANALYSIS

1. Frequency Response - Answer (click here)
2. Bode plot - Answer (click here)
3. Polar plot - Answer (click here)
4. Nyquist Plot - Answer (click here)
5. Frequency domain specifications - Answer (click here)
6. Types of Compensation - Answer (click here)
7. Important Short Questions, Answers, Tutorial Problems: Frequency
Response Analysis - Answer (click here)
STABILITY ANALYSIS
1. Stability - Answer (click here)
2. Routh Hurwitz Criterion - Answer (click here)
3. Nyquist Stability Criteria - Answer (click here)
4. Relative stability - Answer (click here)
5. Important Short Questions, Answers, Tutorial Problems: Stability and
Compensator Design - Answer (click here)
STATE VARIABLE ANALYSIS

1. State space representation of Continuous Time systems - Answer (click
here)
2. Solution of State equations - Answer (click here)
3. Concepts of Controllability and Observability - Answer (click here)
4. State space representation for discrete time systems - Answer (click here)
5. Sampled Data System and Sampling Theorem - Answer (click here)
6. Sample & Hold - Answer (click here)
7. Important Short Questions, Answers, Tutorial Problems: State Variable
Subject : Digital Communication

SAMPLING and QUANTIZATION
1. Sampling theorem for Low pass signals - Answer (click here)
2. Aliasing and signal reconstruction - Answer (click here)
3. Quantization - Answer (click here)
4. Types of Quantizers: Uniform and Non uniform quantization - Answer
(click here)
5. Quantization Noise and Signal-to-Noise - Answer (click here)
6. Companding of Speech signal - Answer (click here)
7. Advantages of Non Uniform Quantization - Answer (click here)
8. Pulse code Modulation(PCM) - Answer (click here)
9. Time-Division Multiplexing (TDM) - Answer (click here)
10. Important Short Questions and Answers: Sampling & Quantization -
Answer (click here)
WAVEFORM CODING
1. Linear Predictive Coding - Answer (click here)
2. Differential Pulse Code Modulation (DPCM) - Answer (click here)
3. Delta Modulation (DM) - Answer (click here)
4. Adaptive Delta Modulation - Answer (click here)
5. Important Short Questions and Answers: Waveform Coding - Answer
(click here)
BASEBAND TRANSMISSION
1. Properties of Line Codes - Answer (click here)
2. Power spectral density of unipolar NRZ line code - Answer (click here)
3. Manchester encoding - Answer (click here)
4. Nyquist Criterion for Zero-ISI - Answer (click here)
5. Inter symbol Interference - Answer (click here)
6. Eye Pattern - Answer (click here)
7. Equalising Filter - Answer (click here)
8. Important Short Questions and Answers: Baseband Transmission -
Answer (click here)
DIGITAL MODULATION SCHEME

1. Geometric representation of Signals - Answer (click here)
2. Generation and Coherent Detection of BPSK Signals - Answer (click here)
3. Power Spectrum or BPSK Modulated Signal - Answer (click here)
4. Frequency Shit Keying Modulation - Answer (click here)
5. Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) - Answer (click here)
6. QAM(Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) - Answer (click here)
7. Important Short Questions and Answers: Digital Modulation Scheme -
Answer (click here)
ERROR CONTROL CODING

1. Linear block and Hamming codes - Answer (click here)
2. Convolutional codes - Answer (click here)
3. Vitterbi Decoding Algorithm - Answer (click here)
4. Important Short Questions and Answers: Error Control Coding - Answer
(click here)
Subject : Principles of Digital Signal Processing

DISCRETE FOURIER TRANSFORM
IIR FILTER DESIGN
1. IIR Filter Design - Answer (click here)
2. Difference Between Analog Filter and Digital Filter - Answer (click here)
3. Filter Types and Ideal Filter Characteristic - Answer (click here)
4. Difference Between FIR Filter and IIR Filter - Answer (click here)
5. Structures For FIR Systems - Answer (click here)
6. Structures For IIR Systems - Answer (click here)
7. Conversion of Analog Filter into Digital Filter - Answer (click here)
8. IIR Filter Design - Bilinear Transformation Method (BZT) - Answer (click
here)
9. Method For Designing Digital Filters Using BZT - Answer (click here)
10. Butterworth Filter Approximation - Answer (click here)
11. Frequency Response Characteristic - Answer (click here)
12. Frequency Transformation - Answer (click here)
13. Important Short Questions and Answers: IIR Filter Design - Answer (click
here)
FIR FILTER DESIGN

1. Features of FIR Filter - Answer (click here)
2. Symmetric and Anti-symmetric FIR filters - Answer (click here)
3. Gibbs Phenomenon - Answer (click here)
4. Designing Filter From Pole Zero Placement - Answer (click here)
5. Notch and Comb Filters - Answer (click here)
6. Digital Resonator - Answer (click here)
7. Roundoff Noise - Answer (click here)
8. Roundoff Noise in FIR Filters - Answer (click here)
9. Limit Cycle Oscillations - Answer (click here)
10. Overflow Oscillations - Answer (click here)
11. Realization Considerations - Answer (click here)
12. Important Short Questions and Answers: FIR Filter Design - Answer (click
here)
FINITE WORDLENGTH EFFECTS

DSP APPLICATIONS
SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS
1. Signals and System - Introduction - Answer (click here)
2. Classification of Signal Processing - Answer (click here)
3. Advantages and Disadvantages of DSP(Digital) Over ASP(Analog
signal Processing) - Answer (click here)
4. Classification of Signals - Answer (click here)
5. Discrete Time Signals and System - Answer (click here)
6. Basic Block Diagram of A/D Converter - Answer (click here)
7. Z Tranform - Analysis of LTI System - Answer (click here)
8. Properties of Z Transform (ZT) - Answer (click here)
9. Relationship Between Fourier Transform and Z Transform - Answer (click
here)
10. Inverse Z Transform (IZT) - Answer (click here)
11. Linear Convolution Sum Method - Answer (click here)
12. Properties of Linear Convolution - Answer (click here)
13. Correlation: Types, Properties - Answer (click here)
14. Difference Between Linear Convolution and Correlation - Answer (click
here)
15. Important Short Questions and Answers: Signals and System - Answer
(click here)
FREQUENCY TRANSFORMATIONS
1. Frequency Transformations - Answer (click here)
2. Properties of Discrete Fourier Transform(DFT) - Answer (click here)
3. Application of Discrete Fourier Transform(DFT) - Answer (click here)
4. Fast Fourier Algorithm (FFT) - Answer (click here)
5. Radix-2 FFT Algorithms - Answer (click here)
6. Computational Complexity FFT V/S Direct Computation - Answer (click
here)
7. Bit Reversal - Answer (click here)
8. Decimation In Frequency (DIFFFT) - Answer (click here)
9. Goertzel Algorithm - Answer (click here)
10. Important Short Questions and Answers: Frequency Transformations -
Answer (click here)
IIR FILTER DESIGN

1. IIR Filter Design - Answer (click here)
2. Difference Between Analog Filter and Digital Filter - Answer (click here)
3. Filter Types and Ideal Filter Characteristic - Answer (click here)
4. Difference Between FIR Filter and IIR Filter - Answer (click here)
5. Structures For FIR Systems - Answer (click here)
6. Structures For IIR Systems - Answer (click here)
7. Conversion of Analog Filter into Digital Filter - Answer (click here)
8. IIR Filter Design - Bilinear Transformation Method (BZT) - Answer (click
here)
9. Method For Designing Digital Filters Using BZT - Answer (click here)
10. Butterworth Filter Approximation - Answer (click here)
11. Frequency Response Characteristic - Answer (click here)
12. Frequency Transformation - Answer (click here)
13. Important Short Questions and Answers: IIR Filter Design - Answer (click
here)
FIR FILTER DESIGN

1. Features of FIR Filter - Answer (click here)
2. Symmetric and Anti-symmetric FIR filters - Answer (click here)
3. Gibbs Phenomenon - Answer (click here)
4. Designing Filter From Pole Zero Placement - Answer (click here)
5. Notch and Comb Filters - Answer (click here)
6. Digital Resonator - Answer (click here)
7. Roundoff Noise - Answer (click here)
8. Roundoff Noise in FIR Filters - Answer (click here)
9. Limit Cycle Oscillations - Answer (click here)
10. Overflow Oscillations - Answer (click here)
11. Realization Considerations - Answer (click here)
12. Important Short Questions and Answers: FIR Filter Design - Answer (click
here)
FINITE WORD LENGTH EFFECTS IN DIGITAL FILTERS

1. Speech Recognition - Answer (click here)
2. Linear Prediction of Speech Synthesis - Answer (click here)
3. Sound Processing - Answer (click here)
4. Echo Cancellation - Answer (click here)
5. Vibration Analysis - Answer (click here)
6. Multistage Implementation of Digital Filters - Answer (click here)
7. Speech signal processing - Answer (click here)
8. Subband Coding - Answer (click here)
9. Adaptive Filter - Answer (click here)
10. Audio Processing - Answer (click here)
11. Image Enhancement: Spatial domain methods - Answer (click here)
12. Important Short Questions and Answers: Applications of DSP - Answer
(click here)
Subject : Transmission Lines and Wave Guides

TRANSMISSION LINE THEORY
1. General Theory of Transmission Lines - Answer (click here)
2. The Transmission Line , General Solutions & The Infinite Line - Answer
(click here)
3. Wavelength, Velocity of Propagation - Answer (click here)
4. Waveform Distortion - Answer (click here)
5. The Distortion Less Line - Answer (click here)
6. Loading and Different Methods of Loading - Answer (click here)
7. Line Not Terminated In Zo - Answer (click here)
8. Reflection Coefficient - Answer (click here)
9. Calculation of Current, Voltage, Power Delivered and Efficiency of
Transmission - Answer (click here)
10. Input and Transfer Impedance - Answer (click here)
11. Open and Short Circuited Lines - Answer (click here)
12. Reflection Factor and Reflection Loss - Answer (click here)
13. Important Short Questions and Answers: Transmission Line Theory -
Answer (click here)
HIGH FREQUENCY TRANSMISSION LINES

1. Transmission Line Equations a Radio Frequencies - Answer (click here)
2. Line of Zero Dissipation, Voltage and Current on the Dissipation -
Answer (click here)
3. Less Line, Standing Waves, Nodes, Standing Wave Ratio - Answer (click
here)
4. Input Impedance of the Dissipation - Less Line & Open and Short
Circuited Lines - Answer (click here)
5. Power and Impedance Measurement on Lines - Answer (click here)
6. Reflection Losses - Answer (click here)
7. Measurement of VSWR and Wavelength - Answer (click here)
8. Important Short Questions and Answers: High Frequency and Radio
Transmission Lines - Answer (click here)
IMPEDANCE MATCHING IN HIGH FREQUENCY LINES

1. Impedance Matching: Quarter Wave Transformer - Answer (click here)
2. Impedance Matching By Stubs, Single Stub and Double Stub Matching -
Answer (click here)
3. Smith Chart, Solutions Of Problems Using Smith Chart - Answer (click
here)
4. Single and Double Stub Matching Using Smith Chart - Answer (click here)
5. Important Short Questions and Answers: Guided Waves - Answer (click
here)
PASSIVE FILTERS
1. Filter fundamentals, Design of filters - Answer (click here)
2. Characteristics impedance of symmetrical networks, Constant K, Low
pass, High pass, Band pass - Answer (click here)
3. Band Elimination, m-derived sections m-derived filter - Answer (click here)
4. Low pass, high pass composite filters - Answer (click here)
WAVE GUIDES AND CAVITY RESONATORS

1. General Wave behaviors along uniform, Guiding structures - Answer (click
here)
2. Transverse Electromagnetic waves, Transverse Magnetic waves,
Transverse Electric waves - Answer (click here)
3. TM and TE wave between parallel plates - Answer (click here)
4. TM and TE waves in Rectangular wave guides - Answer (click here)
5. Bessel’s differential equation and Bessel function & TM and TE waves
in Circular wave guides - Answer (click here)
6. Rectangular and circular cavity resonators - Answer (click here)
7. Important Short Questions and Answers: Circular Waveguides and
Cavity Resonators - Answer (click here)
Subject : Microprocessors and Microcontrollers

