E L A S T I C PROBLEMS LEADING T O THE BIHARMONIC EQUATION

I N REGIONS O F SECTOR TYPE

Hisharn H a s s a n e i n

B.Sc., A l e x a n d r i a U n i v e r s i t y , 1969

A T H E S I S SUBMITTED I N P A R T I X L FULFILLMENT OF

THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF

MASTER O F S C I E N C E

i n the D e p a r t m e n t

of

Mathematics

@ HISHAM HASSANEIN 1973

SIMON FRASER U N I V E R S I T Y

A p r i l 1973

A l l r i g h t s reserved. T h i s thesis m a y n o t be

reproduced i n w h o l e or i n p a r t , by photocopy

or other m e a n s , w i t h o u t p e r m i s s i o n of the author.

 APPROVAL

NAME : Hisham Hassanein

DEGREE : M a s t e r of Science

T I T L E OF T H E S I S : E l a s t i c p r o b l e m s l e a d i n g t o the b i h a r m o n i c equation i n

r e g i o n s of sector type

EXAMINING COMMITTEE :

CHAIRMAN : G. A. C. Graham

R. W. Lardner
S e n i o r Supervisor

D. L. S h a r m a

M. Singh

C--
. 7 - - ( - -

D. S h a d m a n
External Examiner

A p r i l 1 9 , 1973
DATE APPROVED :

(ii)
 PARTIAL COPYRIGHT LICENSE

I hereby g r a n t t o Simon F r a s e r U n i v e r s i t y t h e r i g h t t o lend

my t h e s i s o r d i s s e r t a t i o n ( t h e t i t l e of which i s shown below) t o u s e r s

of t h e Simon F r a s e r U n i v e r s i t y L i b r a r y , and t o make p a r t i a l o r s i n g l e

c o p i e s o n l y f o r such u s e r s o r i n r e s p o n s e t o a r e q u e s t from t h e l i b r a r y

of any o t h e r u n i v e r s i t y , o r o t h e r e d u c a t i o n a l i n s t i t u t i o n , on i t s own

b e h a l f o r f o r one of i t s u s e r s . I f u r t h e r a g r e e t h a t permission f o r

m u l t i p l e copying of t h i s t h e s i s f o r s c h o l a r l y purposes may be g r a n t e d

by me o r t h e Dean of Graduate S t u d i e s . It i s understood t h a t copying

o r p u b l i c a t i o n of t h i s t h e s i s f o r f i n a n c i a l g a i n s h a l l n o t be allowed

w i t h o u t my w r i t t e n permission.

Author : -- -
1

(signature )

(name )

\I
(date)
 ABSTRACT

A number of problems i n e l a s t i c i t y may be reduced t o s o l v i n g t h e

biharmonic e q u a t i o n V44 = 0 i n two dimensions under a p p r o p r i a t e

boundary c o n d i t i o n s on t h e f u n c t i o n . The purpose of t h i s t h e s i s w i l l

be t o examine c e r t a i n methods o f s o l u t i o n of t h i s e q u a t i o n i n r e g i o n s

bounded by l i n e s r a d i a t i n g from t h e o r i g i n and by a r c s o f c i r c l e s c e n t e r e d

a t the origin. The b a s i c r e g i o n of t h i s t y p e i s t h e s e c t o r r < a,

-w < 8 < w, where ( r , 8) a r e p o l a r coordinates. We s h a l l be e s p e c i a l l y

concerned w i t h t h e p a r t i c u l a r case when w = r, s o t h a t t h e s e c t o r becomes

a c i r c u l a r region w i t h a crack l y i n g between t h e boundary and t h e c e n t r e

of the c i r c l e .

A f t e r reviewing i n t h e f i r s t c h a p t e r t h e b a s i c e q u a t i o n s o f p l a n e

e l a s t i c i t y and o f t h e t h e o r y of p l a t e bending, and showing how i n both

c a s e s problems may be reduced t o t h e biharmonic e q u a t i o n , we proceed i n

Chapter I1 t o examine t h e s o l u t i o n of a number of p a r t i c u l a r problems,

most of which i n v o l v e r e g i o n s o f s e c t o r type. I n t h i s c h a p t e r we

c o n s i d e r a problem p r e v i o u s l y examined by Williams [ 31 concerning a

cracked c y l i n d e r w i t h imposed t r a c t i o n s on t h e boundary r = a. He

c o n s t r u c t s a b a s i c s e t of e i g e n f u n c t i o n s s a t i s f y i n g t h e biharmonic e q u a t i o n

and t h e homogeneous boundary c o n d i t i o n s on t h e crack f a c e s 0 = *IT .

U n f o r t u n a t e l y , t h e s e e i g e n f u n c t i o n s a r e n o t o r t h o g o n a l which makes it

very d i f f i c u l t t o determine t h e unknown c o e f f i c i e n t s i n t h e e x p r e s s i o n

of t h e s t r e s s f u n c t i o n .

I n an i n t e r e s t i n g p a p e r , Gaydon and Shepherd [ 51 c o n s i d e r t h e problem

1
I of a semi-infinite rectangular s t r i p . Each o f the e i g e n f u n c t i o n s i s
expanded i n a s e r i e s o f orthonormal beam f u n c t i o n s , t h u s e n a b l i n g them t o

compute numerically t h e c o e f f i c i e n t s o f t h e s t r e s s f u n c t i o n corresponding

t o any a r b i t r a r y d i s t r i b u t i o n of t r a c t i o n on t h e end of t h e s t r i p . I n an

e x t e n s i o n of t h e i r work, Gopalacharyulu [ 6 ] follows t h e same method i n

s o l v i n g t h e s e c t o r problem. He a l s o expands t h e e i g e n f u n c t i o n s i n a

s e r i e s o f orthonormal beam f u n c t i o n s .

Xn Chapter 111, w e c o n s i d e r t h e problem of an i n f i n i t e c y l i n d e r o f

u n i t r a d i u s cracked along t h e p l a n e 0 = T. I n s t e a d of u s i n g t h e more

complicated beam e i g e n f u n c t i o n s a s were used by Gopalacharyulu [ 6 ] , t h e

s e t o f b a s i c e i g e n f u n c t i o n s d i s c u s s e d i n Chapter I1 i s expanded i n terms

of simple F o u r i e r s i n e and c o s i n e s e r i e s . An i n f i n i t e system of simul-

taneous e q u a t i o n s is o b t a i n e d from which we can compute numerically t h e

c o e f f i c i e n t s corresponding t o a r b i t r a r y t r a c t i o n s on t h e boundary r = 1.

W e have computed t h e s e c o e f f i c i e n t s numerically f o r a p a r t i c u l a r l o a d i n g

a s w e l l a s t h e corresponding stress d i s t r i b u t i o n around t h e c r a c k t i p .

The stress i n t e n s i t y f a c t o r s f o r d i f f e r e n t loadings a r e a l s o computed.

Following t h e same method, t h e set of simultaneous e q u a t i o n s f o r d e t e r -

mining t h e c o e f f i c i e n t s of t h e s t r e s s f u n c t i o n i s o b t a i n e d i n t h e c a s e

of an i n f i n i t e c y l i n d e r having a crack w i t h a rounded t i p , and a l s o i n

t h e c a s e of a s e m i - c i r c u l a r c y l i n d e r .
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I wish t o thank D r . R. Lardner, Mathematics Department, Simon F r a s e r

U n i v e r s i t y , f o r h i s i n v a l u a b l e h e l p and continuous encouragement.

I a l s o wish t o thank M r s . A. Gerencser f o r h e r p a t i e n c e i n t y p i n g my

thesis.

F i n a l l y , I would l i k e t o thank Simon F r a s e r U n i v e r s i t y f o r t h e

f i n a n c i a l a s s i s t a n c e I r e c e i v e d throughout my work.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

T i t l e Page i

Approval Page ii

Abstract iii

Acknowledgment v

Table of Contents vi

L i s t o f Figures ix

L i s t of Tables X

CHAPTER I ELASTOSTATIC PROBLEMS LEADING TO THE BIHARMONIC 1

EQUATION

1.1 P l a n e e l a s t o s t a t i c p r o b l e m s 1

1.1.1 P l a n e d e f o r m a t i o n s 2

1.1.2 G e n e r a l i z e d p l a n e stress 3

1.1.3 A i r y ' s stress f u n c t i o n 4

1.2 Pure bending of p l a t e s 6

1.2.1 Curvature of s l i g h t l y bent p l a t e s 6

1.2.2 R e l a t i o n s between b e n d i n g moments a n d d e f l e c t i o n 10

1.2.3 The d i f f e r e n t i a l e q u a t i o n o f t h e d e f l e c t i o n s u r f a c e 16

of l a t e r a l l y loaded p l a t e s

1.2.4 Boundary c o n d i t i o n s

CHAPTER I1 THE SOLUTION OF CERTAIN ELASTOSTATIC PROBLEMS

2.1 Introduction

2.2 The c r a c k e d c y l i n d e r

2.2.1 Separable s o l u t i o n s o f t h e biharmonic equation

2.2.2 E x p a n s i o n o f stresses i n terms o f t h e basic

eigenfunctions
(vi) '
 PAGE

2.2.3 Radial s t r e s s v a r i a t i o n s n e a r t h e crack t i p 34

2.2.4 Angular v a r i a t i o n s o f t h e p r i n c i p a l s t r e s s e s and 35

t h e d i s t o r t i o n a l s t r a i n energy d e n s i t y

2.3 The bending s t r e s s d i s t r i b u t i o n a t t h e base of a

s t a t i o n a r y crack

2.4 Plane s t r e s s e s i n a s e m i - i n f i n i t e strip

2.4.1 S o l u t i o n of t h e biharmonic e q u a t i o n

2.4.2 Expansion of t h e s t r e s s f u n c t i o n i n terms of

orthogonal beam f u n c t i o n s

2.4.3 Evaluation of the constants

A h 1 B~

2.5 The s e c t o r problem

2.5.1 S o l u t i o n of t h e biharmonic e q u a t i o n

2.5.2 Expansion o f t h e a r c t r a c t i o n s i n terms of t h e beam

functions

2.5.3 Determination o f %
CHAPTER I11 SOLUTION OF THE CRACKED CYLINDER AND SEMI-CIRCLE

PROBLEMS

3.1 The cracked c y l i n d e r problem

3.1.1 S a t i s f a c t i o n of the c o n d i t i o n s o f o v e r a l l s e l f -

equilibrium

3.1.2 S e p a r a t i o n of t h e c o n s t a n t s and Bn
An
3.1.3 Stress intensity factor

3.1.4 Examples

3.2 S t r e s s d i s t r i b u t i o n around a c r a c k w i t h a rounded t i p

3.2.1 S o l u t i o n of t h e biharmonic e q u a t i o n

3.2.2 S a t i s f a c t i o n of t h e boundary c o n d i t i o n s on the

boundaries r = R, r = 1
( v i i1
 PAGE:

3.2.3 S a t i s f a c t i o n of conditions of o v e r a l l equilibrium 69

3.3 S t r e s s d i s t r i b u t i o n i n a semi-circular sector

3.3.1 Separation of An and Bn

3.3.2 S a t i s f a c t i o n of self-equilibrium conditions

TABLE I

TABLE I1

BIBLIOGRAPHY

( v i i i)
 LIST OF F I G U R E S

PAGE

FIGURE 1 7

2 8

3 10

4 ' 11

5 11

6 12

7 14

8 15

9 16

10 17

11 23

12 34

13 36

14 36

15 43

16 (i) 63a

16 (ii) 63b

16 C i i i ) 63c

17 65

18 70
 LIST OF TABLES

PAGE

TABLE I

TABLE I1
 CHAPTER I

ELASTOSTATIC PROBLEMS LEADING TO THE BIHARMONIC EQUATION

In t h i s chapter we s h a l l consider two d i f f e r e n t types of problems

t h a t lead t o the biharmonic equation: plane e l a s t o s t a t i c problems and

pure bending of t h i n p l a t e s .