8085 PROCESSOR
1. Hardware Architecture of 8085 Microprocessor - Answer (click here)
2. Pin Diagram of 8085 Microprocessor - Answer (click here)
3. Memory Interfacing of 8085 Microprocessor - Answer (click here)
4. Timing Diagram and machine cycles of 8085 Microprocessor - Answer
(click here)
5. Interrupts and Types of Interrupts in 8085 Microprocessor - Answer (click
here)
6. Hardware Architecture of 8086 Microprocessor - Answer (click here)
7. 8086-Minimum mode of operation - Answer (click here)
8. I/O Ports and Data Transfer Concepts - Answer (click here)
9. Important Short Questions and Answers: 8085 & 8086 Processor -
Answer (click here)
PROGRAMMING OF 8085 PROCESSOR

1. Instruction Format - Programming of 8085 Processor - Answer (click here)
2. The 8085 Addressing Modes - Answer (click here)
3. Instruction Set Classification of 8085 Processor - Answer (click here)
4. Sample ASM Assembly Program - 8085 Processor - Answer (click here)
5. Important Short Questions and Answers: Programming of 8085
Processor - Answer (click here)
8051 MICRO CONTROLLER

1. Architecture of 8051 Micro Controller - Answer (click here)
2. Instruction Format - 8051 Micro Controller - Answer (click here)
3. Addressing Modes of 8051 Micro Controller - Answer (click here)
4. Interrupt Structure - 8051 Micro Controller - Answer (click here)
5. I/O Ports - 8051 Micro Controller - Answer (click here)
6. Timers - 8051 Micro Controller - Answer (click here)
7. Important Short Questions and Answers: 8051 Micro Controller - Answer
(click here)
PERIPHERAL INTERFACING
1. Programmable peripheral interface (8255): Architecture, Pin Diagram,
Operational Modes and Control Word Format - Answer (click here)
2. Programmable Interrupt Controller (8259): Features,Pinout, Block
diagram - Answer (click here)
3. 8251 USART-Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver
Transmitter - Answer (click here)
4. Programmable Keyboard/Display Interface- 8279 - Answer (click here)
5. ADC Interfacing with 8085 Microprocessor - Answer (click here)
6. DAC Interfacing with 8085 Microprocessor - Answer (click here)
7. Important Short Questions and Answers: Peripheral Interfacing - Answer
(click here)
MICRO CONTROLLER PROGRAMMING and

APPLICATIONS
1. Micro Controller Programming - Answer (click here)
2. Interfacing and Program for Keyboard to 8051 Microcontroller - Answer
(click here)
3. LCD and Seven Segment Disply Interfacing with 8051 Micro Controller
4. Stepper Motor Interfacing with 8051 Micro Controller - Answer (click here)
5. Servo Motor Interfacing with 8051 Micro Controller - Answer (click here)
6. Washing Machine Control Interfacing with 8051 Micro Controller -
Answer (click here)
7. Important Short Questions and Answers: Micro Controller Programming
& Applications - Answer (click here)
THE 8086 MICROPROCESSOR

1. 8086 Microprocessor architecture - Answer (click here)
2. 8086 Microprocessor Addressing Modes - Answer (click here)
3. Instruction set and assembler directives of 8086 Microprocessor - Answer
(click here)
4. Sample Program with Instruction set in Assembly language - Answer (click
here)
5. 8086 Microprocessor Assembly language programming - Answer (click
here)
6. 8086 Microprocessor Modular programming - Answer (click here)
7. 8086 Microprocessor Linking and Relocation - Answer (click here)
8. memory Stacks in 8086 Microprocessor - Answer (click here)
9. 8086 Microprocessor code Procedures - Answer (click here)
10. Macros - 8086 Microprocessor - Answer (click here)
11. Interrupts and Interrupt Routines in 8086 Microprocessor - Answer (click
here)
12. Strings and String Handling Instructions in 8086 Microprocessor -
Answer (click here)
13. Important Short Questions and Answers: 8086 Microprocessor - Answer
(click here)
8086 SYSTEM BUS STRUCTURE

1. 8086 signals - Answer (click here)
2. Basic configurations: Read Write Timing Diagram - Answer (click here)
3. System Bus timings: Minimum mode 8086 system and timings - Answer
(click here)
4. System Design using 8086: Maximum mode 8086 system and timings -
Answer (click here)
5. IO programming and Multiprocessor Systems - Answer (click here)
6. Coprocessor configurations, Closely and Loosely Coupled Configuration
7. 80286 Microprocessor - Answer (click here)
8. Internal Architecture of 80286 - Answer (click here)
9. Internal Block Diagram of 80286 - Answer (click here)
10. Interrupts of 80286 - Answer (click here)
11. Signal Description of 80286 - Answer (click here)
12. Real Address Mode - Answer (click here)
13. Protected Virtual Address Mode (PVAM) - Answer (click here)
14. Important Short Questions and Answers: Microprocessor and
Microcontroller - 8086 System Bus Structure - Answer (click here)
I O INTERFACING
1. Memory Interfacing and I/O interfacing - Answer (click here)
2. Parallel Communication Interface: 8255 Programmable Peripheral
Interface and Interfacing - Answer (click here)
3. Serial Communication interface: Using 8251 - Answer (click here)
4. D/A and A/D Interface - Answer (click here)
5. Programmable timer device 8253 - Answer (click here)
6. 8279 Programmable Keyboard/Display Controller - Answer (click here)
7. Interrupt controller Intel 8259A - Answer (click here)
8. DMA Controller 8257 - Answer (click here)
9. Traffic Light control Controller Using 8086 - Answer (click here)
10. Important Short Questions and Answers: I/O Interfacing - Answer (click
here)
MICROCONTROLLER
1. Architecture of 8051 - Answer (click here)
2. Special Function Registers(SFRs) of 8051 Microcontroller - Answer (click
here)
3. I/O Pins Ports and Circuits of 8051 Microcontroller - Answer (click here)
4. Instruction set and Assembly language programming of 8051
Microcontroller - Answer (click here)
5. Addressing modes of 8051 Microcontroller - Answer (click here)
6. Important Short Questions and Answers: 8051 Microcontroller - Answer
(click here)
INTERFACING MICROCONTROLLER
1. Programming 8051 Timers: Using Timers to Measure Time - Answer
(click here)
2. Serial Port Programming: 8051 Serial Communication - Answer (click here)
3. 8051 Interrupt Programming - Answer (click here)
4. Interfacing a Microprocessor to Keyboard - Answer (click here)
5. Interfacing Analog to Digital Data Converters - Answer (click here)
6. Stepper Motor Interface - Answer (click here)
7. Important Short Questions and Answers: Interfacing Microcontroller -
Answer (click here)
Referance Extra Notes

1. Introduction to Microprocessor and Microcomputer Architecture - Answer
(click here)
2. 8085 Microprocessor Architecture - Answer (click here)
3. 8085 Pin Description - Answer (click here)
4. Instruction Set and Execution in 8085 - Answer (click here)
5. Instruction Execution and Timing Diagram - Answer (click here)
6. 8085 Interrupts - Answer (click here)
7. Interfacing Memory Chips With 8085 - Answer (click here)
8. Peripheral and Memory Mapped I/O Interfacing - Answer (click here)
9. INTEL 8255: (Programmable Peripheral Interface) - Answer (click here)
10. INTEL 8259A Programmable Interrupt Controller - Answer (click here)
11. 8257: Direct Memory Access Controller - Answer (click here)
12. 8086 Microprocessor Architecture and Operation - Answer (click here)
13. Microcontrollers Vs Microprocessors - Answer (click here)
14. Microcontroller Chips - Answer (click here)
15. Basic 8051 Architecture - Answer (click here)
16. I/O Port Configuration in 8051 - Answer (click here)
17. 8051 interrupts - Answer (click here)
18. Interface of 8051 - Answer (click here)
19. Operation in Multiprocessor mode in 8051 - Answer (click here)
20. 8051 Instructions - Answer (click here)
Subject : Computer Architecture

OVERVIEW and INSTRUCTIONS
1. Eight Ideas - Answer (click here)
2. Components of a Computer System - Answer (click here)
3. Technology in Computer Architecture - Answer (click here)
4. Computer Architecture: Performance - Answer (click here)
5. Computer Architecture: Power Wall - Answer (click here)
6. Uniprocessors to Multiprocessors - Answer (click here)
7. Computer Architecture: Instructions - Answer (click here)
8. Computer Architecture: Operations and Operands - Answer (click here)
9. Computer Architecture: Representing Instructions - Answer (click here)
10. Computer Architecture: Logical and Control Operations - Answer (click
here)
11. Computer Architecture: Addressing and Addressing Modes - Answer (click
here)
ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS
1. Arithmetic Operations: Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) - Answer (click
here)
2. Arithmetic Operations: Addition and Subtraction - Answer (click here)
3. Arithmetic Operations: Multiplication - Answer (click here)
4. Arithmetic Operations: Division - Answer (click here)
5. Floating Point Operations - Answer (click here)
6. Arithmetic Operations: Sub Word Parallelism - Answer (click here)
PROCESSOR AND CONTROL UNIT

1. Basic MIPS Implementation - Answer (click here)
2. Building Data Path and Control Implementation Scheme - Answer (click
here)
3. Pipelining - Answer (click here)
4. Pipelined Data Path and Control - Answer (click here)
5. Handling Data Hazards & Control Hazards - Answer (click here)
6. Exceptions in Processor and Control Unit - Answer (click here)
PARALLELISM
1. Instruction-Level-Parallelism - Answer (click here)
2. Parallel Processing Challenges - Answer (click here)
3. Flynn's Classification - Answer (click here)
4. Hardware in Parallelism - Answer (click here)
MEMORY AND IO SYSTEMS

1. Memory Hierarchy - Answer (click here)
2. Memory Technologies - Answer (click here)
3. Cache Basics - Answer (click here)
4. Measuring and Improving Cache Performance - Answer (click here)
5. Virtual Memory - Answer (click here)
6. TLBS- Input/Output System - Answer (click here)
7. Programmed I/O - Answer (click here)
8. DMA and Interrupts - Answer (click here)
9. I/O Processors - Answer (click here)
10. Glossary - Computer Architecture - Answer (click here)
Subject : Computer Networks

FUNDAMENTALS and LINK LAYER
1. Building a computer network - Answer (click here)
2. Requirements of Computer Networks - Answer (click here)
3. Layering and Protocol - Answer (click here)
4. Internet Architecture - Answer (click here)
5. Network Software - Answer (click here)
6. Performance :Link Layer Services - Answer (click here)
7. Framing in Computer Networks - Answer (click here)
8. Error Detection and Correction: Its types - Answer (click here)
9. Flow Control - Answer (click here)
10. Important Short Questions and Answers : Computer Networks -
Fundamentals & Link Layer - Answer (click here)
MEDIA ACCESS and INTERNETWORKING

1. Medium Access Control - Answer (click here)
2. Ethernet(802.3) - Answer (click here)
3. Wireless LAN’s - Answer (click here)
4. WI-FI Ethernet (802.11) - Answer (click here)
5. Bluetooth (802.15.1) - Answer (click here)
6. Switching and Bridging - Answer (click here)
7. Basic Networking - Answer (click here)
8. IP(Internet Protocol) - Answer (click here)
9. Classless Interdomain Routing (CIDR) - Answer (click here)
10. Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) - Answer (click here)
11. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) - Answer (click here)
12. Error Reporting (ICMP) - Answer (click here)
13. Important Short Questions and Answers: Media Access &
Internetworking - Answer (click here)
ROUTING
1. Routing - Answer (click here)
2. Routing Information Protocol (RIP) - Answer (click here)
3. Link State (OSPF) - Answer (click here)
4. Metrics - Answer (click here)
5. Switch Basics - Answer (click here)
6. Global Internet - Answer (click here)
7. Areas - Answer (click here)
8. BGB (Broader Gateway Protocol) Interdomain Routing - Answer (click
here)
9. IP Version 6 (IPV6) - Answer (click here)
10. Multicast Addresses - Answer (click here)
11. Multicast Routing (DVMRP, PIM) - Answer (click here)
12. DVMRP-Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol - Answer (click here)
13. PIM-Protocol Independent Multicast - Answer (click here)
14. Important Questions and Answers: Routing - Answer (click here)
TRANSPORT LAYER
1. Important Questions and Answers: Routing - Answer (click here)
2. Overview of Transport Layer - Answer (click here)
3. UDP (User Datagram Protocol) - Answer (click here)
4. TCP - Reliable Byte Stream - Answer (click here)
5. Connection Management - Answer (click here)
6. Flow Control - Answer (click here)
7. Retransmission - Answer (click here)
8. TCP Congestion Control - Answer (click here)
9. Congestion Avoidance –DECBit - Answer (click here)
10. Random Early Detection (RED) - Answer (click here)
11. Quality of Services (QoS) - Answer (click here)
12. Application Requirements - Answer (click here)
13. Important Short Questions and Answers: Transport Layer - Answer (click
here)
APPLICATION LAYER
1. Electronic Mail (SMTP, POP3, MIME, IMAP) - Answer (click here)
2. SMTP –Simple Mail Transfer Protocol - Answer (click here)
3. POP3 (Post Office Protocol) and IMAP(Intermediate Mail Access
Protocol) - Answer (click here)
4. MIME(Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension) - Answer (click here)
5. HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) - Answer (click here)
6. Web Services - Answer (click here)
7. Domain Name Service (DNS) - Answer (click here)
8. SNMP(Simple Network Management Protocol) - Answer (click here)
9. Important Questions and Answers : Networks - Application Layer -
Answer (click here)
EXTRA
1. Data Communication - Answer (click here)
2. Data link layer - Answer (click here)
3. Network Layer - Answer (click here)
4. Transport layer - Answer (click here)
5. Application layer - Answer (click here)
6. Computer Networks - Worked out Problems - Answer (click here)
Subject : Operating Systems

OPERATING SYSTEMS OVERVIEW
1. Computer System Review - Answer (click here)
2. Operating System Components - Answer (click here)
3. Interrupts in Operating Systems - Answer (click here)
4. Memory Hierarchy - Operating Systems - Answer (click here)
5. Cache Memory - Answer (click here)
6. Direct Memory Access - Answer (click here)
7. Multiprocessor and Multicore Organization - Answer (click here)
8. Operating System Overview - Answer (click here)
9. Evolution of Operating System - Answer (click here)
10. Computer System Organization - Answer (click here)
11. System Calls - Answer (click here)
12. System Programs - Answer (click here)
13. Important Short Questions and Answers: Operating Systems - Process
and Threads - Answer (click here)
PROCESS MANAGEMENT
1. Processes - Answer (click here)
2. Process Scheduling - Answer (click here)
3. Operations on Processes - Answer (click here)
4. Interprocess Communication - Answer (click here)
5. Threads - Answer (click here)
6. Thread Libraries - Answer (click here)
7. Process Synchronization - Answer (click here)
8. Critical-Section Problem - Answer (click here)
9. Mutex Locks - Answer (click here)
10. Semaphores - Answer (click here)
11. Monitors - Answer (click here)
12. CPU Scheduling - Answer (click here)
13. Deadlock - Answer (click here)
14. Important Short Questions and Answers: Process Scheduling and
Synchronization - Answer (click here)
STORAGE MANAGEMENT
1. Memory Management: Background - Answer (click here)
2. Contiguous Memory Allocation - Answer (click here)
3. Segmentation - Answer (click here)
4. Paging - Answer (click here)
5. Virtual Memory - Answer (click here)
6. Page Replacement - Answer (click here)
7. Thrashing - Answer (click here)
8. Important Questions and Answers: OS Storage Management - Answer
(click here)
IO SYSTEMS
1. Mass Storage Structure - Answer (click here)
2. Disk Scheduling and Management - Answer (click here)
3. File System Storage - Answer (click here)
4. File Sharing and Protection - Answer (click here)
5. File Protection - Answer (click here)
6. File System Structure - Answer (click here)
7. Directory Structure - Answer (click here)
8. Allocation Methods - Answer (click here)
9. Free Space Management - Answer (click here)
10. Important short Questions and Answers: File Systems in OS - Answer
(click here)
CASE STUDY
1. Linux System - Basic Concepts - Answer (click here)
2. System Administration - Answer (click here)
3. Requirements For Linux Ssytem Administrator - Answer (click here)
4. Setting Up a Linux Multifunction Server - Answer (click here)
5. Domain Name System - Answer (click here)
6. Setting up Local Network Services - Answer (click here)
7. Setting Up Xen , VMare On Linux Host And Adding Guest OS - Answer
(click here)
8. Important Short Questions and Answers: I/O System in OS - Answer (click
here)
Subject : RF and Microwave Engineering

TWO PORT NETWORK THEORY
1. Two Port RF Networks - Circuit Representation - Answer (click here)
2. Important Questions and Answers: Two Port RF Networks - Circuit
Representation - Answer (click here)
RF AMPLIFIERS AND MATCHING NETWORKS

1. RF Transistor Amplifier Design and Matching Networks - Answer (click
here)
2. Important Questions and Answers: RF Transistor Amplifier Design and
Matching Networks - Answer (click here)
PASSIVE AND ACTIVE MICROWAVE DEVICES

1. Microwave Passive Components - Answer (click here)
2. Important Short Questions and Answers: Microwave Passive
Components - Answer (click here)
MICROWAVE GENERATION
1. Microwave Semiconductor Devices - Answer (click here)
2. Important Short Questions and Answers: Microwave Semiconductor
MICROWAVE MEASUREMENTS
1. Microwave Tubes - Answer (click here)
2. Operation of Multicavity Klystron - Answer (click here)
3. Reflux Klystron - Answer (click here)
4. Traveling Wave Tube - Answer (click here)
5. Magnetron - Answer (click here)
6. Measurement of Power - Answer (click here)
7. Measurement of Wavelength and Impeadence - Answer (click here)
8. Measurement of SWR and Attunuation - Answer (click here)
9. Q and Phase Shift - Answer (click here)
10. Important Questions and Answers: Microwave Tubes and Measurements
Subject : Medical Electronics

ELECTRO PHYSIOLOGY AND BIO POTENTIAL
RECORDING
1. The Origin of Bio-Potentials - Answer (click here)
2. Bio Potential Electrodes - Answer (click here)
3. Biopotential Amplifiers - Answer (click here)
4. Electrocardiography(ECG) - Answer (click here)
5. Electro Encephalo Gram (EEG) - Answer (click here)
6. EMG (Electro Myograph) - Answer (click here)
7. EOG (Electroculogram) - Answer (click here)
8. PCG (Phono Cardiogram) - Answer (click here)
9. Important Short Questions and Answers: Electro-Physiology and Bio-
Potential Recording - Answer (click here)
BIO CHEMICAL AND NON ELECTRICAL PARAMETER

MEASUREMENT
1. PH Measurement - Answer (click here)
2. pO2 Measurement - Answer (click here)
3. pCO2 Measurement - Answer (click here)
4. Measurement of PHCO3 - Answer (click here)
5. Electrophoresis - Answer (click here)
6. Colorimeter - Answer (click here)
7. Photometer - Answer (click here)
8. Autoanalyzer - Answer (click here)
9. Blood Flow Meter - Answer (click here)
10. Cardiac Output - Answer (click here)
11. Respiratory Rate Measurement - Answer (click here)
12. Blood Pressure - Answer (click here)
13. Temperature Measurement - Answer (click here)
14. Pulse Measurement - Answer (click here)
15. Blood Cell Counter - Answer (click here)
16. Important Questions and Answers: Bio Chemical and Non Electrical
Parameter Measurement - Answer (click here)
ASSIST DEVICES
1. Cardiac Pacemakers - Answer (click here)
2. DC Defibrillation - Answer (click here)
3. Bio Telemetry - Answer (click here)
4. Radio Pills - Answer (click here)
5. Important Questions and Answers: Medical Electronics - Assist Devices
and Bio-Telemetry - Answer (click here)
PHYSICAL MEDICINE AND BIOTELEMETRY

1. Ionising Radiation - Answer (click here)
2. Diagnostic X-Ray Equipments - Answer (click here)
3. Use of Radio Isotope in Diagnosis - Answer (click here)
4. Radiation Therapy - Answer (click here)
5. Important Short Questions and Answers: Radiological Equipments -
Answer (click here)
RECENT TRENDS IN MEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION

1. Thermography: Infrared, Liquid crystal, Microwave - Answer (click here)
2. Endoscopy Unit - Answer (click here)
3. Lasers in Medicine - Answer (click here)
4. Diathermy Units - Answer (click here)
5. Electrical Safety of Medical Equipment - Answer (click here)
6. Important Short Questions and Answers: Recent Trends in Medical
Subject : VLSI Design

MOS TRANSISTOR PRINCIPLE
COMBINATIONAL LOGIC CIRCUITS
1. Circuit Families and Its Comparison - Answer (click here)
2. Low Power Logic Design - Answer (click here)
3. Sequencing Static Circuits - Answer (click here)
4. Circuit Design of Latches and Flip Flops - Answer (click here)
5. Static Sequencing Element Methodology - Answer (click here)
6. Sequencing Dynamic Circuits - Answer (click here)
7. Synchronizers - VLSI Design - Answer (click here)
8. Important Short Questions and Answers: Combinational and Sequential
Circuit Design - Answer (click here)
SEQUENTIAL LOGIC CIRCUITS

DESIGNING ARITHMETIC BUILDING BLOCKS

IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGIES
CMOS TECHNOLOGY
1. A Brief History of CMOS Technology - Answer (click here)
2. MOS Transistor - Answer (click here)
3. Ideal I-V characteristics of MOS Transistor - Answer (click here)
4. CV characteristics - Answer (click here)
5. Non ideal I-V effects - Answer (click here)
6. DC Transfer Characteristics of CMOS Inverter - Answer (click here)
7. CMOS Technologies - Answer (click here)
8. BiCMOS Technology Fabrication - Answer (click here)
9. CMOS Layout Design Rules - Answer (click here)
10. CMOS Process Enhancements - Answer (click here)
11. Technology Related CAD Issues - CMOS Technology - Answer (click here)
12. Manufacturing Issues - CMOS Technology - Answer (click here)
13. Important Short Questions and Answers: VLSI Design - CMOS
Technology - Answer (click here)
CIRCUIT CHARACTERIZATION AND SIMULATION

1. Delay Estimation - Answer (click here)
2. Logical Effort - Answer (click here)
3. Transistor Sizing - Answer (click here)
4. Power Dissipation - VLSI Design - Answer (click here)
5. Interconnect - VLSI Design - Answer (click here)
6. Design Margin - VLSI Design - Answer (click here)
7. Reliability - VLSI Design - Answer (click here)
8. Scaling - VLSI Design - Answer (click here)
9. Spice Tutorial - Answer (click here)
10. Device Models - VLSI Design - Answer (click here)
11. Device and Circuit Characterization - Answer (click here)
12. Interconnect Simulation - Answer (click here)
13. Important Short Questions and Answers: Circuit Characterization and
Simulation - Answer (click here)
COMBINATIONAL AND SEQUENTIAL CIRCUIT DESIGN

CMOS TESTING
1. Need For Testing - Answer (click here)
2. Testers and Test Programs - Answer (click here)
3. Text Fixtures - Answer (click here)
4. Logic Verification - Answer (click here)
5. Silicon Debug Principal - Answer (click here)
6. Manufacturing Test - Answer (click here)
7. Designs For Testability - Answer (click here)
8. Boundary Scan - Answer (click here)
9. Important Short Questions and Answers: VLSI Design - CMOS Testing
SPECIFICATION USING VERILOG HDL

1. Specification Using Verilog HDL: Basic Concepts - Answer (click here)
2. Identifiers - verilog code - Answer (click here)
3. Gate Primitives - Answer (click here)
4. Gate Delays - Verilog HDL - Answer (click here)
5. Operators - Verilog HDL - Answer (click here)
6. Timing Controls - Verilog HDL - Answer (click here)
7. Procedural Assignments Conditional Statements - Answer (click here)
8. Data Flow and RTL - Answer (click here)
9. Structural Gate Level Switch Level Modeling - Answer (click here)
10. Design Hierarchies - VLSI Design - Answer (click here)
11. Behavioural and RTI Modeling - Answer (click here)
12. Testbenches - Answer (click here)
13. Structural Gate Level Description of Decoder - Answer (click here)
14. Important Short Questions and Answers: Specification Using Verilog
HDL - Answer (click here)
15. Important Short Questions and Answers: VLSI Design - Answer (click here)
Subject : Optical Communication and Networks