Plane e l a s t o s t a t i c problems

Plane e l a s t o s t a t i c problems include generalized plane s t r e s s and

plane s t r a i n problems. The f i r s t of these problems a r i s e s when considering

a t h i n p l a t e loaded by forces applied a t the boundary, p a r a l l e l t o t h e plane

of the p l a t e . Therefore, i f we take the plane of the p l a t e as the xy-plane,

- -
the average s t r e s s components through the p l a t e thickness, and
OXZ
- - -
0
YZ
w i l l a l l be zero, whereas 0 , G
YY
and rxy are only functions of

x and y. On the other hand plane s t r a i n problems a r i s e when the dimen-

sion of the body i n the z-direction i s very large. I f a long c y l i n d r i c a l

o r prismatical body i s loaded by forces which a r e perpendicular t o the

longitudinal elements and do not vary along the length, i t may be assumed

t h a t a l l cross-sections are i n the same condition. We assume t h a t the end

sections are confined between fixed smooth r i g i d planes. Since there i s

no a x i a l displacement a t the ends, and, by symmetry, a t the mid-section,

it may be assumed t h a t the same holds a t every cross-section.

In t h i s section we s h a l l take the coordinate axes t o be and

xl, x2
x 3' We use t h e Greek indices a and B f o r the range 1, 2. A repeated
 index w i l l represent the sum of a l l allowable values of t h a t index.

1.1.1 Plane deformation

A body i s s a i d t o be i n a s t a t e of plane deformation, o r plane s t r a i n ,

p a r a l l e l t o the x x -plane, i f the component u of t h e displacement vector

1 2 3
-
u vanishes and the components u and u a r e functions of the coordinates
1 2
x and x b u t not x Thus, a s t a t e of plane deformation i s characterized
1 2 3'
by the formulae,

The stress-displacement r e l a t i o n s i n this case w i l l be

-
where t h e d i l a t a t i o n V = u and G i s the modulus of r i g i d i t y .
a la
The equilibrium equations a r e

where
a a r e the components of the body force.
F

I f the solutions of these equilibrium equations are t o correspond t o

\

t h e s t a t e of s t r e s s t h a t can e x i s t i n an e l a s t i c body, the 0 must

aB
s a t i s f y the Beltrani-Mitchell compatibility equation
 where 0
1
5 oll + a22.
I f t h e components T (xl, x2) of e x t e r n a l s t r e s s e s a r e s p e c i f i e d
a
along the boundary i n t h e form

where t h e n a r e the components of t h e e x t e r i o r u n i t normal v e c t o r t o

B
t h e boundary, t h e formulation of t h e problem i s complete.

1.1.2 Generalized Plane s t r e s s

A body i s i n t h e s t a t e of plane s t r e s s p a r a l l e l t o t h e x x -plane when

1 2
the stress components o13, ~r~~ , 033 vanish.

Sokolnikoff [ l ] has shown t h a t t h e Beltrami-Mitchell compatibility

equation t u r n s o u t t o be

- - - - 2 h ~ - -
where O
1
= all + 022' X E X i - 2 ~ ' oaB(xlI x2) and F~ (X1. x2) are
the mean values of (5 and Fa i n a c y l i n d e r of thickness 2h, and bases
a@
i n t h e planes x = fh, i.e.
3

-
Equations (1) and (2) s u f f i c e t o determine t h e mean s t r e s s e s OclB when

t h e boundary conditions on t h e edge a r e given i n t h e form

1.1.3 Airy's s t r e s s function

Re s h a l l consider boundary v a l u e problems i n p l a n e e l a s t i c i t y i n which

body f o r c e s a r e a b s e n t . Accordingly, w e c o n s i d e r t h e e q u i l i b r i u m e q u a t i o n s

i n t h e form

where G s a t i s f y t h e c o m p a t i b i l i t y equation
a@

and a r e given on t h e boundary by

where t h e Tab) a r e known f u n c t i o n s o f t h e a r c parameter S on the

boundary C.

The e q u i l i b r i u m e q u a t i o n s imply t h e e x i s t e n c e of a f u n c t i o n @ b l r x2)

such t h a t

The c o m p a t i b i l i t y equation i m p l i e s t h a t 4 must s a t i s f y t h e biharmonic

equation
i n the r e g i o n R.

Every s o l u t i o n of t h i s equation of c l a s s c4 i s c a l l e d a biharmonic

f u n c t i o n , b u t s i n c e we a r e i n t e r e s t e d i n those s t a t e s of s t r e s s f o r which

the 0 a r e single-valued, we need c o n s i d e r only biharmonic f u n c t i o n s

aB
with single-valued second p a r t i a l d e r i v a t i v e s .

Expressing t h e biharmonic e q u a t i o n and t h e s t r e s s e s i n terms of x

and y, we o b t a i n

where

and

I n p l a n e p o l a r c o o r d i n a t e s , t h e s e e q u a t i o n s become

where

and
Here CT and a r e t h e p h y s i c a l components of s t r e s s with r e s p e c t
rr' '08
(5
re
t o t h e p o l a r coordinates.

1.2 Pure Bending of p l a t e s

The c l a s s i c a l small-deflection theory of p l a t e s , developed by Lagrange,

is based on the following assumptions:

i) p o i n t s which l i e on a normal t o t h e mid-plane of t h e undeflected

p l a t e l i e on a normal t o t h e mid-plane of t h e d e f l e c t e d p l a t e ;

ii) t h e s t r e s s e s normal t o t h e mid-plane of t h e p l a t e , a r i s i n g from

t h e applied loading, a r e n e g l i g i b l e i n comparison with t h e s t r e s s e s

i n t h e plane of t h e p l a t e . Thus, every t r a n s v e r s e s i n g l e loading

considered i n t h e t h i n - p l a t e theory i s merely a d i s c o n t i n u i t y i n

t h e magnitude of the shearing forces. I f t h e e f f e c t of t h e surface

load becomes of s p e c i a l i n t e r e s t , t h i c k - p l a t e theory has t o be used;

iii) t h e slope of t h e d e f l e c t e d p l a t e i n any d i r e c t i o n i s small, s o t h a t

i t s square may be neglected i n comparison with u n i t y ;

iv) the mid-plane of t h e p l a t e remains n e u t r a l during bending, i . e .

any mid-plane s t r e s s e s a r i s i n g from t h e d e f l e c t i o n of t h e p l a t e

s e c t i o n i n t o a non-developable s u r f a c e may be ignored.

1.2.1 Curvature of s l i g h t l y bent p l a t e s

I n discussing small d e f l e c t i o n s of a p l a t e , we take t h e middle plane

of t h e p l a t e , b e f o r e bending o c c u r s , a s t h e xy-plane. During bending, t h e

p a r t i c l e s on this p l a n e undergo s m a l l displacements w perpendicular t o

the xy-plane and form t h e middle s u r f a c e of t h e deformed p l a t e .

I n determining t h e c u r v a t u r e of t h e middle s u r f a c e of t h e p l a t e we

s h a l l be u s i n g assumption iii, namely t h e s l o p e of t h e t a n g e n t t o t h e

s u r f a c e i n any d i r e c t i o n can be taken e q u a l t o t h e angle t h a t t h e t a n g e n t

makes w i t h t h e xy-plane, and t h e s q u a r e o f t h e s l o p e i s n e g l e c t e d compared

t o unity. Thus t h e c u r v a t u r e of t h e s u r f a c e i n a p l a n e p a r a l l e l t o t h e

xz-plane (Fig. 1) i s e q u a l t o

S i m i l a r l y , t h e c u r v a t u r e of t h e s u r f a c e in a p l a n e p a r a l l e l t o t h e yz-plane

i s approximately e q u a l t o

-
Now, f o r any d i r e c t i o n an (Fig. 2 )
 - IT 7.r
But, f o r any d i r e c t i o n an making an angle a w i t h t h e x-axis, -- < a
2 -
5 -
2'

-= a a cosa
- a
+- .
an ax a~ s i n a
.-
Therefore, t h e c u r v a t u r e i n the an d i r e c t i o n w i l l be

-
1
= r
a 1an
-an aw = a
-(-aX cosa +-
a~ aw cosa + -
a s i n a ) (= aw s i n a )
a~
n
'

= -
1
2 1 2
rx cos a + -
r sin a --
r .s i n 2 a ,
Y xy

w h e r e t h e quant ity -
r
1 = -
a2w
axay
is called the t w i s t of t h e s u r f a c e w i t h
xy
respect t o the x and y axes.
-
I n t h e case of t h e d i r e c t i o n at, t h e angle w i t h t h e x-axis w i l l be
IT
a 1- -
2'
and t h e c u r v a t u r e i n t h e t - d i r e c t i o n w i l l be given by

-1= -
r
1
r
2
sin a
1
+-
r
2
cos a + - s i n 2 a
r
.
t x Y xy
W e note t h a t

a -_
-
at - aax- sina
a cosa ,
+-
ay

and t h e r e f o r e

-=
1 (--
a sina a cosa) (;j-aw
+- ;; cosa aw s i n a )
+-
r
nt
ax a~ a~

1 1 1
Therefore, i f t h e q u a n t i t i e s -
r
-
r
and -
r
a r e known, we can g e t t h e
x Y xy
corresponding q u a n t i t i e s r e l a t e d t o any system of axes i n c l i n e d a t an angle

a t o t h e o r i g i n a l system, by u s i n g e q u a t i o n s (10) - (12) .

I n o r d e r t o o b t a i n t h e p r i n c i p a l c u r v a t u r e s o f t h e s u r f a c e and t h e

corresponding p r i n c i p a l d i r e c t i o n s , w e t r y t o f i n d t h e v a l u e s of t h e angle

a f o r which -
I
r
i s an extremum. Thus d i f f e r e n t i a t i n g e q u a t i o n (10)
n
with r e s p e c t t o a and e q u a t i n g t h e r e s u l t t o z e r o , we f i n d t h a t

Me denote t h e r o o t s of e q u a t i o n (13) by al and a1 + IT

-
2 . Substituting

these values of a i n equation (10) we o b t a i n the two p r i n c i p a l c u r v a t u r e s .

W e also note t h a t i f a satisfies (13) then from (12)

i . e . t h e t w i s t o f t h e s u r f a c e i s z e r o on t h e p r i n c i p a l p l a n e s .

1.2.2 R.e l a t i o n s
- between bending moments and d e f l e c t i o n

Consider a r e c t a n g u l a r p l a t e under uniformly d i s t r i b u t e d moments along

the edges o f t h e p l a t e (Fig. 3 ) .

Iz Figure 3

The xy-plane i s taken a s t h e middle p l a n e of t h e p l a t e b e f o r e bending. M

X

w i l l denote t h e bending moment p e r u n i t l e n g t h a c t i n g on t h e edges p a r a l l e l

t o t h e y-axis and M t h e moment p e r u n i t l e n g t h a c t i n g on t h e edges p a r a l l e l

Y
t o t h e x-axis. These moments a r e considered p o s i t i v e when they produce

compression i n t h e upper s u r f a c e of t h e p l a t e and t e n s i o n i n t h e lower. The

thickness h o f t h e p l a t e i s assumed t o be s m a l l i n comparison w i t h o t h e r

dimensions.

Now, t o d e r i v e t h e e x p r e s s i o n s f o r t h e bending moments i n terms of t h e

d e f l e c t i o n o f t h e p l a t e , we c o n s i d e r an element c u t o u t of t h e p l a t e by two

p a i r s of planes p a r a l l e l t o t h e xz and yz-planes (Fig. 4 ) .

Using assumption i , p. (61, the l a t e r a l s i d e s of the element w i l l remain

p l a n e d u r i n g bending and w i l l r o t a t e about t h e n e u t r a l axes nn s o as t o

remain normal t o t h e d e f l e c t e d middle s u r f a c e of t h e p l a t e , and t h e r e f o r e

t h e middle s u r f a c e w i l l n o t undergo any e x t e n s i o n d u r i n g bending. The

l o n g i t u d i n a l s t r a i n of an element a t a d i s t a n c e z from t h e n e u t r a l s u r f a c e

i n the x-direction (Fig. 5) i s

e = -Z
xx r
X
Similarly e
Z
=- .
YY

Figure 5

Using Hooke's Law, t h e normal s t r e s s e s a r e

The couples produced by t h e s e s t r e s s e s on t h e l a t e r a l s i d e s should obviously

be e q u a l t o t h e e x t e r n a l couples Mx dy and M dx, thus

Y
 r"
-h/2
0
YY
z d x d z = M dx.
Y

S u b s t i t u t i n g equations (14) into (15) f o r the values of aXX and

0 we o b t a i n
YYI

where

D i s called the flexural r i g i d i t y of the plate.

Now we s h a l l e x p r e s s t h e moments a c t i n g on a s e c t i o n i n c l i n e d t o t h e

x and y axes i n terms o f

Mx
and M
Y
. I f we c u t t h e lamina abcd

(Fig. 4) by a p l a n e p a r a l l e l t o t h e z - a x i s and i n t e r s e c t i n g t h e lamina

along ac (Fig. 5 ) , we can determine t h e normal and s h e a r s t r e s s e s a c t i n g

on t h i s i n c l i n e d f a c e i n terms of

OXX
and 0
YY
. These w i l l be given

by t h e w e l l known e q u a t i o n s

- 2 2
'nn
Gxx cos a +o s i n a, and
W
1
Grit=-(0
2 YY
- 0
xx
) sin2a, where a
i s t h e angle between t h e normal n

t o t h e i n c l i n e d f a c e and t h e x-axis. Figure 6

 Considering a l l laminas, such a s acd (Fig. 61, over t h e t h i c k n e s s

of t h e p l a t e , t h e normal s t r e s s e s g i v e t h e bending moment a c t i n g on

'
n
t h e i n c l i n e d p l a n e , t h e magnitude of which p e r u n i t l e n g t h along ac is

h/2

-h/2
0
nn
zdz =
y2 (
.x
cos
2
ai-0YY s i n 2a ) zdz

2 2
M cos
X
a + M sin
Y
a

Similarly

The s h e a r i n g s t r e s s e s w i l l g i v e a t w i s t i n g moment a c t i n g on
'nt
t h e i n c l i n e d f a c e , t h e magnitude of which p e r u n i t l e n g t h of ac is:

Here we n o t e t h a t t h e s i g n s of and Mnt a r e chosen i n such a manner

*n
t h a t t h e i r p o s i t i v e values a r e r e p r e s e n t e d by v e c t o r s i n t h e p o s i t i v e

d i r e c t i o n s of t and n respectively.

To o b t a i n t h e expression f o r Mnt i n terms of t h e d e f l e c t i o n w,

c o n s i d e r t h e d i s t o r t i o n of a t h i n lamina efgh with the sides ef and

 14

eh p a r a l l e l t o the n and t d i r e c t i o n s r e s p e c t i v e l y , and a t a d i s t a n c e

z from t h e middle p l a n e ( F i g . 7) .
During bending of t h e p l a t e , t h e

points e, f, g and h undergo

s m a l l displacements. The components

o f t h e displacement of t h e p o i n t e

i n the n and t directions are

denoted by u and v respectively.

Then the displacement o f t h e a d j a c e n t

point h inthe n directionis u +

au d t ,
(at' and t h e displacement o f

the point f i n the t d i r e c t i o n is v + -

av
an dn. Owing t o t h e s e d i s p l a c e -

ments, t h e s h e a r i n g s t r a i n w i l l be

and t h e corresponding s h e a r i n g s t r e s s i s

where G i s t h e modulus of e l a s t i c i t y i n s h e a r .

I n order t o express u and v i n terms of t h e d e f l e c t i o n w of the

p l a t e , c o n s i d e r a s e c t i o n of t h e middle s u r f a c e made by t h e normal p l a n e

through t h e n-axis. The a n g l e of r o t a t i o n i n t h e counter-clockwise d i r e c -

t i o n of an element pq, which i n i t i a l l y w a s p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o t h e xy

p l a n e , about an a x i s p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o t h e nz plane is equal t o

aw
--
an

(Fig. 8). Owing t o t h i s r o t a t i o n a p o i n t of t h e element a t a d i s t a n c e

z from t h e n e u t r a l s u r f a c e has a displacement i n t h e n - d i r e c t i o n equal

 Figure 8

S i m i l a r l y c o n s i d e r i n g t h e s e c t i o n through t h e t - a x i s , t h e same p o i n t w i l l

have a displacement i n t h e t - d i r e c t i o n e q u a l t o

T h e r e f o r e , t h e s h e a r s t r e s s w i l l be

and t h e corresponding t w i s t i n g moment from i t s d e f i n i t i o n i n eqn. (21)

IT
From equation (21) , we n o t i c e t h a t i f a = 0 or - i . e . when
2 l
the n and t d i r e c t i o n s coincide with the x and y axes, Mnt = 0

and t h e r e a r e only bending moments and M a c t i n g on t h e s e c t i o n s

Mx Y
p e r p e n d i c u l a r l y t o t h o s e axes a s was assumed i n Fig. 3 and i n d e r i v i n g

the equations of t h i s section. From e q u a t i o n (22) we s e e that t h e t w i s t

of t h e s u r f a c e i s p r o p o r t i o n a l t o and when Mnt = 0, the t w i s t is

Mnt'
1 1
zero. Hence t h e c u r v a t u r e s -
r
and -
r
a r e p r i n c i p a l curvatures.
X Y
1.2.3 The d i f f e r e n t i a l e q u a t i o n of t h e d e f l e c t i o n s u r f a c e of l a t e r a l l y

loaded p l a t e s

I n t h e l a s t s e c t i o n we expressed t h e bending moment and

MnI Mt
a c t i n g on a s e c t i o n p a r a l l e l t o t h e z-axis and whose normal makes
Mnt'
an angle a w i t h t h e x - a x i s , i n terms of t h e d e f l e c t i o n w. The x and

y-axes were considered t o be p r i n c i p a l axes. Consider now a p l a t e under

t h e a c t i o n of loads normal t o i t s s u r f a c e . W e s h a l l assume t h a t , a t t h e

boundary, t h e edges of t h e p l a t e a r e f r e e t o move i n t h e p l a n e of t h e p l a t e .

This way t h e r e a c t i v e f o r c e s a t t h e edges w i l l be normal t o t h e p l a t e .

Together w i t h t h e u s u a l assumption t h a t t h e d e f l e c t i o n s a r e s m a l l compared

t o t h e t h i c k n e s s o f t h e p l a t e , t h e s t r a i n i n t h e middle p l a n e may be neglec-

t e d d u r i n g bending.

Consider, a s was done i n Fig. 4 , an element c u t o u t o f t h e p l a t e by

two p a i r s o f p l a n e s p a r a l l e l t o t h e xz and yz p l a n e s (Fig. 9 ) . We n o t e

aM
that M and M are positive
X Y
i f they produce compression i n

upper l a y e r s and t e n s i o n i n lower

l a y e r s , whereas M and M are

xy YX

p o s i t i v e i f they produce r o t a t i o n i n t h e
L --------
I \
d i r e c t i o n o f t h e outward normal. We i
3 \ aM* - ..
M
denote t h e s h e a r i n g f o r c e s p e r u n i t aQY YX ay
Q +-dy
Y ay
l e n g t h a c t i n g on t h e p l a n e s p e r p e n d i c u l a r

t o the x and y-axes by Q and Q~ Figure 9

X

respectively. Therefore Qx and Qy w i l l b e given by

The l o a d w i l l be considered d i s t r i b u t e d over t h e upper s u r f a c e of t h e

p l a t e , and has t h e i n t e n s i t y q dx dy. Fig. 10 r e p r e s e n t s the middle

p l a n e w i t h t h e p o s i t i v e d i r e c t i o n s of t h e f o r c e s and t h e moments.
M
M
dx

M '

1
z Figure 10

For e q u i l i b r i u m of f o r c e s i n t h e z - d i r e c t i o n , we have

aQx
-
aQ
dx dy + - J d y dx+ qdxdy = 0 ,
ax ay

f r o m which i t follows t h a t

Taking moments about t h e x-axis

aQ aQx
(Q, +2
ay
dy)dxdy + (-
ax
dx) dy + qdxdy -2
aM
ay
dydx +
aM
ax
dxdy = 0.
 18

The moments due t o t h e l o a d q and change i n Q and Qy may b e n e g l e c t e d

X

because they a r e o f a h i g h e r o r d e r , s o t h a t

0 .

S i m i l a r l y t a k i n g moments about t h e y-axis we o b t a i n

0 .

Equations (23) - (25) completely d e f i n e t h e e q u i l i b r i u m of t h e

element. S u b s t i t u t i n g the values of Q and Qy from (24) and (25)

X

into (23) we o b t a i n

We a l s o have

M
xy
I"" 0
xy
z dz and M
YX
= -1 h/2 0
YX
z d z ,
-h/2 -h/2

but since 0 = 0 it follows t h a t

xy YX'

Therefore equation (26) reduces t o

I f t h e t h i c k n e s s of t h e p l a t e i s s m a l l compared t o t h e o t h e r dimensions,

t h e e f f e c t of t h e s t r e s s OZZ produced by t h e load q, and t h e s h e a r i n g

forces Qx and Qy, on t h e bending o f t h e p l a t e may be n e g l e c t e d , and

 19

we can make use of t h e r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d i n t h e l a s t s e c t i o n f o r t h e case

of p u r e bending.