INTRODUCTION TO OPTICAL FIBERS
1. Optical Communication and Networking: Introduction - Answer (click here)
2. Ray theory transmission - Answer (click here)
3. Electromagnetic mode theory for optical propagation - Answer (click here)
4. Cylindrical fiber: Modes, Mode coupling, Step and Graded index fibers -
Answer (click here)
5. Single mode fiber - Answer (click here)
6. Important Short Questions and Answers: Optical Communication and
Networking - Answer (click here)
SIGNAL DEGRADATION OPTICAL FIBERS

1. Attenuation - Answer (click here)
2. Material absorption losses in silica glass fibers - Answer (click here)
3. Linear scattering losses - Answer (click here)
4. Nonlinear scattering losses - Answer (click here)
5. Fiber bend loss - Answer (click here)
6. Mid infrared and far infrared transmission - Answer (click here)
7. Dispersion - Answer (click here)
8. Intramodal Dispersion - Answer (click here)
9. Intermodal dispersion - Answer (click here)
10. Overall fiber dispersion - Answer (click here)
11. Polarization - Answer (click here)
12. Nonlinear effects - Answer (click here)
13. Fiber alignment and joint loss - Answer (click here)
14. Fiber splices - Answer (click here)
15. Fiber connectors - Answer (click here)
16. Fiber couplers - Answer (click here)
17. Important Short Questions and Answers: Transmission Characteristics of
Optical Fiber - Answer (click here)
FIBER OPTICAL SOURCES AND COUPLING

1. Sources and Detectors: Introduction - Answer (click here)
2. LEDs - Answer (click here)
3. LED Structures - Answer (click here)
4. The Semiconductor Injection Laser - Answer (click here)
5. Injection Laser Structures - Answer (click here)
6. Optical Detectors - Answer (click here)
7. Photodetector Noise & S/N - Answer (click here)
8. Photodetector Response Time - Answer (click here)
9. Important Short Questions and Answers: Sources and Detectors of
Optical - Answer (click here)
FIBER OPTIC RECEIVER AND MEASUREMENTS

1. Fundamental Receiver Operation - Answer (click here)
2. Receiver Configuration - Answer (click here)
3. Probability of Error - Answer (click here)
4. Quantum Limit - Answer (click here)
5. Pre Amplifiers - Answer (click here)
6. Fiber attenuation measurements - Answer (click here)
7. Fiber dispersion measurements - Answer (click here)
8. Fiber refractive index profile measurements - Answer (click here)
9. Fiber cutoff wavelength measurements - Answer (click here)
10. Fiber numerical aperture measurements - Answer (click here)
11. Fiber diameter measurements - Answer (click here)
12. Important Short Questions and Answers: Fiber Optic Receiver and
Measurements - Answer (click here)
OPTICAL NETWORKS AND SYSTEM TRANSMISSION

1. SONET/SDH - Answer (click here)
2. Broadcast and select WDM Networks - Answer (click here)
3. Wavelength Routed Networks - Answer (click here)
4. Non Linear Effects on Network Performance - Answer (click here)
5. Solitons - Answer (click here)
6. Optical CDMA - Answer (click here)
7. Ultra High Capacity Networks - Answer (click here)
8. Important Short Questions and Answers: Optical Networks - Answer (click
here)
Subject : Embedded and Real Time Systems

INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED COMPUTING AND ARM
PROCESSORS
1. Important Short Questions and Answers: Quality Systems - Answer (click
here)
2. Complex Systems and Microprocessors - Answer (click here)
3. Design Example: Model Train Controller - Answer (click here)
4. Embedded System Design Process - Answer (click here)
5. Formalisms for System Design - Answer (click here)
6. Instruction Sets Prelimineris - Answer (click here)
7. ARM Procssor - Answer (click here)
8. CPU: Programming input and output - Answer (click here)
9. Supervisor Mode, Exceptions, and Traps - Answer (click here)
10. Co-Processors - Answer (click here)
11. Memory System Mechanisms - Answer (click here)
12. CPU Performance - Answer (click here)
13. CPU Power Consumption - Answer (click here)
14. Important Questions and Answers: Embedded Computing - Answer (click
here)
15. CPU Buses - Answer (click here)
EMBEDDED COMPUTING PLATFORM DESIGN

1. Memory Devices - Answer (click here)
2. I/O Devices - Answer (click here)
3. Component Interfacing - Answer (click here)
4. Design With Microprocessors - Answer (click here)
5. Development and Debugging - Answer (click here)
6. Program Design - Answer (click here)
7. Models of Programs - Answer (click here)
8. Assembly and Linking - Answer (click here)
9. Basic Compilation Techniques - Answer (click here)
10. Analysis and Optimization of Excution Time, Power, Nrgy , Program
Size - Answer (click here)
11. Program Validation and Testing - Answer (click here)
12. Important questions and answers: Computing Platform and Design
PROCESSES AND OPERATING SYSTEMS

1. Multiple Tasks and Multiple Processes - Answer (click here)
2. Processes and Context Switching - Answer (click here)
3. Operating Systems - Answer (click here)
4. Schduling Policies - Answer (click here)
5. Multiprocessor - Answer (click here)
6. Interprocess Communication Mechanisms - Answer (click here)
7. Evaluating Operating System Performance - Answer (click here)
8. Power Optimization Strategies for Processes - Answer (click here)
9. Important Questions and Answers: Process and Operating Systems -
Answer (click here)
SYSTEM DESIGN TECHNIQUES AND NETWORKS

1. CPU Accelerators - Answer (click here)
2. Accelerated System Design - Answer (click here)
3. Distributed Embedded Architectures - Answer (click here)
4. Networks for Embedded Systems - Answer (click here)
5. Network-Based Design - Answer (click here)
6. Internet-Enabled Systems - Answer (click here)
7. Important Questions and Answers: Hardware Accelerates & Networks -
Answer (click here)
CASE STUDY
1. Hardware and Software Co-Design- Embedded and Real Time Systems -
Answer (click here)
2. Data Compressor- Embedded and Real Time Systems - Answer (click here)
3. Software Modem - Answer (click here)
4. Personal Digital Assistants - Answer (click here)
5. Set–Top–Box - Answer (click here)
6. System-On-Silicon - Answer (click here)
7. FOSS Tools For Embedded System Development - Answer (click here)
8. Important Short Questions and Answers: Case Study- Embedded and
Real Time Systems - Answer (click here)
Subject : Cryptography and Network Security

Part 1
1. Cryptography and Network Security - Introduction - Answer (click here)
2. The OSI Security Architecture - Answer (click here)
3. Classical CryptoSystems - Answer (click here)
4. Classical Encryption Techniques - Answer (click here)
5. Linear Feedback Shift Register (LFSR) - Answer (click here)
6. Introduction to Number Theory - Answer (click here)
7. Finite Fields - Answer (click here)
Part 2
1. Simplified Data Encryption Standard (S-DES) - Answer (click here)
2. Block Cipher Principles - Answer (click here)
3. Multiple Encryption & DES - Answer (click here)
4. Modes of Operation - Answer (click here)
5. Stream Ciphers - Answer (click here)
6. RC4 - Answer (click here)
7. Principles of Public Key Cryptography - Answer (click here)
8. RSA Algorithm - Answer (click here)
Part 3
1. Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange - Answer (click here)
2. Elliptic Curve Cryptography - Answer (click here)
3. Hash Functions - Answer (click here)
4. Simple Hash Functions - Answer (click here)
5. Birthday Attacks - Answer (click here)
6. Security of Hash Functions and Macs - Answer (click here)
7. Secure Hash Algorithm - Answer (click here)
8. Digital Signatures - Answer (click here)
9. Direct Digital Signatures - Answer (click here)
10. Digital Signature Algorithm(DSA) - Answer (click here)
Part 4
1. Authentication Applications - Answer (click here)
2. Kerbero V4 Authentication Dialogue Message Exchange - Answer (click
here)
3. X.509 Certificates - Answer (click here)
4. Authentication Procedures - Answer (click here)
5. Electronic Mail Security - Answer (click here)
6. Public-Key Management - Answer (click here)
7. S/MIME - Answer (click here)
8. S/MIME Functionality and Messages - Answer (click here)
Part 5
1. Intruders - Answer (click here)
2. Intrusion Detection - Answer (click here)
3. Password Management - Answer (click here)
4. Firewalls: design principles, characteristics, Limitations, Types - Answer
(click here)
5. Firewall configurations - Answer (click here)
6. Trusted systems - Answer (click here)
7. Viruses And Related Threats - Answer (click here)
8. Types of Network Viruses - Answer (click here)
9. Network Virus Countermeasures - Answer (click here)
CRYPTOGRAPHY AND NETWORK SECURITY PRINCIPLES

AND PRACTICE by William Stallings
Chapter 1 Overview
1. Concepts and Definition of Computer Security - Answer (click here)
2. The Challenges of Computer Security - Answer (click here)
3. The OSI Security Architecture - Answer (click here)
4. Security Attacks: Passive and Active Attacks - Answer (click here)
5. Security Services - Answer (click here)
6. Security Mechanisms - Answer (click here)
7. A Model For Network Security - Answer (click here)
8. Classical Encryption Techniques - Answer (click here)
PART ONE SYMMETRIC CIPHERS

Chapter 2 Classical Encryption Techniques
1. Symmetric Cipher Model - Answer (click here)
2. Substitution Techniques - Answer (click here)
3. Transposition Techniques - Answer (click here)
4. Rotor Machines - Answer (click here)
5. Steganography - Answer (click here)
Chapter 3 Block Ciphers and the Data Encryption Standard

1. Block Ciphers and the Data Encryption Standard - Answer (click here)
2. Block Cipher Principles - Answer (click here)
3. The Data Encryption Standard - Answer (click here)
4. A DES(Data Encryption Standard) Example - Answer (click here)
5. The Strength of DES(Data Encryption Standard) - Answer (click here)
6. Differential and Linear Cryptanalysis - Answer (click here)
7. Block Cipher Design Principles - Answer (click here)
Chapter 4 Basic Concepts in Number Theory and Finite Fields

1. Basic Concepts in Number Theory and Finite Fields - Answer (click here)
2. Divisibility and the Division Algorithm - Answer (click here)
3. The Euclidean Algorithm - Answer (click here)
4. Modular Arithmetic - Answer (click here)
5. Groups, Rings, and Fields - Answer (click here)
6. Finite Fields Of The Form GF(p) - Answer (click here)
7. Polynomial Arithmetic - Answer (click here)
8. Finite Fields of the Form GF(2n) - Answer (click here)
Chapter 5 Advanced Encryption Standard

1. Advanced Encryption Standard(AES) - Answer (click here)
2. Finite Field Arithmetic - Answer (click here)
3. AES(Advanced Encryption Standard) Structure - Answer (click here)
4. Advanced Encryption Standard(AES) Transformation Functions - Answer
(click here)
5. AES Key Expansion - Answer (click here)
6. An Advanced Encryption Standard(AES) Example - Answer (click here)
7. AES(Advanced Encryption Standard) Implementation - Answer (click here)
Chapter 6 Block Cipher Operation

1. Block Cipher Operation - Answer (click here)
2. Multiple Encryption and Triple DES(Data Encryption Standard) - Answer
(click here)
3. Electronic Code Book - Answer (click here)
4. Cipher Block Chaining(CBC) Mode - Answer (click here)
5. Cipher Feedback Mode - Answer (click here)
6. Output Feedback Mode - Answer (click here)
7. Counter Mode - Answer (click here)
8. XTS-AES Mode For Block-Oriented Storage Devices - Answer (click here)
Chapter 7 Pseudorandom Number Generation and Stream