Using t h i s assumption, w e can now e x p r e s s e q u a t i o n (27) i n terms

of t h e d e f l e c t i o n w. From e q u a t i o n s ( 1 9 ) , (20) and (22) we have

and

S u b s t i t u t i n g these expressions i n equation (27) we g e t

which may be r e - w r i t t e n a s

Here V 4 -= V 2V 2 where V 2 =- a + - a'

i s t h e Laplacian o p e r a t o r i n t h e
2
ax ay2
rectangular coordinates. I n polar coordinates,

From e q u a t i o n s (24) and (25), the shearing forces Qx and Qy

w i l l be given by
 The problem of bending of p l a t e s by a l a t e r a l l o a d q t h e r e f o r e reduces

t o t h e i n t e g r a t i o n of equation (29). I f t h e s o l u t i o n s a t i s f y i n g t h e given

boundary c o n d i t i o n s i s found, a l l t h e r e l e v a n t q u a n t i t i e s may be computed.

They a r e l i s t e d h e r e f o r convenience.

I n p o l a r coordinates

a =- -
- a sine a
ax a r cose - -r
-
30 '
 21

We can e a s i l y o b t a i n t h e corresponding v a l u e s f o r t h e second d e r i v a t i v e s

a2 - a2 a2
ax ay .
- 2 ,
and - Hence e q u a t i o n s (31) lead t o the following
ax ay2
e q u i v a l e n t r e s u l t s i n terms o f p o l a r q u a n t i t i e s .

1.2.4 Boundary c o n d i t i o n s

I n t h i s s e c t i o n we s h a l l d i s c u s s s e v e r a l t y p e s o f boundary c o n d i t i o n s

f o r s t r a i g h t boundaries. I n t h e c a s e of r e c t a n g u l a r p l a t e s , we assume

t h a t the x and y-axes a r e taken p a r a l l e l t o t h e s i d e s of t h e p l a t e .

From t h e r e s u l t s f o r t h e r e c t a n g u l a r p l a t e , w e s h a l l o b t a i n t h e
corresponding ones f o r boundaries of t h e t y p e 0 = constant i n polar

c o o r d i n a t e s , and e x p r e s s them i n terms of t h e d e f l e c t i o n w of the p l a t e

u s i n g t h e a p p r o p r i a t e r e l a t i o n s from (32) .
(a) B u i l t - i n edge

The d e f l e c t i o n w along t h e b u i l t - i n edge i s zero. Furthermore,

t h e t a n g e n t p l a n e t o t h e d e f l e c t e d middle s u r f a c e along t h i s edge c o i n c i d e s

w i t h t h e i n i t i a l p o s i t i o n of t h e middle p l a n e of t h e p l a t e . Assuming t h i s

b u i l t - i n edge i s a t x = a, t h e boundary c o n d i t i o n s a r e

I n t h e c a s e of a s e c t o r , w i t h t h e b u i l t - i n edge along 0 = a, say, we g e t

(b) Simply supported edge

I f t h e edge x = a of t h e p l a t e i s simply supported, t h e d e f l e c t i o n

w along t h i s edge i s zero. Also t h e edge can r o t a t e f r e e l y about t h e

edge l i n e , i . e . M = 0. Therefore
X

W
x= a
ax

But we n o t i c e t h a t
a 2w
- = 0. This i m p l i e s t h a t
2
a w --
- 0 and hence
2 2
x=a
ax
t h e boundary c o n d i t i o n s can be w r i t t e n a s

"I a a = 0 and V w = O .
Again i n t h e case of the s e c t o r whose edge 8 = a i s simply supported we

s h a l l obtain

2 2
w 1 @=a= 0 and Nel
e=a
=
l a w
[F z+ -
1 a w +
r2
-
ae2
, e

2
But along 8 = a f
aw
-=--
a2 - 0. Therefore -
a = O f a d t h e boundary
2
ar ar ae2
conditions are

(c) Free edge

I n case t h e edge x = a o f t h e p l a t e i s f r e e , we have n o bending and

t w i s t i n g moments and a l s o no v e r t i c a l s h e a r i n g f o r c e s , s o t h a t a t f i r s t

s i g h t it appears t h a t t h e a p p r o p r i a t e boundary c o n d i t i o n s a r e

However t h e second and t h i r d c o n d i t i o n s should be combined i n one c o n d i t i o n

a s follows. Consider t h e t w i s t i n g couple M d produced by t h e h o r i -

xy Y
z o n t a l f o r c e s and a c t i n g on .an element of l e n g t h dy of t h e edge x = a .
a

Figure 11
We r e p l a c e t h i s couple by two v e r t i c a l f o r c e s of magnitude M and dy
XY
a p a r t (Fig. 11). Such a replacement does n o t change t h e magnitude of

t w i s t i n g moments and produces only l o c a l changes i n t h e s t r e s s d i s t r i b u t i o n

a t t h e edge of t h e p l a t e , l e a v i n g t h e s t r e s s c o n d i t i o n o f t h e r e s t of t h e

p l a t e unchanged. Considering two a d j a c e n t elements of t h e edge, t h e d i s -

t r i b u t i o n of t w i s t i n g moments M i s s t a t i c a l l y equivalent t o a d i s t r i -
XY
b u t i o n of s h e a r i n g f o r c e s o f i n t e n s i t y

and t h e r e f o r e t h e j o i n t requirement r e g a r d i n g M and Qx along x = a

xy
be comes

I n terms of t h e d e f l e c t i o n w, t h e n e c e s s a r y boundary c o n d i t i o n s w i l l

For a s e c t o r w i t h a f r e e edge 0 = a, t h e corresponding boundary

conditions are

Me = 0 and Ve =
[Qe --
0=a
= 0 ,
o r i n terms of t h e d e f l e c t i o n w,

and
 CHAPTER I1

THE SOLUTION OF CERTAIN ELASTOSTATIC PROBLEMS

2.1 Introduction

I n t h i s c h a p t e r we s h a l l i n v e s t i g a t e t h e s o l u t i o n of c e r t a i n e l a s t o -

s t a t i c problems l e a d i n g t o t h e biharmonic equation. The g e n e r a l method

of approach w i l l b e s e p a r a t i o n of v a r i a b l e s , l e a d i n g t o the c o n s t r u c t i o n

of s e t s of b a s i c e i g e n f u n c t i o n s . The s o l u t i o n s of g e n e r a l boundary v a l u e

problems f o r t h e t y p e s of r e g i o n s considered a r e found a s l i n e a r combin-

a t i o n s of t h e s e e i g e n f u n c t i o n s .

In 52.2 t h e problem of th.e cracked c y l i n d e r , p r e v i o u s l y i n v e s t i g a t e d

by W i l l i a m s [ 3 ] , i s considered. Here t h e body c o n s i s t s of a c y l i n d e r r < a

deformed i n p l a n e s t r a i n ( o r p l a n e s t r e s s ) by means of t r a c t i o n s imposed on

t h e boundary r = a. The c y l i n d e r c o n t a i n s a c r a c k running from r = 0 to

r = a on t h e p l a n e 8 = r, and t h e two s u r f a c e s , 8 = f ~ , of t h e c r a c k

are traction free. In 52.3 t h e corresponding problem i s considered f o r '

a c i r c u l a r p l a t e , cracked along t h e r a d i a l l i n e 8 = IT, and deformed under

bending loads. I n b o t h o f t h e s e s e c t i o n s t h e problem considered i s s o l v e d

t o t h e e x t e n t of o b t a i n i n g g e n e r a l expansions f o r t h e s t r e s s f i e l d s i n terms

of the relevant eigenfunctions. The c o e f f i c i e n t s i n t h e s e expansions w i l l

be r e l a t e d t o t h e t r a c t i o n s on r = a i n the next chapter.

I n section 32.4 t h e problem of p l a n e deformation of a s e m i - i n f i n i t e

strip, -1 < y < 1, 0 < x < a, under t r a c t i o n s imposed on t h e end x = 0,

i s discussed. Again an e i g e n f u n c t i o n expansion method i s u s e d , and i n this

s e c t i o n t h e c o e f f i c i e n t s i n t h e expansion a r e r e l a t e d t o t h e imposed
 27

t r a c t i o n s u s i n g a method given by Gaydon and Shepherd [5]. Finally i n

92.5 t h e g e n e r a l s e c t o r problem (0 5 r < a , -w < 0 < w) is discussed

f o r t h e case when t h e edges 8 = &w are traction-free and given t r a c t i o n s

a r e imposed on r = a. The c o e f f i c i e n t s i n t h e expansions a r e again

o b t a i n e d f o r t h i s case using t h e method o f Gopalacharyulu [ 6 ] r which i s a

development of t h a t of Gaydon and Shepherd [ 5 ] .

2.2 The cracked c y l i n d e r

Consider t h e p l a n e s t r a i n deformation of t h e c y l i n d r i c a l region

0 5 r c a, -71 c 8 < IT under t h e c o n d i t i o n t h a t t h e p a r t s of t h e boundary

8 = +IT, 0 5 r c a are traction-free. Letting $ ( r r 0) denote t h e Airy

s t r e s s f u n c t i o n , then t h e corresponding s t r e s s components a r e given by

(5). The c o n d i t i o n s t h a t t h e c r a c k f a c e s , 8 = *IT, be t r a c t i o n - f r e e a r e

that Gee = (5 = 0 t h e r e , o r i n o t h e r words

re

I n t e g r a t i n g these equations w i t h respect t o r gives therefore

where A , B, C a r e functions of 6 only. From t h e c o n t i n u i t y of and

a p p r o p r i a t e d e r i v a t i v e s a t t h e o r i g i n , i t follows t h a t t h e s e c o n s t a n t s a r e

i d e n t i c a l on 8 = +IT and 8 = -IT. Now t h e Airy stress f u n c t i o n i s

undefined up t o l i n e a r terms i n x and y : i f we add t h e f u n c t i o n

(+AX -B+ Cy) to , t h e s t r e s s e s a r e unchanged, and t h e new s t r e s s

f u n c t i o n s a t i s f i e s t h e boundary c o n d i t i o n s
2.2.1 Separable s o l u t i o n s o f t h e biharmonic e q u a t i o n

L e t us begin by s e e k i n g s e p a r a b l e s o l u t i o n s of t h e biharmonic e q u a t i o n

V 44 = 0 s a t i s f y i n g boundary c o n d i t i o n s (36) :

where R i s a f u n c t i o n of r only and F i s a f u n c t i o n of 8 only.

Then equation (3) w i l l be:

1 R
f (r)F + -5(2R1' --
r
R
r r r

where f(r) = ( + i a
a 7 (R"
R'
+ -1.
r
ar
4
r
Multiplying throughout by -
RF
and d i f f e r e n t i a t i n g w i t h r e s p e c t t o

r and 8 we o b t a i n

Thus we have t h e two p o s s i b l e c a s e s :

2
(a) F
F" - const., say,

i.e. F" - A2 F = 0
(b) ;(r2
R
R" - r R' + 2R) = c o n s t . , 2p say.
The boundary c o n d i t i o n s (36) imply t h a t

The s o l u t i o n of (37) is

I t i s easy t o check t h a t t h e above boundary c o n d i t i o n s w i l l l e a d only t o

the t r i v i a l solution. Similarly, i f h = 0, the d i f f e r e n t i a l equation

w i l l be

and t h e s o l u t i o n i s F(0) = A + B0 . Again t h e boundary c o n d i t i o n s w i l l

g i v e only t h e t r i v i a l s o l u t i o n . F i n a l l y t h e c a s e when h2 i s negative

may a l s o be shown t o have only t h e t r i v i a l s o l u t i o n .