Ciphers
1. Pseudorandom Number Generation and Stream Ciphers - Answer (click
here)
2. Principles of Pseudorandom Number Generation - Answer (click here)
3. Pseudorandom Number Generators - Answer (click here)
4. Pseudorandom Number Generation Using a Block Cipher - Answer (click
here)
5. Stream Ciphers - Answer (click here)
6. RC4 - Answer (click here)
7. True Random Number Generators - Answer (click here)
PART TWO ASYMMETRIC CIPHERS
Chapter 8 More Number Theory
1. Introduction to Number Theory - Answer (click here)
2. Prime Numbers - Answer (click here)
3. Fermat’s And Euler’s Theorems - Answer (click here)
4. Testing for Primality - Answer (click here)
5. The Chinese Remainder Theorem - Answer (click here)
6. Discrete Logarithms - Answer (click here)
Chapter 9 Public Key Cryptography and RSA

1. Public-Key Cryptography and RSA - Answer (click here)
2. Principles of Public-Key Cryptosystems and its Applications,
Requirements, Cryptanalysis - Answer (click here)
3. The RSA Algorithm - Answer (click here)
4. Description of the RSA Algorithm - Answer (click here)
5. The Security of RSA - Answer (click here)
Chapter 10 Other Public Key Cryptosystems

1. Other Public-Key Cryptosystems - Answer (click here)
2. Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange - Answer (click here)
3. Elgamal Cryptographic System - Answer (click here)
4. Elliptic Curve Arithmetic - Answer (click here)
5. Elliptic Curve Cryptography - Answer (click here)
6. Pseudorandom Number Generation Based on an Asymmetric Cipher -
Answer (click here)
PART THREE CRYPTOGRAPHIC DATA INTEGRITY

ALGORITHMS
Chapter 11 Cryptographic Hash Functions
1. Cryptographic Hash Functions - Answer (click here)
2. Applications of Cryptographic Hash Functions - Answer (click here)
3. Two Simple Hash Functions - Answer (click here)
4. Requirements and Security - Answer (click here)
5. Hash Functions Based on Cipher Block Chaining - Answer (click here)
6. Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA) - Answer (click here)
7. SHA-3 - Answer (click here)
Chapter 12 Message Authentication Codes
1. Message Authentication Codes - Answer (click here)
2. Message Authentication Requirements - Answer (click here)
3. Message Authentication Functions - Answer (click here)
4. Requirements For Message Authentication Codes - Answer (click here)
5. Security of MACS - Answer (click here)
6. MACS Based on Hash Functions: HMAC - Answer (click here)
7. MACS Based on Block Ciphers: DAA And CMAC - Answer (click here)
8. Authenticated Encryption: CCM and GCM - Answer (click here)
9. Pseudorandom Number Generation Using Hash Functions and MACS -
Answer (click here)
Chapter 13 Digital Signatures

1. Digital Signatures - Answer (click here)
2. Digital Signatures: Properties, Attacks and Forgeries - Answer (click here)
3. ELGAMAL Digital Signature Scheme - Answer (click here)
4. Schnorr Digital Signature Scheme - Answer (click here)
5. Digital Signature Standard - Answer (click here)
PART FOUR MUTUAL TRUST

Chapter 14 Key Management and Distribution
1. Key Management and Distribution - Answer (click here)
2. Symmetric Key Distribution Using Symmetric Encryption - Answer (click
here)
3. Symmetric Key Distribution Using Asymmetric Encryption - Answer
(click here)
4. Distribution of Public Keys - Answer (click here)
5. X.509 Certificates - Answer (click here)
6. Public-Key Infrastructure - Answer (click here)
Chapter 15 User Authentication Protocols

1. User Authentication - Answer (click here)
2. Remote User-Authentication Principles - Answer (click here)
3. Remote User-Authentication Using Symmetric Encryption - Answer (click
here)
4. Kerberos - Answer (click here)
5. Remote User Authentication Using Asymmetric Encryption - Answer
(click here)
6. Federated Identity Management - Answer (click here)
PART FIVE NETWORK AND INTERNET SECURITY

Chapter 16 Transport Level Security
1. Transport-Level Security - Answer (click here)
2. Web Security Considerations - Answer (click here)
3. Secure Socket Layer and Transport Layer Security - Answer (click here)
4. Transport Layer Security - Answer (click here)
5. HTTPS - Answer (click here)
6. Secure Shell (SSH) - Answer (click here)
Chapter 17 Wireless Network Security

1. Wireless Network Security - Answer (click here)
2. IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN Overview: Wi-Fi Alliance, Protocol
Architecture, Network Components - Answer (click here)
3. IEEE 802.11i Wireless LAN Security - Answer (click here)
4. Wireless Application Protocol Overview - Answer (click here)
5. Wireless Transport Layer Security - Answer (click here)
6. WAP End-to-End Security - Answer (click here)
Chapter 18 Electronic Mail Security

1. Electronic Mail Security - Answer (click here)
2. Pretty Good Privacy - Answer (click here)
3. S/MIME - Answer (click here)
4. DomainKeys Identified Mail - Answer (click here)
Chapter 19 IP Security
1. IP Security(IPsec) - Answer (click here)
2. IP Security Overview - Answer (click here)
3. IP Security Policy - Answer (click here)
4. Encapsulating Security Payload - Answer (click here)
5. Combining Security Associations - Answer (click here)
6. Internet Key Exchange - Answer (click here)
7. Cryptographic Suites - Answer (click here)
PART SIX SYSTEM SECURITY

Chapter 20 Intruders
1. Intruders - Answer (click here)
2. Intruders: Behavior Patterns and Techniques - Answer (click here)
3. Intrusion Detection - Answer (click here)
4. Password Management - Answer (click here)
Chapter 21 Malicious Software

1. Malicious Software - Answer (click here)
2. Types of Malicious Software - Answer (click here)
3. Computer Viruses: Nature, Classification, Virus Kits - Answer (click here)
4. Computer Virus Countermeasures - Answer (click here)
5. Computer or Network Worms - Answer (click here)
6. Distributed Denial of Service Attacks - Answer (click here)
7. Firewalls - Answer (click here)
Chapter 22 Firewalls
1. The Need for Firewalls - Answer (click here)
2. Firewall Characteristics and limitations - Answer (click here)
3. Types of Firewalls - Answer (click here)
4. Firewall Basing - Answer (click here)
5. Firewall Location and Configurations - Answer (click here)
PART SEVEN LEGAL AND ETHICAL ISSUES

Chapter 23 Legal and Ethical Issues
1. Legal And Ethical Aspects - Answer (click here)
2. Cybercrime and Computer Crime - Answer (click here)
3. Types of Computer Crime - Answer (click here)
4. Intellectual Property - Answer (click here)
5. Network and Computer Privacy - Answer (click here)
6. Ethical Issues - Network or Computer - Answer (click here)
Subject : Engineering Mathematics I

UNIT I DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
1. Differential Calculus - Answer (click here)
UNIT II FUNCTIONS OF SEVERAL VARIABLES
1. Functions of several Variables - Answer (click here)
UNIT III INTEGRAL CALCULUS

1. Differential Calculus - Answer (click here)
UNIT IV MULTIPLE INTEGRALS

1. Multiple Integrals - Answer (click here)
UNIT V DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

1. Ordinary Differential Equations - Answer (click here)
2. Partial Differential Equations - Answer (click here)
3. Important Questions and Answers: Partial Differential Equations -
Answer (click here)
4. Formation of Partial Differential Equations - Answer (click here)
5. Solution of a Partial Differential Equation - Answer (click here)
6. Lagrange’s Linear Equation - Answer (click here)
7. Partial Differential Equations of Higher Order With Constant
Coefficients - Answer (click here)
8. Non Homogeneous Linear Equations - Answer (click here)
9. Applications of Partial Differential Equations - Answer (click here)
10. Important Questions and Answers: Applications of Partial Differential
Equations - Answer (click here)
11. Solution of the wave equation - Answer (click here)
12. Solution of the heat equation - Answer (click here)
13. Solution of Laplace’s equation (Two dimensional heat equation) - Answer
(click here)
Subject : Engineering Mathematics II

UNIT I MATRICES
1. Matrix - Answer (click here)
UNIT II VECTOR CALCULUS

1. Vector Calculus - Answer (click here)
UNIT III ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS

1. Analytic Functions - Answer (click here)
UNIT IV COMPLEX INTEGRATION

1. Complex Integration - Answer (click here)
UNIT V LAPLACE TRANSFORMS

1. Laplace Transformation - Answer (click here)
Subject : Probability and Random Processes

RANDOM VARIABLES
1. Random Variables - Answer (click here)
2. Important Short Objective Question and Answers: Random Variables -
Answer (click here)
TWO DIMENSIONAL RANDOM VARIABLES

1. Two Dimensional Random Variables - Answer (click here)
2. Important Short Objective Questions and Answers: Two Dimensional
Random Variables - Answer (click here)
RANDOM PROCESSES
1. Random Processes - Answer (click here)
2. Important Short Objective Questions and Answers: Random Processes -
Answer (click here)
CORRELATION AND SPECTRAL DENSITIES

1. Correlation and Spectral Density - Answer (click here)
LINEAR SYSTEMS WITH RANDOM INPUTS

1. Linear System with Random Inputs - Answer (click here)
Subject : Transforms and Partial Differential

Equations
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
1. Partial Differential Equations - Answer (click here)
2. Important Questions and Answers: Partial Differential Equations -
Answer (click here)
3. Formation of Partial Differential Equations - Answer (click here)
4. Solution of a Partial Differential Equation - Answer (click here)
5. Lagrange’s Linear Equation - Answer (click here)
6. Partial Differential Equations of Higher Order With Constant
Coefficients - Answer (click here)
7. Non Homogeneous Linear Equations - Answer (click here)
FOURIER SERIES
1. Fourier Series - Answer (click here)
2. Important Questions and Answers: Fourier Series - Answer (click here)
3. Periodic Functions - Answer (click here)
4. Even and Odd functions - Answer (click here)
5. Half Range Series - Answer (click here)
6. Parseval’s Theorem and Change of Interval - Answer (click here)
7. Harmonic Analysis - Answer (click here)
8. Formula For Fourier Series - Answer (click here)
APPLICATIONS OF PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

1. Applications of Partial Differential Equations - Answer (click here)
2. Important Questions and Answers: Applications of Partial Differential
3. Solution of the wave equation - Answer (click here)
4. Solution of the heat equation - Answer (click here)
5. Solution of Laplace’s equation (Two dimensional heat equation) - Answer
(click here)
FOURIER TRANSFORMS
1. Fourier Transforms - Answer (click here)
2. Important Questions and Answers: Fourier Transforms - Answer (click here)
3. Fourier Transforms and its properties - Answer (click here)
Z TRANSFORMS AND DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS

1. Z-Transforms and Difference Equations - Answer (click here)
2. Important Questions and Answers: Z-Transforms and Difference
3. Linear Difference Equations - Answer (click here)
4. Z - Transforms and its Properties - Answer (click here)
5. Inverse Z-Transforms - Answer (click here)
6. Application of Z - transform to Difference equations - Answer (click here)
Subject : Engineering Physics

UNIT I PROPERTIES OF MATTER
1. Types of Stress and Strain - Answer (click here)
2. Hooke's Law - Answer (click here)
3. Types of Moduli of Elasticity - Answer (click here)
4. Factors affecting Elasticity - Answer (click here)
5. Bending of Beams - Answer (click here)
6. Modes of Heat Transer - Answer (click here)
7. Lee's Disc Method for Bad Conductors - Answer (click here)
8. Radial flow of heat - Answer (click here)
UNIT II WAVES AND FIBER OPTICS