T h e r e f o r e , we have t o c o n s i d e r E u l e r ' s e q u a t i o n (38). Its a s s o c i a t e d

i n d i c i a 1 equation i s :

or m
2
- 2m + 2 - u = 0. I f we let

t h e two r o o t s w i l l be given by

and t h e r e f o r e t h e s o l u t i o n of e q u a t i o n (38) is
The c a s e s A = 0 , 1 w i l l be considered l a t e r .

I n o r d e r t o have a f i n i t e s t r a i n energy i n t h e neighbourhood of t h e

I
crack-tip r = 0, we r e q u i r e t h a t t h e s t r e s s e s a r e 0 (T) as r + 0.

This c o n d i t i o n w i l l imply t h a t B = 0 when A > 0. Therefore t h e s t r e s s

function can be w r i t t e n i n t h e form

S u b s t i t u t i n g t h i s expression f o r $ i n t h e bihannonic e q u a t i o n , we

obtain

The g e n e r a l s o l u t i o n of e q u a t i o n (44) is

) A cos ( A + l ) 8
~ ( 8= + B cos ( A - 1 ) 8 + c s i n ( A + l )8 + D sin Ch-1) 8 .
Here, w e s h a l l d i s c u s s o n l y t h e symmetric s t r e s s d i s t r i b u t i o n , i . e . F

w i l l be an even f u n c t i o n o f 8. (For antisymmetric stress d i s t r i b u t i o n ,

t h e method of s o l u t i o n w i l l be t h e same.) Then F may be w r i t t e n now a s

~ ( 8=
) A cos (A+1) 8 + B cos (A-1) 8 . (45)

Since we a r e c o n s i d e r i n g t h e symmetric s o l u t i o n , only the boundary

conditions

w i l l be r e l e v a n t . Applying t h e boundary c o n d i t i o n s (46) on e q u a t i o n

(45) , we o b t a i n
Here we s h a l l have two c a s e s :

Case i ) A + B # O .

This w i l l imply t h a t

coshIT = 0 and ACA+l) t B(A-1) = 0 ,

or A (1) = 2n-1, n = 1,2,3,. .. since A > 0. S u b s t i t u t i n g these eigen-
n 2 n
values i n (45) , we g e t

- -2 n+
F ( l ) (0) = a t
n n
I cos(n+ T ) -~ -cos (n -
1

1
n- -
3
2
Z-)
0
1
(n + y) 0 cos (n -
- ?)0 J .
n 1 3
n+-
2 n - -2

Case ii) A + B = 0

This i m p l i e s t h a t

or h (2) = n
n
n = 2 , 3 , 4, ... and t h e corresponding s o l u t i o n i s

F ( ~ (0)
n
) = bn[cos (n-1) 0 - cos ( n + l )01 .

Now we s h a l l r e t u r n t o t h e c a s e s A = 0 , 1. For h = 0, the solution

of (38) w i l l be

R(r) = r [ a + b Rnr] .
The corresponding even f u n c t i o n ~ ( 8 )from
~ (44), is FC~)= A case +
B0 s i n 0 , and t h e c o n d i t i o n s F(T) = F ' (IT) = 0 imply t h a t A = B = 0.
 32

Thus t h e r e i s no e i g e n f u n c t i o n f o r h = 0. For h = 1, w i l l be e q u a l

to 2, and e q u a t i o n (38) w i l l be

Its s o l u t i o n i s R(r) = a r 2 + b. We must t a k e b = 0 t o avoid t o o

s i n g u l a r behaviour a t r = 0. The remaining r2 term l e a d s t o an

e i g e n f u n c t i o n of t h e same type a s case ii) above. Therefore

on(2) = r Fn( ~ (0)

) , An = 1, 2, 3, ... . Here we n o t e t h a t . f o r

n = 1, ( 2 ) (0) = b l [ l
F1
- cos~el .
I t follows t h a t t h e g e n e r a l even s o l u t i o n of t h e biharmonic e q u a t i o n

(.3) s a t i s f y i n g t h e boundary c o n d i t i o n s (46) is

a,

where ,l (47)

2.2.2 Expansion of s t r e s s e s i n terms o f t h e b a s i c e i g e n f u n c t i o n s

-
By u s i n g e q u a t i o n s (5), t h e s t r e s s e s w i l l be

'rr
(r,8) = C a r
n=l\ n
n-i [i 1 1
1
1-(n+Z) cos (n+-18
2
+
n--

+ n-1
-2
{ [ ( n + l ) (n-1) ] cos (n-1) 8 + [ (n+1)2- ( n + l ) ] cos (n+l) 0 )
1
bnr
1
7

1%'
3 n--
-
11
= n=
n--
(i-n) Icos 1
(n+-)
2 8 -
2
n--23 cos (n-;I 8
Let

Then t h e normal s t r e s s a t any p o i n t (r, 0) i n t h e considered domain

w i l l be given by
2

S i m i l a r l y t h e s h e a r and t a n g e n t i a l s t r e s s e s a r e given by
3

+ B r
n
n-1
[ (n-1) s i n (n-1) 8 - ( n + l ) s i n ( n + l )81 1 (50)

3
n +-21
cos (n - -1
3
o
88
( r , 8) = - - 3 2
81
n --
2

n-1 (n+l)[ cos (n-1) 8 -

+ B r
n
cos (n+l) 81 (51)

The c o n s t a n t s
An
and B
n
n = 1, 2, ..., a r e determined from t h e

boundary c o n d i t i o n s on r = a, where a i s a f i x e d r a d i u s i n the c a s e

of a f i n i t e domain, o r a t i n f i n i t y i n t h e case of an i n f i n i t e domain.

I t may be i n t e r e s t i n g a t t h i s p o i n t t o c o n s i d e r the term

2
B1 r [ l - cos28l appearing i n t h e s t r e s s f u n c t i o n (47). This term

corresponds t o t h e c a s e where A = 1. In rectangular coordinates t h i s

term may be w r i t t e n a s
2
B1 r [ l - cos281 = 2B
1
r
2 2
s i n 8 = 28
1
y
2
.
 The corresponding terms f o r t h e s t r e s s e s , from equation (4) , are

given by

If axx = 0 along some s t r a i g h t boundaq x = -x (Fig. 1 2 ) , t h e constant

0
w i l l be equal t o zero.
B1
I
fY

1
Figure 1 2

2.2.3 Radial s t r e s s v a r i a t i o n s near the crack t i p

Equations (49) - (51) w i l l a l l be of the form r-' + 31

O(r ) with

respect t o t h e r a d i a l v a r i a t i o n . The l o c a l s t r e s s v a r i a t i o n s i n the

v i c i n i t y of the base of the crack, r + 0, are dominated by the contri-

bution of the f i r s t term. I t i s a l s o noted t h a t along the l i n e of

propagation of the crack, 8 = 0, t h e shear s t r e s s i s zero. Hence

a rr ( r , 0) and a ,, ( r , 0) a r e p r i n c i p a l s t r e s s e s ; w e denote them by

'5
a2 respectively, s o t h a t

I n o t h e r words, a t the base of the crack there e x i s t s a s t r o n g tendency

toward a s t a t e of two-dimensional h y d r o s t a t i c tension which consequently

may p e r m i t t h e e l a s t i c a n a l y s i s t o apply c l o s e t o t h e c r a c k - t i p , notwith-

s t a n d i n g t h e square r o o t s t r e s s s i n g u l a r i t y . I t h a s been s u g g e s t e d t h a t

t h i s f e a t u r e would tend t o reduce t h e amount o r a r e a of p l a s t i c flow a t

t h e c r a c k - t i p which might o r d i n a r i l y be expected t o e x i s t under such high

s t r e s s magnitudes and l e a d t h e r e f o r e toward more of a b r i t t l e t y p e f a i l u r e .

2.2.4 Angular v a r i a t i o n s of t h e p r i n c i p a l s t r e s s e s and t h e d i s t o r t i o n a l

s t r a i n energy d e n s i t y

From (49) - (511, t h e s i n g u l a r terms i n t h e s t r e s s e s a s r -+ 0 are

'rr
- A
1
r-li[-cos -
30 +
2
~COS -10
2
,

re - 9+ 9
CJ A
1
;'[sin sin -1
2
,

The p r i n c i p a l s t r e s s e s a r e given by t h e e x p r e s s i o n

- 4 r~
-31 cos 6
~ -[1 f sin-]
9
.
2 2

The maximum p r i n c i p a l s t r e s s o c c u r s when -

ae = 0. This c o n d i t i o n
a
u
m
implies t h a t cos0
m
= sin -
2
, i . e . t h e maximum p r i n c i p a l s t r e s s occurs
7T
at 0 = - The value of t h i s maximum s t r e s s i s
m 3 '
A
A1
x 3&" 5.2 -
max
=
r r
4 .

Also t h e e x p r e s s i o n f o r t h e d i s t o r t i o n s t r a i n energy d e n s i t y , i . e .

t h e t o t a l s t r a i n energy l e s s t h a t due t o change i n volume, p e r u n i t volume,

i s given by

From t h i s e x p r e s s i o n we o b t a i n

and

W i l l i a m s [ 3 ] shows t h a t t h e two p r i n c i p a l s t r e s s e s Ol and 02 have

t h e angular v a r i a t i o n shown i n Fig. 1 3 , and t h a t t h e d i s t o r t i o n a l s t r a i n

energy d e n s i t y i s a s shown i n Fig.

Figure 13 F i g u r e 14

I t i s i n t e r e s t i n g t o n o t e t h a t because of t h e h y d r o s t a t i c tendency,

t h e maximum energy of d i s t o r t i o n does n o t occur along t h e l i n e of c r a c k

 -
37

-1 1
direction, 0 = 0, but rather a t 0* = +cos (-1
3
+70 deg. , where it

i s one-third higher.

2.3 The bending s t r e s s d i s t r i b u t i o n a t t h e base of a s t a t i o n a r y crack

Following t h e same procedure a s f o r the e x t e n s i o n a l s t r e s s d i s t r i -

b u t i o n , Williams [ 4 ] s t u d i e d t h e s t r e s s e s around a c r a c k p o i n t owing t o

bending loads.

The problem i s formulated a s follows. We have t o s a t i s f y t h e

d i f f e r e n t i a l equation

where q i s t h e a p p l i e d l o a d on t h e p l a t e . For a p l a t e s u b j e c t t o edge

loading only, q = 0. We s h a l l t a k e t h e edges 8 = ?nr a s f r e e edges.