1. Characteristics of Laser - Answer (click here)
2. Principle of Spontaneous and Stimulated emission - Einstein’s Quantum
theory of radiation - Answer (click here)
3. Principle of Laser action and Methods of pumping action - Answer (click
here)
4. Nd: YAG laser: Principle, Construction, Working, Characteristics,
Advantages, Disadvantages and Applications - Answer (click here)
5. CO2 Molecular gas laser: Principle, Construction, Working,
Characteristics, Advantages, Disadvantages and Applications - Answer
(click here)
6. Solid State diode lasers - Answer (click here)
7. Semiconductor Diode laser: Principle, Construction, Working,
(click here)
8. Hetro Junction Laser: Principle, Construction, Working, Characteristics,
9. Fiber Optics and Fiber Construction - Answer (click here)
10. Types of Optical Fibers - Answer (click here)
11. Difference between Step Index fiber and Graded Index fiber - Answer
(click here)
12. The Fiber Optic Communication System: Principle, Working, and
Advantages - Answer (click here)
13. Double Crucible Method - Answer (click here)
14. Types of Fiber Optic Sensors - Answer (click here)
15. Temperature Fiber Optic Sensor: Principle, Description and Working -
Answer (click here)
16. Displacement Fiber Optic Sensor (Extrinsic Sensor): Principle,
Description and Working - Answer (click here)
17. Medical Endoscope - Fiber Optic: Construction and working - Answer
(click here)
18. Losses in Optical Fibers - Answer (click here)
19. Principle of operation of a Photo Detector - Answer (click here)
20. PIN Photo Diode - Answer (click here)
21. Light Emitting Diodes: Principle, Construction, Working, Advantages
22. Important Short Questions and Answers: Photonics and fibre Optics -
Answer (click here)
UNIT III THERMAL PHYSICS

1. Types of Stress and Strain - Answer (click here)
2. Hooke's Law - Answer (click here)
3. Types of Moduli of Elasticity - Answer (click here)
4. Factors affecting Elasticity - Answer (click here)
5. Bending of Beams - Answer (click here)
6. Modes of Heat Transer - Answer (click here)
7. Lee's Disc Method for Bad Conductors - Answer (click here)
8. Radial flow of heat - Answer (click here)
UNIT IV QUANTUM PHYSICS

1. Quantum Physics - Answer (click here)
2. Important Short Question and Answers: Quantum Physics - Answer (click
here)
3. Black Body Radiation - Answer (click here)
4. Planck's Hypothesis - Answer (click here)
5. Theory Compton Effect - Answer (click here)
6. Experimental Verification of Compton Effect - Answer (click here)
7. Dual Nature of Radiation (Light) And Matter (Particles) - Matter Waves
8. Schroedinger wave equation - Answer (click here)
9. Electron microscope - Principle, Construction, Working, Advantages and
10. Scanning electron microscope - Principle, Construction, Working,
Advantages and Disadvantages - Answer (click here)
11. Transmission Electron microscope - Principle, Construction, Working,
Advantages and Disadvantages - Answer (click here)
UNIT V CRYSTAL PHYSICS

1. Crystalllography - Answer (click here)
2. Lattice Parameters or Unit Cell Parameters - Answer (click here)
3. Bravais Space Lattice - Answer (click here)
4. Lattice Planes - Answer (click here)
5. Miller Indices - Procedure for finding and Important Features - Answer
(click here)
6. Separation between Lattice Planes in a cubic Crystal - Answer (click here)
7. Characteristics of the Unit Cell - Answer (click here)
8. Body centered cubic(BCC) Structure - Answer (click here)
9. Face centered cubic (FCC) Structure - Answer (click here)
10. Hexagonal Closely Packed Structure(HCP) - Answer (click here)
11. Properties of some Crystal Structure - Sodium choride, Diamond cubic -
Answer (click here)
12. Crystal growth - Solidification and Crystallization - Answer (click here)
13. Czochralski technique - Answer (click here)
14. Bridgeman Technique - Answer (click here)
15. Low temperature solution growth : Slow cooling and Slow evaporation
method - Answer (click here)
16. Epitaxial growth - Answer (click here)
Subject : Engineering Chemistry

UNIT I WATER AND ITS TREATMENT
1. Water Technology - Answer (click here)
2. Important Questions and Answers: Water Technology - Answer (click here)
UNIT II SURFACE CHEMISTRY AND CATALYSIS

UNIT III ALLOYS AND PHASE RULE
1. Phase Rule and Alloys - Answer (click here)
UNIT IV FUELS AND COMBUSTION

1. Fuels and Combustion - Answer (click here)
2. Important Questions and Answers: Fuels and Combustion - Answer (click
here)
UNIT V ENERGY SOURCES AND STORAGE DEVICES

1. Energy Sources - Answer (click here)
2. Important Questions and Answers: Energy Sources - Answer (click here)
Subject : Engineering Graphics

Engineering Graphics
1. Importance of Engineering Graphics - Answer (click here)
2. Plane Curves and Introduction to Orthographic - Answer (click here)
3. Projection of Straight Lines and Planes [First Angle] - Answer (click here)
4. Projection of Solids and Section of Solids - Answer (click here)
5. Development of Surfaces and Isometric Projection - Answer (click here)
6. Free Hand Sketching and Perspective Projection - Answer (click here)
7. Important Keypoints and Notation in Engineering Graphics - Answer (click
here)
CONCEPTS AND CONVENTIONS (Not for Examination)

1. Importance of Engineering Graphics - Answer (click here)
UNIT I PLANE CURVES AND FREEHAND SKETCHING

1. Plane Curves and Introduction to Orthographic - Answer (click here)
UNIT II PROJECTION OF POINTS and LINES AND PLANE

SURFACE
1. Projection of Straight Lines and Planes [First Angle] - Answer (click here)
UNIT III PROJECTION OF SOLIDS

1. Projection of Solids and Section of Solids - Answer (click here)
UNIT IV PROJECTION OF SECTIONED SOLIDS AND

DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACES
1. Development of Surfaces and Isometric Projection - Answer (click here)
UNIT V ISOMETRIC AND PERSPECTIVE PROJECTIONS
1. Free Hand Sketching and Perspective Projection - Answer (click here)
Subject : Physics for Electronics Engineering

UNIT I ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
1. Conducting Materials - Answer (click here)
2. Important Questions and Answers: Conducting Materials - Answer (click
here)
3. Conducting Materials - Answer (click here)
4. Solved Problems: Conducting Materials - Answer (click here)
5. Important Short Questions and Answers: Conducting Materials - Answer
(click here)
UNIT II SEMICONDUCTOR PHYSICS

1. Semiconducting Materials - Answer (click here)
2. Important Questions and Answers: Semiconducting Materials - Answer
(click here)
3. Semiconducting Materials - Answer (click here)
4. Solved Problems: Semiconducting Materials - Answer (click here)
5. Important Short Questions and Answers: Semiconducting Materials -
Answer (click here)
UNIT III MAGNETIC AND DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF

MATERIALS
1. Magnetic Materials - Answer (click here)
2. Important Questions and Answers: Magnetic Materials - Answer (click here)
3. Super Conducting Materials - Answer (click here)
4. Important Questions and Answers: Super Conducting Materials - Answer
(click here)
5. Dielectric Materials - Answer (click here)
6. Important Questions and Answers: Dielectric Materials - Answer (click
here)
7. Magnetic Materials - Answer (click here)
8. Super Conductors - Answer (click here)
9. Solved Problems: Magnetic and Superconducting Materials - Answer
(click here)
10. Important Questions and Answers: Magnetic and Superconducting
Materials - Answer (click here)
11. Dielectric Materials - Answer (click here)
12. Solved Problems: Dielectric Materials - Answer (click here)
13. Important Short Questions and Answers: Dielectric Materials - Answer
(click here)
UNIT IV OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS

1. Characteristics of Laser - Answer (click here)
2. Principle of Spontaneous and Stimulated emission - Einstein’s Quantum
theory of radiation - Answer (click here)
3. Principle of Laser action and Methods of pumping action - Answer (click
here)
4. Nd: YAG laser: Principle, Construction, Working, Characteristics,
5. CO2 Molecular gas laser: Principle, Construction, Working,
(click here)
6. Solid State diode lasers - Answer (click here)
7. Semiconductor Diode laser: Principle, Construction, Working,
(click here)
8. Hetro Junction Laser: Principle, Construction, Working, Characteristics,
9. Fiber Optics and Fiber Construction - Answer (click here)
10. Types of Optical Fibers - Answer (click here)
11. Difference between Step Index fiber and Graded Index fiber - Answer
(click here)
12. The Fiber Optic Communication System: Principle, Working, and
Advantages - Answer (click here)
13. Double Crucible Method - Answer (click here)
14. Types of Fiber Optic Sensors - Answer (click here)
15. Temperature Fiber Optic Sensor: Principle, Description and Working -
Answer (click here)
16. Displacement Fiber Optic Sensor (Extrinsic Sensor): Principle,
Description and Working - Answer (click here)
17. Medical Endoscope - Fiber Optic: Construction and working - Answer
(click here)
18. Losses in Optical Fibers - Answer (click here)
19. Principle of operation of a Photo Detector - Answer (click here)
20. PIN Photo Diode - Answer (click here)
21. Light Emitting Diodes: Principle, Construction, Working, Advantages
22. Important Short Questions and Answers: Photonics and fibre Optics -
Answer (click here)
UNIT V NANOELECTRONIC DEVICES

1. Advanced Engineering Materials Metallic Glasses - Answer (click here)
2. Important Questions and Answers: Advanced Engineering Materials
Metallic Glasses - Answer (click here)
3. Modern Engineering Materials - Answer (click here)
4. Important Short Questions and Answers: Modern Engineering Materials
Subject : Technical English

UNIT I
1. Listening to Informal Conversations and Participating - Answer (click here)
2. Speaking In Conversation - Answer (click here)
3. Developing Analytical Thinking - Answer (click here)
4. Effective use of SMS - Answer (click here)
5. Use of Emoticons in Email - Answer (click here)
6. Regular & Irregular Verbs - Answer (click here)
7. Active Voice & Passive Voice - Answer (click here)
8. Homonymns & Homophones - Answer (click here)
UNIT II
1. Conversation Practice - Answer (click here)
2. Writing a Book Review - Answer (click here)
3. Reading - Answer (click here)
4. Writing Summary - Answer (click here)
5. Personal Letters - Answer (click here)
6. Modal Verbs - Answer (click here)
7. Phrasal Verbs - Answer (click here)
UNIT III
1. Listening to Conversation - Answer (click here)
2. Conversation with Stress, Intonation & Pronunciation - Answer (click here)
3. Critical reading - Answer (click here)
4. Minutes of meeting - Answer (click here)
5. Writing Technical articles - Answer (click here)
6. Conditional clauses - Answer (click here)
7. Cause and effect expression - Answer (click here)
8. Same word as noun and verb - Answer (click here)
9. Homonys & Homophones Practice - Answer (click here)
UNIT IV
1. Telephone Conversations - Answer (click here)
2. Applying for a Job - Cover Letter & Resume Preparation - Answer (click
here)
3. Numerical Expressions - Answer (click here)
4. Connectives (Discourse Markers) - Answer (click here)
5. Idioms and their Meanings - Using Idioms in Sentences - Answer (click
here)
6. Different forms of resumes - Answer (click here)
7. Filling up a resume and cover letter - Answer (click here)
UNIT V
1. Strategies for Improving Discussion Skills - Answer (click here)
2. Note Making - Answer (click here)
3. Intensive Reading and Extensive Reading - Answer (click here)
4. Check Lists - Yes/No Question Form - Answer (click here)
5. Report Writing - Answer (click here)
6. Report of Meeting - Answer (click here)
7. Use of Clauses - Answer (click here)
8. Vocabulary- Collocation - Answer (click here)
Subject : Problem Solving and Python

Programming
Python
1. Python - Answer (click here)
2. Basic Data Types, Control Structures and Functions - Python - Answer
(click here)
3. Tuples, Lists and Dictionaries - Python - Answer (click here)
4. String Processing and Regular Expressions - Python - Answer (click here)
5. Exception Handling - Python - Answer (click here)
6. Introduction to CGI Programming - Python - Answer (click here)
7. Form Processing and Business Logic - Python - Answer (click here)
8. Cookies - Python - Answer (click here)
9. Database Application Programming Interface (DB-API) - Python -
Answer (click here)
UNIT I ALGORITHMIC PROBLEM SOLVING

UNIT II DATA and EXPRESSIONS and STATEMENTS
UNIT III CONTROL FLOW and FUNCTIONS
UNIT IV LISTS and TUPLES and DICTIONARIES
UNIT V FILES and MODULES and PACKAGES
Subject : Object Oriented Programming and Data