Then, from (35)

Again, a s s e c t i o n 2.2, t h e symmetric c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o l u t i o n s a r e of t h e

form

I n o r d e r t o s a t i s f y t h e p h y s i c a l boundary c o n d i t i o n o f f i n i t e s l o p e a t

the origin, Xn > 0. Applying t h e boundary c o n d i t i o n s (53), w e have

o r , denoting A by 1,
n

The second of e q u a t i o n s (53) w i l l be

Now

There f o r e

S u b s t i t u t i n g these values i n (54) we g e t

which reduces t o

{ ( A + l ) (1-V)
A + [A (1-v,) - (3+V) 1 B) C O S ~ T= O . (56)
Equation (55) w i l l give

which reduces t o

NOW i f cosAn = 0, or A(')

n
=
2n-1
-2
, n = 1, 2, 3 , ..., this w i l l

imply t h a t

1
(n + 5)( 1 - V )
The r e f o r e w
n n
1
c o s ( n - ?)€I
'
.

On t h e o t h e r hand i f s i n A ~= 0, or A (2) = n,
n
n = 1, 2, 3, ..., this

w i l l imply t h a t

From t h e above, t h e g e n e r a l s o l u t i o n o f (52) satisfying (53) will

 1
c 0 s ( n +1~ ) 8-
(n +TI (1-V)

4+ (14)(n -
3 cos (n-
T) 8 I
+ \rn+l [cos i n + l i 0 - 'n+"
(l-v) -"-"
( 3+v) cos (.-I) 81 1. (581

This e q u a t i o n may a l s o be w r i t t e n i n t h e form

1- 1
n+- cos (n + -) 8
2 - 1-v
- 3
n+- 43 + (1-v) n--
2 2
n--
2

+ BP+'
n
[ cos (n+l) - 1-v
n(l-V) -(3+v)
cos (n-1) 8
JI-
The s t r e s s e s a t any p o i n t ( r , 8) a r e now determined u s i n g (32) :

1 7
-
- - 1
c 0 s ( n + ~ ) 8- [ ( n + ? ) - v ( n --I 1 cos (n --I
3
8
5
(n+T)-V(n- 3
2 2

where An = a n ( n
2
- 12 and Bn = bn n ( n + l ) ;

(n-3) -V (n+l)
+ B r -'Os (n+l)e + (n-3) -v (n+l) cos (n-1) 8
n
 3
(n -5) (1-V)
r
= -2rz n= 1\ A n r n a s i n + 21
- 0 + -- . 5
(n + T) -V (n - -12
3 sin(n-
I
0

Using t h e r e l a t i o n G = - E
2 (1+V) '
where G i s t h e modulus of e l a s t i c i t y

i n s h e a r , t h e s t r e s s e s w i l l be

'rr
= -2~z r
n= 1
\ (n
1
0 -
(n+
1
( n + T) -V (n
5
-v (n
-?I7
3
cos (n - -1
3
I
8

-7 1
(n + -)2
(n

(n +z)
5
-v
3
-v (n - Z)
cos (n - I
6

+ Bnrn-'[ -cos (n+l) 0 + cos (11-11 8 1

I1 ' (60)

+ ~ ~[-sin(nt1)
r 0 + (n-
~ ~(n+1) s i n (.-I) 01
- 3) -V (1-V)
(n-1) ]. (61)

I n equations (59) - (61)' w e n o t i c e t h a t t h e s t r e s s e s have t h e

same c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s q u a r e r o o t s i n g u l a r i t y a s i n t h e c a s e of e x t e n s i o n

considered i n 52.2.
2.4 Plane s t r e s s e s i n a s e m i - i n f i n i t e s t r i p

I n t h e two problems considered s o f a r , Williams expressed t h e stresses

i n a s e r i e s of non-orthogonal e i g e n f u n c t i o n s . This c r e a t e s c o n s i d e r a b l e

d i f f i c u l t y when it comes t o o b t a i n i n g t h e c o e f f i c i e n t s i n t h e expansions

i n terms of t h e p r e s c r i b e d boundary v a l u e s . I n s o l v i n g a s i m i l a r problem

f o r a s e m i - i n f i n i t e s t r i p , Gaydon and Shepherd [ 5 ] expanded each of t h e

e i g e n f u n c t i o n s i n a s e r i e s of orthogonal f u n c t i o n s . This way it was

p o s s i b l e t o o b t a i n t h e c o e f f i c i e n t s of t h e s t r e s s f u n c t i o n corresponding

t o any a r b i t r a r y d i s t r i b u t i o n of t r a c t i o n on t h e end of t h e s t r i p d i r e c t l y

from two numerical m a t r i c e s .

2.4.1 S o l u t i o n of t h e biharmonic e q u a t i o n

The problem i s formulated a s f o l l o w s . We have t o determine t h e stress

function 4 which i s t h e s o l u t i o n of t h e biharmonic e q u a t i o n

and corresponds t o z e r o t r a c t i o n s on y = -+I. The t r a c t i o n s on x = 0

are prescribed, s o t h a t 4 s a t i s f i e s t h e boundary c o n d i t i o n s

We f u r t h e r assume t h a t $ + 0 as x -+ 03. Here we s h a l l c o n s i d e r p(y)

and s (y) t o be even and odd f u n c t i o n s of y respectively.

 F i g u r e 15

F i r s t of a l l , we look f o r s e p a r a b l e s o l u t i o n s ,

where X(x) , Y (y) a r e r e s p e c t i v e l y f u n c t i o n s of x only and y only.

Y (y) must be an even f u n c t i o n , s a t i s f y i n g t h e boundary c o n d i t i o n s

Y (1) = Y ' (1) = 0 . Then e q u a t i o n (62) w i l l reduce t o

Dividing (65) by X Y and d i f f e r e n t i a t i n g w i t h r e s p e c t t o x and y

we o b t a i n

This i m p l i e s t h a t e i t h e r

i) -
X
=
"
const. h2 say

ii) = const. 11
2
say .
If Y" - p2 Y = 0, t h e even s o l u t i o n i s

Y = A coshyy .
By applying t h e boundary c o n d i t i o n s Y ( 1 ) = Y' (1) = 0 , we o b t a i n only
2
the t r i v i a l solution. I n t h e same way, i f 5 0 we o b t a i n n o non-

t r i v i a l solutions.

Theref o r e c o n s i d e r t h e d i f f e r e n t i a l equation

Its general solution is

Considering t h e requirement t h a t X -+ 0 as x -t m, we must have A = 0.

This requirement w i l l a l s o exclude t h e p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t R e h = 0. Hence

Substituting (66) in (65) we o b t a i n t h e f o u r t h o r d e r o r d i n a r y

d i f f e r e n t i a l equation

Its general s o l u t i o n is

Yly) = CA+BY)cosAy + (C+Dy) s i n h y .

Considering t h e even s o l u t i o n , w e o b t a i n

Yly) = A coshy + ~y s i n h y . (67

N o w applying t h e boundary c o n d i t i o n s YC1) = Y ' ( 1 ) = 0 on (-67) w e g e t

 A
and - = -tanA.
D
I f we t a k e D = -21, the constant A w i l l be

The s t r e s s f u n c t i o n may now be w r i t t e n a s

where

y A(y) = (cos2A-1) COSAY - 2ky sinAy ,

and

a r e t h e r o o t s of e q u a t i o n (68). The c o n s t a n t s B a r e r e a l and

A ~ ' A
a r e determined from t h e end s t r e s s d i s t r i b u t i o n s p(y) and s (y) , i . e .

and

Expansion of t h e s t r e s s f u n c t i o n i n terms of orthogonal beam f u n c t i o n s

The f u n c t i o n s YA(y) a r e n o t o r t h o g o n a l , s o we expand each of them i n

terms of t h e beam f u n c t i o n s Fk(y) which a r e complete and p o s s e s s orthogonal

p r o p e r t i e s i n t h e range -1 y 1. Fk(y) s a t i s f i e s the equation

and t h e boundary c o n d i t i o n s

Fk=Fi=O on y = f l .

The g e n e r a l even s o l u t i o n of e q u a t i o n (74) is

Fk
(y) = A cosky + b coshky .
Applying t h e boundary c o n d i t i o n s (75), we o b t a i n

tank + tanhk = 0

and A
-
B
= --
coshk
cosk
. Therefore

Fk
(y) = cosk coshk 1-
cosky
cosk
coshky .
coshk

The normalized s o l u t i o n w i l l be

1 3
where t h e norm i s {I [FLi)y]2 dy} . I t i s easy t o check t h e following
- 1
o r t h o g o n a l i t y r e l a t i o n s which w i l l be u s e f u l i n t h e expansions
where 6 i s t h e Kronecker d e l t a .
mn
The f u n c t i o n s Fk (y) a r e r e a l , which s i m p l i f i e s t h e e v a l u a t i o n of

t h e c o e f f i c i e n t s ; furthermore, s i n c e they s a t i s f y a f o u r t h - o r d e r d i f f e r -

e n t i a l e q u a t i o n , w i t h t h e same f o u r boundary c o n d i t i o n s , a s do t h e o r i g i n a l

functions Yh (y) , t h e y g i v e r i s e t o expansions of t h e l a t t e r which a r e

c o n s i d e r a b l y more convergent than would be o b t a i n e d by F o u r i e r s e r i e s .

The expansion of YA(y) w i l l be

Y (y) = (coszh-1) coshy

A
- 2h s i n h y =
OD
L a
i=l i h
~ ~ ( y ) .

M u l t i p l y i n g b o t h s i d e s by F and i n t e g r a t i n g from -1 t o +1, then

j

We now have

and t h e s t r e s s e s w i l l be

E v a l u a t i o n of t h e c o n s t a n t s -
and

Now i n o r d e r t o e v a l u a t e t h e c o n s t a n t s Ah and BA, we expand t h e

given f u n c t i o n s p (y) and s (y) i n terms of F" and F' respectively.

Thus
where

Similarly

where

From e q u a t i o n s (80) and (81) , w i t h x = 0, we o b t a i n

and

These a r e s a t i s f i e d i f

and

Now
 = a'
iA
+ ib'
iA
say .
Also l e t

and

Then a'
iA ' biA can be w r i t t e n a s

where

pA = ah s i n a
A
coshbA - bX cosa
A s i n h bA

q A = -b -aA cosaX s i n h b
A s i n a A coshbA A

rA= cosa
A coshbA

s A= s i n a sinhb
A A .

Equations (84) and (85) now reduce t o

and
 E{A (2aX a i X +2bX b j X ) + BX(2bXa i X - 2a b i X )1 =
A X
-Bi .
I f we p u t 2 a i X = CiA , -2bfh = DiX I

2a 2b
X a j X + 2bX b i A = EiX , A a j X - 2aX b i X = FiX I

then

The m a t r i c e s (C. )
lh
, (DiX) , (EiX) , (F. )
lh
a r e known, and s o (86) and

(87) provide an i n f i n i t e system o f l i n e a r e q u a t i o n s f o r t h e unknown

coefficients (AX) , (BX) . Gaydon and Shepherd [ 5 1 computed numerically an

approximate m a t r i x M such t h a t

Therefore f o r any boundary c o n d i t i o n s p (y) and s (y) , t h e c o n s t a n t s

A and B can be e v a l u a t e d . Knowing t h e s e c o n s t a n t s , t h e s t r e s s e s a t

X X
any p o i n t (x, y ) can now be e a s i l y e v a l u a t e d .