Structures
DATA ABSTRACTION and OVERLOADING
1. Overview of C++ - Answer (click here)
2. The structure of a C++ program - Answer (click here)
3. Variables - Answer (click here)
4. Initializion - Answer (click here)
5. Overloading - Answer (click here)
6. Container Class - Answer (click here)
7. Static members of a C++ class - Answer (click here)
8. Static Function Members - Answer (click here)
9. Dynamic memory allocation - Answer (click here)
10. Dynamic memory in C - Answer (click here)
11. The Class Constructor - Answer (click here)
12. The Class Destructor - Answer (click here)
13. Variables Initialization - Answer (click here)
14. Functions taking References Parameters - Answer (click here)
15. Scope and Accessing Class Members - Answer (click here)
16. Default Memberwise Assignment - Answer (click here)
17. Structures - Answer (click here)
18. Important Questions and Answers: Data Abstraction & Overloading -
Answer (click here)
INHERITANCE and POLYMORPHISM

1. Inheritance - Answer (click here)
2. Dynamic Binding - Answer (click here)
3. Public, Private, Protected inheritance - Answer (click here)
4. This Pointer - Answer (click here)
5. Abstract classes - Answer (click here)
6. Using Constructors and Destructors in Derived Classes - Answer (click
here)
7. Composition vs. Inheritance - Answer (click here)
8. What is virtual function? Explain with an example. - Answer (click here)
9. What is a virtual destructor? Explain the use of it. - Answer (click here)
10. Multiple inheritances with suitable c++ coding - Answer (click here)
11. Polymorphism and Different Types of Polymorphism - Answer (click here)
12. Multiple catch statement with help of suitable C++ coding - Answer (click
here)
13. Various file modes and its syntax - Answer (click here)
14. Need for exception with try, catch and throw keywords - Answer (click
here)
15. Various forms of inheritance in C++ with necessary coding - Answer (click
here)
16. Important Short Questions and Answers: Inheritance and Polymorphism
LINEAR DATA STRUCTURES

1. Abstract Data Type (ADT) - Answer (click here)
2. The List ADT - Answer (click here)
3. Array Based Implementation - Answer (click here)
4. linked lists Implementation - Answer (click here)
5. A singly linked list class The class definition for a node - Answer (click
here)
6. Polynomial Multiplication Using Linked List - Answer (click here)
7. Stack ADT and its applications, Applications, Implementations - Answer
(click here)
8. Queue ADT and its applications, Applications, Implementations - Answer
(click here)
9. Evaluating arithmetic expressions - Answer (click here)
10. How do you analyses an algorithm? - Answer (click here)
11. How pointer are used to implement linked list structure - Answer (click
here)
12. Various operation performed on the doubly linked list. Doubly Linked
Lists - Answer (click here)
13. Give linked list implementation of stack operation - Answer (click here)
14. What is a stack? Two operations performed on a stack with required
algorithm - Answer (click here)
15. Priority Queue - Answer (click here)
16. Heap operations: algorithms, Heap Sort - Answer (click here)
17. Important Short Questions and Answers: Linear Data Structures - Answer
(click here)
NON LINEAR DATA STRUCTURES

1. Tree - abstract data type (ADT) - Answer (click here)
2. Binary tree and Types of binary trees - Answer (click here)
3. Properties of binary trees - Answer (click here)
4. Common operations of binary trees - Answer (click here)
5. Graph and its representations - Tree - Answer (click here)
6. Graph Representations and Traversals - Tree - Answer (click here)
7. Graph Traversals - Answer (click here)
8. Implementation of trees - Answer (click here)
9. Implementation of a Binary Tree with an expression tree - Answer (click
here)
10. Breadth First Search - Answer (click here)
11. Application of Depth First Search - Answer (click here)
12. Important short questions and answers: Non-Linear Data Structures -
Answer (click here)
SORTING and SEARCHING

1. Sorting algorithms - Answer (click here)
2. The Insertion Sort - Answer (click here)
3. Quick Sort - Answer (click here)
4. Merge Sort - Answer (click here)
5. Binary Search - Answer (click here)
6. Searching - Linear search - Answer (click here)
7. Detail about Insertion Sort - Answer (click here)
8. Brief note on Merge Sort - Answer (click here)
9. Detail about Quick Sort - Answer (click here)
10. Important short questions and answers: Sorting and Searching - Answer
(click here)
Subject : Environmental Science and Engineering

ENVIRONMENT, ECOSYSTEMS AND BIODIVERSITY
1. Definitions and Scope of Environmental Science - Answer (click here)
2. Concept, Structure, Components of Ecosystem - Answer (click here)
3. Structure and Function of Forest Ecosystem(Terrestrial Ecosystem) -
Answer (click here)
4. Structure and functions of Grassland Ecosystems - Answer (click here)
5. Structure and Functions of Desert Ecosystms - Answer (click here)
6. Aquatic ecosystems - Answer (click here)
7. Energy Flow in Ecosystem - Answer (click here)
8. Ecological pyramid - Answer (click here)
9. Nutrient cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen and phosphorus cycle - Answer (click
here)
10. Ecological succession - Answer (click here)
11. Biodiversity - Answer (click here)
12. Levels and Values of Biodiversity - Answer (click here)
13. Hot-Spots of Biodiversity - Answer (click here)
14. Threats to Biodiversity - Answer (click here)
15. Man-Wildlife Conflicts and Endangered Species - Answer (click here)
16. Conservation of Biodiversity - Answer (click here)
17. Important Short Questions and Answers: Environment, Ecosystems and
Biodiversity - Answer (click here)
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
1. Environmental pollution - Answer (click here)
2. Classification of Pollution - Answer (click here)
3. Nuclear Hazards - Answer (click here)
4. Management of solid waste - Answer (click here)
5. Disaster Management - Answer (click here)
6. Important Short Questions and Answers: Environmental Pollution -
Answer (click here)
NATURAL RESOURCES
1. Forest Resources - Answer (click here)
2. Deforestation - Answer (click here)
3. Water Resources - Answer (click here)
4. Mineral Resources - Answer (click here)
5. Food Resources - Answer (click here)
6. Energy Resources - Answer (click here)
7. Renewable Energy Resources and Methods of Harvesting - Answer (click
here)
8. Non-Reneable Energy Sources - Answer (click here)
9. Nuclear Energy - Answer (click here)
10. Uses of Alternate (Renewable) Energy Sources - Answer (click here)
11. Land Resources - Answer (click here)
12. Desertification: Harmful effect and Causes - Answer (click here)
13. Landslides: Causes and Harmful effect - Answer (click here)
14. Conservation of Natural Resources - Role of an Individual - Answer (click
here)
15. Equitable Use of Resources for Sustainable Life Style - Answer (click here)
16. Important Short Questions and Answers: Natural Resources - Answer
(click here)
SOCIAL ISSUES AND THE ENVIRONMENT

1. Social Issues and the Environment - Answer (click here)
2. Important Short Questions and Answers: Social Issues and the
Environment - Answer (click here)
HUMAN POPULATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT

1. Human Population and the Environment - Answer (click here)
2. Important Short Questions and Answers: Human Population and the
Subject : Principles of Management

INTRODUCTION TO MANAGEMENT AND
ORGANIZATIONS
1. Important Short Questions and Answers: Human Population and the
2. Levels of Management - Answer (click here)
3. Functions of Management - Answer (click here)
4. Roles of Manager - Answer (click here)
5. Evolution of Management Thought - Answer (click here)
6. Organization and Environmental Factors - Answer (click here)
7. Classification of Environmental Factors - Answer (click here)
8. Trends and Challenges of Management in Global Scenario - Answer (click
here)
9. Important Short Questions and Answers: Principles of Management -
Answer (click here)
10. The contribution of F.W.Taylor to scientific management - Answer (click
here)
11. The contribution of Henry Fayol to modern management - Answer (click
here)
12. Major functions of management - Answer (click here)
13. Management is an art or science both science and art - Answer (click here)
14. Types of business organization - Answer (click here)
INTRODUCTION TO MANAGEMENT AND

ORGANIZATIONS Short Notes
1. Importance and Definition of Management - Answer (click here)
2. Management Functions - Answer (click here)
3. Role of Managers - Answer (click here)
4. Managerical skills - Answer (click here)
5. Evolution of Management Thought - Answer (click here)
6. Organization and Environmental Factors - Answer (click here)
7. Classification of Environmental Factors - Answer (click here)
8. Trends and Challenges of Management in Global Scenario - Answer (click
here)
Answer (click here)
PLANNING
1. Nature and purpose of planning - Answer (click here)
2. Planning process - Answer (click here)
3. Types of Plans / Components of Planning - Answer (click here)
4. Managing By Objective (MBO) - Answer (click here)
5. Planning - Types of strategies - Answer (click here)
6. Planning Policies - Answer (click here)
7. Decision Making - Answer (click here)
8. Decision Making Process - Answer (click here)
9. Rational Decision Making Process - Answer (click here)
10. Decision Making under different conditions - Answer (click here)
Planning - Answer (click here)
12. The concept of MBO - Answer (click here)
13. Strategy formulation and implementation process - Answer (click here)
14. Decision making process: Problem Analysis vs Decision Making -
Answer (click here)
PLANNING Short Notes

1. Planning - Answer (click here)
2. Nature and Purpose of Planning - Answer (click here)
3. Planning Process - Answer (click here)
4. Types of Plans / Components of Planning - Answer (click here)
5. Features of Objectives - Answer (click here)
6. Management By Objectives (MBO) - Answer (click here)
7. Types of Strategies - Answer (click here)
8. Policies - Answer (click here)
9. Decision Making and Types of Decisions - Answer (click here)
10. Decision Making Process - Answer (click here)
11. Rational Decision Making Model - Answer (click here)
12. Decision Making Under Various Conditions - Answer (click here)
Planning - Answer (click here)
ORGANISING
1. Nature and purpose of organizing - Answer (click here)
2. Importance or Advantages of Organizing - Answer (click here)
3. Organizing Process - Answer (click here)
4. Principles of Organization Structure - Answer (click here)
5. Formal and Informal Organization: Characteristic Features, Advantages
6. Differences Between Formal and Informal Organization - Answer (click
here)
7. Line and Staff authority: Types, Features, Advantages and
8. Departmentation: Various patterns, Advantages and Disadvantages -
Answer (click here)
9. Span of control: Factors Affecting, Advantages and Disadvantages -
Answer (click here)
10. Centralization and Decentralization: Characteristics, Advantages and
11. Delegation of authority - Answer (click here)
12. Staffing: Recruitment and Selection - Answer (click here)
13. Employee Induction / Orientation - Answer (click here)
14. Career development - Answer (click here)
15. Career stages - Answer (click here)
16. Performance Appraisal - Answer (click here)
Organizing - Answer (click here)
18. Distinguish between formal and informal organization - Answer (click here)
19. Bases of departmentation - Answer (click here)
20. The various selection process that are followed by an organization -
Answer (click here)
21. Various sources of manpower supply in an organization - Answer (click
here)
ORGANISING Short Notes

1. Organizing - Answer (click here)
2. Nature or Characteristics of Organizing - Answer (click here)
3. Organizing Process - Answer (click here)
4. Organization Structure - Answer (click here)
5. Principles of Organization Structure - Answer (click here)
6. Formal and Informal Organization - Answer (click here)
7. Line and Staff Authority - Answer (click here)
8. Departmentation by Different Strategies - Answer (click here)
9. Span of Control, Centralization and Decentralization - Answer (click here)
10. Delegation of Authority - Answer (click here)
11. Staffing - Answer (click here)
12. Staffing: Selection Process - Answer (click here)
13. Career Development and Career Stages - Answer (click here)
14. Training and Performance Appraisal - Answer (click here)
15. Important Questions and Answers: Principles of Management -
Organizing - Answer (click here)
DIRECTING
1. Directing: Creativity and Innovation - Answer (click here)
2. Motivation and Satisfaction - Answer (click here)
3. Motivation Theories - Answer (click here)
4. Leadership Styles - Answer (click here)
5. Leadership theories - Answer (click here)
6. Communication: Process and Guidelines for effective Communication -
Answer (click here)
7. Barriers to Effective Communication - Answer (click here)
8. Organization Culture: Elements and types of culture - Answer (click here)
9. Managing cultural diversity - Answer (click here)
Directing - Answer (click here)
11. Theory of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs - Answer (click here)
12. McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y - Answer (click here)
13. Hertzbergs Two Factor Theory or Hygeine Theory - Answer (click here)
14. Electronic media of communication used in business organizationa and
Information communication revolutions - Answer (click here)
DIRECTING Short Notes