2.5 The s e c t o r problem

Gopalacharyulu [ 6 ] determined t h e s t r e s s f i e l d f o r t h e p l a n e d e f o r -

mation of a s e c t o r w i t h s t r e s s - f r e e r a d i a l edges and given s e l f - e q u i l i b r a t i n g

l o a d s on t h e c i r c u l a r boundary. The method followed was s i m i l a r t o t h a t

given by Gaydon and Shepherd [ 5 ] i n s o l v i n g t h e r e c t a n g u l a r s t r i p problem.

The s t r e s s f u n c t i o n s a t i s f y i n g t h e biharmonic e q u a t i o n and t h e t r a c t i o n -

f r e e c o n d i t i o n s on t h e r a d i a l edges i s i n i t i a l l y determined a s a s e r i e s

of non-orthogonal e i g e n f u n c t i o n s . Each of t h e s e e i g e n f u n c t i o n s i s again

expanded i n a s e r i e s of o r t h o g o n a l f u n c t i o n s s a t i s f y i n g a f o u r t h - o r d e r

d i f f e r e n t i a l e q u a t i o n and t h e same boundary c o n d i t i o n s .

2.5.1 S o l u t i o n of t h e biharmonic e q u a t i o n

The s e c t o r occupies t h e region -w 8 w, 0 5 r < 1. The s t r e s s

function 4 has t o s a t i s f y t h e biharmonic e q u a t i o n

From e q u a t i o n (431, t h e s e p a r a b l e s o l u t i o n s a r e o f t h e form

and

(Here we a r e c o n s i d e r i n g again only t h e symmetric s o l u t i o n . ) The f u n c t i o n

F(8) has t o s a t i s f y t h e boundary c o n d i t i o n s

which r e p r e s e n t t h e t r a c t i o n - f r e e c o n d i t i o n s along t h e r a d i a l edges. The

s h e a r and normal s t r e s s e s a r e s p e c i f i e d along t h e c i r c u l a r boundary,

= 010) and are = T (8) .

The boundary c o n d i t i o n s (88) imply t h a t

where t h e eigenvalues \ a r e determined from t h e t r a n s c e n d e n t a l e q u a t i o n

(\+l) s i n ( \ + l ) w cos ( A - 1 ) w
k
- (Ak-1) sin(Ak-1) w cos (Ak+l)w = 0 .

This e q u a t i o n may be w r i t t e n a s

(\+l) sin2w + 2sin(

"k- 1 ) w cos ( A + l ) w = 0
k
.

Let pk = \ + l , s o t h a t the general s t r e s s function @ w i l l there-

f o r e be t h e l i n e a r combination of t h e e i g e n f u n c t i o n s
@k
-

where F (8) i s given by

k

The e i g e n v a l u e s a r e themselves determined from

Pk

p sin2w
k
+ 2 s i n ( p -2)w cosp w = 0
k k
.

2.5.2 Expansion o f t h e a r c t r a c t i o n s i n terms of t h e beam f u n c t i o n s

The c o n s t a n t s a r e determined from t h e a p p l i e d l o a d s on t h e

%
c i r c u l a r boundary 0 (8) and T (8) , equation (89) . Due t o t h e l a c k of

o r t h o g o n a l i t y of t h e f u n c t i o n s % (8) , each Fk(e) i s expanded i n terms

o f t h e orthogonal beam f u n c t i o n s ( 8 ) which a r e t h e s o l u t i o n s of t h e

fourth order d i f f e r e n t i a l equation

and s a t i s f y t h e boundary c o n d i t i o n s

Solutions of the d i f f e r e n t i a l equation (93), s a t i s f y i n g the boundary

conditions (94) are

where

and t h e e i g e n v a l u e s
'm
s a t i s f y the equation

There e x i s t o r t h o g o n a l i t y r e l a t i o n s s i m i l a r t o t h o s e given i n (78),

namely

where 6 i s t h e Kronecker d e l t a .
mn
NOW expanding t h e f u n c t i o n s Fk (8) i n a s e r i e s o f the orthogonal
functions $m(e) , we o b t a i n

a r e t h e F o u r i e r c o e f f i c i e n t s given by
%m

+ w"m
- cospkw c o s ( p -2)w tanhum
k 1

I n d e r i v i n g t h i s e x p r e s s i o n we have made use o f e q u a t i o n (96).

The s t r e s s f u n c t i o n given i n (90) can now be w r i t t e n a s

Using t h e e x p r e s s i o n s f o r t h e s t r e s s e s i n (5), we g e t on t h e a r c r = 1

and
Let

and

Then e q u a t i o n s (99) and (100) may be w r i t t e n a s

Multiplying both s i d e s o f (1041 by ")I

n
' (8) and i n t e g r a t i n g between

-w to +w

From which

(1)
n'
- on = - ( q 4 ~rce, @;l(e) de = Kn say. (105)
n
'
-w

To overcome t h e d i f f i c u l t y o f n o n - o r t h o g o n a l i t y o f JIm and ;J

$ in (103)

Gopalacharyulu [ 6 ] m u l t i p l i e d b o t h s i d e s o f t h i s e q u a t i o n by (JIn - and

i n t e g r a t e d between -w to +w t o g e t one more r e l a t i o n between the

constants Cn and Dn
Thus, we have

From (103) and (104), the c o e f f i c i e n t s Cn and Dn are

2.5.3 Determination of
%
I n order t o determine % let

qc = ek + ifk

%m = gkm
+ ih
km

pk = % + iBk
Hence, e x p r e s s i o n s (101) and (102) w i l l be

The r i g h t hand s i d e s o f t h e s e two e q u a t i o n s a r e known q u a n t i t i e s ,

from (107) and (108), and t h e c o e f f i c i e n t s (and hence and

hkm) a r e given e x p l i c i t l y i n (98) . Hence e q u a t i o n s (110) p r o v i d e an

i n f i n i t e system of l i n e a r a l g e b r a i c e q u a t i o n s f o r e and fk.

k
Gopalacharyulu [ 6 ] o b t a i n s approximate numerical s o l u t i o n s o f t h i s

system of e q u a t i o n s by r e t a i n i n g only a f i n i t e number o f t h e c o e f f i c i e n t s

and shows t h a t q u i t e good r e s u l t s a r e o b t a i n e d by u s i n g only very

\ ,
few non-zero % I s .
 CHAPTER I11

SOLUTION OF THE CRACKED CYLINDER AND SEMI-CIRCLE PROBLEMS

I n t h i s c h a p t e r we s h a l l complete t h e s o l u t i o n of t h e cracked

c y l i n d e r problem d e s c r i b e d i n 52.2. The method used w i l l be s i m p l e r

than t h a t of Gaydon and Shepherd [ 5 ] and Gopalacharyulu [ 6 ] i n t h a t

F o u r i e r c o s i n e and s i n e s e r i e s a r e used r a t h e r than beam e i g e n f u n c t i o n s .

I t does have t h e disadvantage of l e a d i n g t o q u i t e slow convergence of t h e

s e r i e s expansions employed, b u t , a s we s h a l l s e e , reasonably a c c u r a t e

approximate r e s u l t s a r e o b t a i n e d by r e t a i n i n g only a few terms i n t h e

expansions.

I n l a t e r s e c t i o n s o f t h e c h a p t e r we examine t h e problem o f a crack

w i t h a rounded t i p and t h e semi-circle problem u s i n g e s s e n t i a l l y t h e same

method. Numerical s o l u t i o n s have n o t been o b t a i n e d however f o r t h e s e

problems .

The cracked c y l i n d e r problem

We wish t o s o l v e t h e problem o f t h e p l a n e s t r a i n deformation of a

cylinder 0 5 r < 1 under given t r a c t i o n s on r = 1 and i n t h e c a s e when

t h e r e is a p l a n e crack running from t h e a x i s o f t h e c y l i n d e r t o t h e boundary

on t h e p l a n e 8 = ?IT. In 52.2 it was shown t h a t , i f t h e two f a c e s of t h e

crack a r e t r a c t i o n - f r e e , t h e Airy s t r e s s f u n c t i o n h a s an expansion of t h e

form (47) and t h e s t r e s s components 0

rr ( r , 8) , Ore (r, 8) and

Cleo ( r , 0) a r e given by (48) - (51) .

The c o n s t a n t s and Bn have y e t t o be determined from t h e given
An
 59

t r a c t i o n s on t h e c i r c u l a r boundary r = 1. The d i f f i c u l t y here i s t h a t

these s t r e s s e s are expanded i n a non-orthogonal s e r i e s of functions of 8,

which does not allow us immediately t o determine the constants and

An
Therefore we s h a l l expand each of these functions i n a simple Fourier
Bn.
cosine s e r i e s i n the i n t e r v a l [-IT, I T ] , i n the case of the normal s t r e s s e s ,

and s i n e s e r i e s i n the case of shear s t r e s s e s . Hence t h e s t r e s s e s on the

c i r c u l a r boundary r = 1 w i l l be w r i t t e n as

The c o e f f i c i e n t s Ok and nd a r e the Fourier c o e f f i c i e n t s defined

k

and rk are known once the boundary t r a c t i o n s are prescribed.

Using (49) , (51) these c o e f f i c i e n t s a r e a l s o given as

 l.
where t h e r i g h t hand s i d e s have been o b t a i n e d by expanding cos (n + Z )8
3
and cos (n --) 8
2
a s F o u r i e r c o s i n e s e r i e s and
2
1
s i n (n + -) 8 and s i n (n - -)23 8

a s F o u r i e r s i n e s e r i e s and then e x t r a c t i n g t h e c o e f f i c i e n t s of coske in

'rr
(1, 8) and of sink8 in ar 8 r , 1). I n t h e s e e q u a t i o n s , we d e f i n e

Bo =- 0.

3.1.1 S a t i s f a c t i o n of the conditions of o v e r a l l self-equilibrium

We assume t h a t t h e c y l i n d e r i s i n s e l f - e q u i l i b r i u m under t h e p r e s c r i b e d

s t r e s s e s on t h e c i r c u l a r boundary r = 1. The t h r e e c o n d i t i o n s of e q u i l i -

brium i n a p l a n e a r e

i 1
IT
[[a rr (1, e)] cos8 - [ore (1, 8) ] sine] = o ,

iii) r
-IT
are 0,8 ) d8 = 0 .

Since
'rr
(1, 8) and ore (1, 8) a r e even and odd f u n c t i o n s of 8

respectively, conditions (ii) and (iii) are readily satisfied.

Condition (i) i s e q u i v a l e n t t o al = TI. From (116)

1
n--
-- - C -1)n An 2
1
' n=l n + - [n
and from (117)

Thus a l l t h e s e l f - e q u i l i b r a t i n g c o n d i t i o n s a r e s a t i s f i e d .

3.1.2 S e p a r a t i o n of t h e c o n s t a n t s and
An - Bn

I n equations (115) - (117) the constants An and Bn a r e mixed.