1. Directing: Creativity and Innovation - Answer (click here)
2. Motivation - Answer (click here)
3. Leadership and Leadership Styles - Answer (click here)
4. Leadership Theories - Answer (click here)
5. The Communication Process - Answer (click here)
6. Barriers to Effective Communication - Answer (click here)
7. Elements of Organizational Culture - Answer (click here)
8. Managing Cultural Diversity - Answer (click here)
Directing - Answer (click here)
CONTROLLING
1. Process of controlling - Answer (click here)
2. Types of control - Answer (click here)
3. Budgetary Control: Definition, Features and Classifiction - Answer (click
here)
4. Budgetary Control Techniques - Answer (click here)
5. Non-Budgetary Control Techniques - Answer (click here)
6. Managing Productivity: Typical Productivity Calculations - Answer (click
here)
7. Cost control - Answer (click here)
8. Purchase control - Answer (click here)
9. Maintenance Control- Quality Control- Planning operations - Answer
(click here)
Controlling - Answer (click here)
11. Steps in the process of controlling - Answer (click here)
12. Role of MIS play at various levels of management - Answer (click here)
13. Globalisation of Business: Stages, Essential Conditions and Advantages
14. Requirements of Effective Control - Answer (click here)
15. Control Techniques: Budget and Budgetary Control - Answer (click here)
CONTROLLING Short Notes

1. Controlling and Control Process - Answer (click here)
2. Budgetary Control Techniques - Answer (click here)
3. Non-Budgetary Control Techniques - Answer (click here)
4. Productivity - Answer (click here)
5. Cost, Quality, Purchase and Maintenance Control - Answer (click here)
Controlling - Answer (click here)
Subject : Professional Ethics in Engineering

HUMAN VALUES
1. Senses of Engineering Ethics - Answer (click here)
2. Kohlberg and Gilligan Views - Answer (click here)
3. Act and Rule Utilitarian - Answer (click here)
4. Moral Dilemma - Answer (click here)
5. Morality and Moral Issues - Answer (click here)
6. Moral Autonomy - Answer (click here)
7. Consensus and Controversy - Answer (click here)
8. Models of Professional Roles - Answer (click here)
9. Ethical Theories - Answer (click here)
10. Important Questions and Answers: Engineering Ethics - Answer (click here)
ENGINEERING ETHICS
1. Ethics and Positive Roles of Code of Ethics - Answer (click here)
2. Engineering Experiments With Standard Experiments - Answer (click here)
3. Engineers as Responsible Experimenters - Answer (click here)
4. Important Questions and Answers: Engineering as Social
Experimentation - Answer (click here)
ENGINEERING AS SOCIAL EXPERIMENTATION

1. Safety and Risk - Answer (click here)
2. Risk Assesment - Answer (click here)
3. Risk Benefit Analysis - Answer (click here)
4. Bhopal Gas Tragedy - Answer (click here)
5. Difficulties in Establishing Safeguards - Answer (click here)
6. Important Questions and Answers: Engineer'S Responsibility For Safety
SAFETY, RESPONSIBILITIES AND RIGHTS
1. Collegiality and Loyalty - Answer (click here)
2. Collective Bargaining and Occupational Crime - Answer (click here)
3. Intellectual Property Rights - Answer (click here)
4. Employee Rights - Answer (click here)
5. Employee Role of Confidentiality - Answer (click here)
6. Important Questions and Answers: Responsibilities and Rights - Answer
(click here)
7. Multinational Corporations with Neat Example - Answer (click here)
8. Computer Ethics is the Technological Background of the Society -
Answer (click here)
9. Environmental Ethics Through Engineering Ecology and Economics -
Answer (click here)
10. Human-Centered Ethics - Answer (click here)
11. Involvement in Weapons Work - Answer (click here)
12. Honesty - Answer (click here)
13. Important Questions and Answers: Global Issues - Answer (click here)
GLOBAL ISSUES
1. Multinational Corporations with Neat Example - Answer (click here)
2. Computer Ethics is the Technological Background of the Society -
Answer (click here)
3. Environmental Ethics Through Engineering Ecology and Economics -
Answer (click here)
4. Human-Centered Ethics - Answer (click here)
5. Involvement in Weapons Work - Answer (click here)
6. Honesty - Answer (click here)
7. Important Questions and Answers: Global Issues - Answer (click here)
Subject : Total Quality Management

INTRODUCTION
1. Quality Management - Answer (click here)
2. Various dimensions of quality with examples - Answer (click here)
3. Deming’s Philosophy - Answer (click here)
4. Quality Planning - Answer (click here)
5. The barriers to TQM implementation and Deming Philosophy - Answer
(click here)
6. Evolution of quality - Answer (click here)
7. Basic concepts, principles, barriers and benefits of Total Quality
Management (TQM) - Answer (click here)
8. Important Questions and Answers: Quality Management - Answer (click
here)
TQM PRINCIPLES
1. Leadership - Answer (click here)
2. Quality Council - Answer (click here)
3. Seven Steps to Strategic Quality Planning - Answer (click here)
4. Quality Statements - Answer (click here)
5. Customer Satisfaction - Answer (click here)
6. Tebouls Model of customer satisfication - Answer (click here)
7. Customer Retention - Answer (click here)
8. Motivation Concept of Motivation - Answer (click here)
9. Theories of Motivation - Answer (click here)
10. Herzberg’s Two Factor Theory - Answer (click here)
11. Empowerment - Answer (click here)
12. Job Enrichment Vs Job Empowerment - Answer (click here)
13. Teams - Answer (click here)
14. Characteristics of Successful Teams - Answer (click here)
15. Stages of Team Development - Answer (click here)
16. Recognition and Reward - Answer (click here)
17. Importance of Performance Appraisals - Answer (click here)
18. Benefits of Employee Involvement - Answer (click here)
19. The PDCA Cycle - Answer (click here)
20. 5-S: Housekeeping - Answer (click here)
21. Kaizen - Answer (click here)
22. Supplier Partnership - Answer (click here)
23. Partnering - Answer (click here)
24. Supplier Selection - Answer (click here)
25. Supplier Rating - Answer (click here)
26. Aspects of Employee Involvement - Answer (click here)
27. Intrinsic Vs Extrinsic Rewards - Answer (click here)
28. Customer complaints (feedback) - Answer (click here)
29. Continuous Process Improvement (CPI) - Answer (click here)
30. Important Questions and Answers: Total Quality Management (TQM)
Principles - Answer (click here)
TQM TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES I

1. Seven tools of quality - Answer (click here)
2. New Seven management Tools - Answer (click here)
3. Management Tool: Affinity Diagram - Answer (click here)
4. Management Tool: Relations Diagram - Answer (click here)
5. Management Tool: Tree Diagram - Answer (click here)
6. Management Tool: Matrix Diagram - Answer (click here)
7. Matrix Data Analysis Diagram - Answer (click here)
8. Management Tool: Arrow Diagram - Answer (click here)
9. Six Sigma - Answer (click here)
10. Benchmarking - Answer (click here)
11. Failure Mode and Effects Analysis - Answer (click here)
12. Important Questions and Answers: Total Quality Management Tools &
Techniques - Answer (click here)
13. The seven traditional tools of quality - Answer (click here)
14. New management tools - Answer (click here)
15. Types of Benchmarking - Answer (click here)
16. Failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) - Answer (click here)
17. Timing of FMEA - Answer (click here)
18. Benchmarking process - Answer (click here)
TQM TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES II

1. TQM Tools And Techniques - Answer (click here)
2. Quality Function Deployment - Answer (click here)
3. Taguchi’s Quality Loss Function - Answer (click here)
4. Maintenance development stages - Answer (click here)
5. Total Productive Maintenance - Answer (click here)
6. Quality costs - Answer (click here)
7. Voice of the customer - Answer (click here)
8. Design of FMEA document - Answer (click here)
9. Different types of needs - Answer (click here)
10. Major benefits of quality function deployment (QFD) - Answer (click here)
11. Quality circles - Answer (click here)
12. Organisational structure - Answer (click here)
13. Important Questions and Answers: Total Quality Management Tools and
Techniques - Answer (click here)
QUALITY SYSTEMS
1. ISO 9000 STANDARDS - Answer (click here)
2. Need of Quality system - Answer (click here)
3. ISO 9000:2000 Quality Systems - Answer (click here)
4. Need for ISO 9000- ISO 9000-2000 Quality System - Answer (click here)
5. QS 9000 – ISO 14000 – Requirements - Answer (click here)
6. ISO 9000 Documentation and Documentation Hierarchy - Answer (click
here)
7. Clauses in ISO 9001 - Answer (click here)
8. ISO 14000 - Environmental Management systems - Answer (click here)
9. Processes of Software Quality Management - Answer (click here)
10. Cost of Quality - Answer (click here)
11. Concepts and Benefits of ISO 14000 - Answer (click here)
12. Important Questions and Answers: Quality Systems - Answer (click here)

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ECE Electronics and Communication Engineering - Lecture Notes, Study Materials and Important Questions Answers

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ECE - Electronics and Communication

Circuit Analysis - (Click Here)

Subject : Circuit Analysis

UNIT II NETWORK THEOREMS FOR DC AND AC CIRCUITS

UNIT III RESONANCE AND COUPLED CIRCUITS

UNIT IV TRANSIENT ANALYSIS

UNIT V TWO PORT NETWORKS

Subject : Digital Electronics

SYNCHRONOUS AND ASYNCHRONOUS SEQUENTIAL

Subject : Communication Theory

Subject : Basic Electrical and Instrumentation

UNIT III DC MACHINES

UNIT V MEASUREMENT AND INSTRUMENTATION

Subject : Electrical Engineering and

INDUCTION MACHINES AND SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES

BASICS OF MEASUREMENT AND INSTRUMENTATION

ANALOG AND DIGITAL INSTRUMENTS

UNIT II BIPOLAR JUNCTION TRANSISTORS

UNIT III FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTORS

UNIT IV SPECIAL SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES

UNIT V POWER DEVICES AND DISPLAY DEVICES

Subject : Linear Integrated Circuits

APPLICATIONS OF OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS

ANALOG MULTIPLIER AND PLL

Subject : Signals and Systems

ANALYSIS OF CONTINUOUS TIME SIGNALS

LINEAR TIME INVARIANT CONTINUOUS TIME SYSTEMS

ANALYSIS OF DISCRETE TIME SIGNALS

LINEAR TIME INVARIANT

Subject : Electronic Circuits I

JFET AND MOSFET AMPLIFIERS

Subject : Electronic Circuits II

WAVE SHAPING AND MULTIVIBRATOR CIRCUITS

BLOCKING OSCILLATORS AND TIMEBASE GENERATORS

Subject : Control System Engineering

TIME RESPONSE ANALYSIS

FREQUENCY RESPONSE ANALYSIS

STATE VARIABLE ANALYSIS

Subject : Digital Communication

DIGITAL MODULATION SCHEME

ERROR CONTROL CODING

Subject : Principles of Digital Signal Processing

FIR FILTER DESIGN

FINITE WORDLENGTH EFFECTS

IIR FILTER DESIGN

FIR FILTER DESIGN

FINITE WORD LENGTH EFFECTS IN DIGITAL FILTERS

Subject : Transmission Lines and Wave Guides

HIGH FREQUENCY TRANSMISSION LINES

IMPEDANCE MATCHING IN HIGH FREQUENCY LINES

WAVE GUIDES AND CAVITY RESONATORS

Subject : Microprocessors and Microcontrollers

PROGRAMMING OF 8085 PROCESSOR

8051 MICRO CONTROLLER

MICRO CONTROLLER PROGRAMMING and

THE 8086 MICROPROCESSOR

8086 SYSTEM BUS STRUCTURE

Referance Extra Notes

Subject : Computer Architecture

PROCESSOR AND CONTROL UNIT

MEMORY AND IO SYSTEMS

Subject : Computer Networks

MEDIA ACCESS and INTERNETWORKING