I t i s p o s s i b l e though t o s e p a r a t e them and t h i s s i m p l i f i e s by a g r e a t

amount t h e determination of t h e s e c o n s t a n t s . In separating these constants,

we s h a l l express
Bn
i n terms o f
An
. Thus, from (115).

Adding (116) and (117)

Let k -t k - 2, we o b t a i n

There f o r e and w i l l be given by

Bk+1 Bk-l
By s u b s t i t u t i n g back i n (116) we o b t a i n

This e q u a t i o n may be w r i t t e n a s

From e q u a t i o n (116) with k = 2

Using e q u a t i o n (118), we o b t a i n

Equations (121) and (122) c o n s t i t u t e an i n f i n i t e system of simultaneous

e q u a t i o n s from which may be determined. Once t h e s e have been d e t e r -

An
mined, t h e s e t of c o n s t a n t s can b e o b t a i n e d from (118) and (119).
Bn
I n determining t h e c o e f f i c i e n t s An, Gauss-Seidel i t e r a t i o n method has
been used.

3.1.3 Stress intensity factor

The s t r e s s i n t e n s i t y f a c t o r i s d e f i n e d by

KI = l i m r
+J Gee ( r , 0) .
rto

Using e x p r e s s i o n (51) f o r t h e t a n g e n t i a l s t r e s s we o b t a i n :

3.1.4 Examples

i ) On t h e boundary r = 1, we apply a c o n s t a n t normal s t r e s s o f u n i t

magnitude, i . e .
"0
-
2
- 1.0, ok = 0, k = 1, 2 , ... . We assume t h a t t h e r e

i s no s h e a r on t h e boundary, i n o t h e r words T
k
= 0, k = 1, 2 , 3 , . .. .
I n equations (121) and (122) we s h a l l r e t a i n 100 terms (n = 1, 2 , ...,
100) and use t h e e q u a t i o n s w i t h k = 2, 3 , ..., 101, s o t h a t w e have 100

simultaneous e q u a t i o n s w i t h a 100x100 m a t r i x of c o e f f i c i e n t s . An IBM 370

computer model 155 i s used t o determine {A n }loo

n=l' {B }loo a r e determined
n n=l
from (118) and (119).

Having found {A } and { B ~ } , t h e s t r e s s d i s t r i b u t i o n may b e c a l c u l a t e d

n
from (49) - (51) . We l e t t h e r a d i u s r vary with 0.1 i n t e r v a l s and t h e

angle 8 w i t h f i v e degrees i n t e r v a l s i n t h e s e e x p r e s s i o n s f o r t h e s t r e s s e s ,

t h u s g e t t i n g t h e s t r e s s d i s t r i b u t i o n throughout t h e c y l i n d e r . The r e s u l t i n g

s t r e s s - f i e l d s a r e drawn i n Fig. 16, which shows l i n e s o f c o n s t a n t

0r r r '
r
e
and 0 . I t can be seen t h a t ar 8 and 0
rr
approach t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e

given boundary v a l u e s on r = 1 and 8 = f?T, w h i l e t h e y d i v e r g e as r + 0.

L I N E S O F CONSTANT NORMAL STRESS Orr

FIGURE 16 Ci?
..
LINES O F CONSTANT SHEAR STFU3SS
Or,

FIGURE 16 (ii)
ii) Secondly we s h a l l c a l c u l a t e t h e s t r e s s i n t e n s i t y f a c t o r KI provided

by each o f t h e F o u r i e r c o e f f i c i e n t s {ok, Tk} o f t h e a p p l i e d s t r e s s d i s t r i -

bution. Therefore we keep t h e s h e a r a s z e r o , and t a k e each of t h e Okls

e q u a l t o u n i t y i n t u r n while keeping t h e remaining ones a s z e r o s , i e. .

I n t h e c a s e of r = 1, f o r s e l f - e q u i l i b r i u m we had al = T
1'
hence t h i s

c o n d i t i o n may be w r i t t e n a s

For each r, we have computed t h e corresponding s t r e s s i n t e n s i t y f a c t o r

using (1231, and they a r e l i s t e d i n Table I. We have only considered

the f i r s t 25 values of r, since f o r higher 0 and T i t becomes

r r
increasingly n e c e s s a r y t o i n c l u d e more than 100 non-zero c o e f f i c i e n t s

I n e x a c t l y t h e same way, we t a k e t h e normal s t r e s s t o be z e r o , and

t a k e each Tk e q u a l t o one i n t u r n , w i t h t h e p r o v i s i o n t h a t ol = T
1'

ri = 6il , o1 = 6
i1
with i = 1, 2 , .. ., 1 0 1 .

The corresponding s t r e s s i n t e n s i t y f a c t o r s a r e l i s t e d i n Table 11.

3.2 S t r e s s d i s t r i b u t i o n around a c r a c k with a rounded t i p

I t i s more r e a l i s t i c t o allow t h e c r a c k t o have a rounded t i p , r a t h e r

t h a n t h e i n f i n i t e l y s h a r p t i p considered s o f a r . We model t h i s s i t u a t i o n

by supposing t h a t t h e crack extends from a c y l i n d e r o f s m a l l r a d i u s R

around t h e i n f i n i t e c y l i n d e r a x i s , t o t h e e x t e r n a l boundary w i t h u n i t

radius. Thus t h e s i n g u l a r i t y a r i s i n g a t t h e c y l i n d e r a x i s i n t h e p r e v i o u s

problem w i l l n o t show up. The r e g i o n under c o n s i d e r a t i o n i s R < r < 1,

-IT c 8 < IT. The boundary c o n d i t i o n s x=l

are o , , = o r8 = O on 8=+7r,

and O areprescribedon r=1.

'rr r8
The s t r e s s e s expressed i n terms o f A i r y ' s

s t r e s s f u n c t i o n a r e given by (5) with

the f u n c t i o n @ s a t i s f y i n g t h e biharmonic
4 F i g u r e 17
equation V 4 = 0.

Considering again t h e s e p a r a b l e s o l u t i o n s

we look f o r symmetric s o l u t i o n s t h a t w i l l s a t i s f y t h e c o n d i t i o n s o f z e r o

t r a c t i o n on t h e crack f a c e s 8 = +IT, namely

Having found t h i s s e t of s o l u t i o n s , t h e g e n e r a l problem w i t h p r e s c r i b e d

t r a c t i o n s on r = R and r = 1 i s s o l v e d by t a k i n g a l i n e a r combination

of these separable solutions. The c o e f f i c i e n t s i n t h i s l i n e a r combination

w i l l be found i n terms o f t h e given t r a c t i o n s .

3.2.1 S o l u t i o n of t h e biharmonic e q u a t i o n

I t was determined i n 32.2 t h a t t h e s o l u t i o n s t o t h e biharmonic

e q u a t i o n s a t i s f y i n g t h e z e r o t r a c t i o n c o n d i t i o n s on t h e crack f a c e s may

be w r i t t e n a s

Using e q u a t i o n (47) we may w r i t e t h e s t r e s s f u n c t i o n a s

where

$ n ( r , 0) = [ n' r
1
n+-
2 .+i)
+ ~ ; r
j.ol;, 1
0
- cos
3
n--2
(124)

+ (c' rn+' + :D
n
r
-n+ 1
) [ c o s (n-1) 0 - cos ( n + l ) 01 .

I n deriving (124) , w e have taken a s i n s e c t i o n 2.2

A(')
n
-,
= 2n-1
2
n = 1 , 2 , 3 ,...,

Here we n o t e t h a t , a s i n 52.2, f o r t h e case of A = 0 , we g e t o n l y t h e

t r i v i a l solution. I t s h o u l d a l s o be n o t e d t h a t t h e terms which become

singular as r + 0 cannot be r e j e c t e d f o r t h e p r e s e n t problem.

 67

From t h e s t r e s s f u n c t i o n given by (124), we o b t a i n t h e s t r e s s e s (5)

'rr ( r r 8 ) = nLl r
n--
3
3
c-n+-) B Ir-n-']
2 n
[ cos (n+-1) 8

n+-
2
1
2 -
cos (n-Z3 8

n--
3
2

3
+ [ An' r
n--
n
2+Blr-n-:] - (n+-)
2 cos (n+-)
2 8+ (n-2)
1 2 cos (n--)
2 8
I
2 2
+ ~'r~-'+D'r
[n n Cn-1) cos (n-1) 8+ ( n + l ) cos ( n + l )8

-n-- 1 5
n+-
2 1
+ B
n
r - cos (n+-)
2
8 + cos

+ D
n
r [-(n-1) cos (n-1) 8 + (n+3) cos ( n + l )8 I1
(125)

where

and we d e f i n e C
0
f D
0
= 0 .
S i m i l a r l y t h e s h e a r s t r e s s w i l l be given by

3.2.2 S a t i s f a c t i o n of t h e boundary c o n d i t i o n s on t h e boundaries r = R, r = 1

Expanding t h e normal and s h e a r s t r e s s e s i n F o u r i e r c o s i n e and s i n e

s e r i e s r e s p e c t i v e l y , we o b t a i n

where Uk , k = 0 , 1, 2 , ..., a r e t h e F o u r i e r c o e f f i c i e n t s d e f i n e d by

Uk (r) = 71 in Urr ( r , 8) cosk0 d0 .

Similarly ore ( r , 0) = C T Cr) s i n k 0

k=l k
where

IT
k
r = Ore k , 8) s i n k 8 d0 , k = 1, 2 , ... .
-IT

Therefore, f o r k = 1, 2 , 3 , ...
where

For k = 0, we g e t

I n o r d e r t o complete t h e s o l u t i o n o f t h e o r i g i n a l l y posed problem,

w e now s e t ok (R) = ' r k ( ~ )= 0 , s i n c e t h e t r a c t i o n s on t h e i n n e r boundary

r = R a r e given t o be z e r o ; and s e t o k ( l ) and 'Ck (1) e q u a l t o t h e

corresponding F o u r i e r c o e f f i c i e n t s of t h e given normal and s h e a r t r a c t i o n s

on t h e e x t e r n a l boundary. The r e s u l t i n g system of e q u a t i o n s can be s o l v e d

numerically a s i n s e c t i o n 3.1.

3.2.3 S a t i s f a c t i o n of c o n d i t i o n s of o v e r a l l e q u i l i b r i u m

Here it w i l l be s u f f i c i e n t t o s a t i s f y t h e c o n d i t i o n = 1 on r = l ,

since brr -
- ore = 0 on r = R . Therefore on r = 1, u s i n g e q u a t i o n s

(127) and (128), we o b t a i n

and

Hence o u r F o u r i e r c o e f f i c i e n t s do s a t i s f y t h e c o n d i t i o n s o f e q u i l i b r i u m .

3.3 Stress distribution i n a semi-circular sector

I n t h e case o f a s e m i - c i r c u l a r boundary, t h e formulation of t h e problem

w i l l be a s follows :

We have t o determine a s t r e s s f u n c t i o n @ which i s biharmonic i n t h e r e g i o n

IT IT
- - < % < - I O < r < l 0 0 a r e p r e s c r i b e d on r = 1,
2 2 rrr re '0%' 're
a r e z e r o on 0 = f -2 -
IT

Figure 18

Again, t h e s t r e s s f u n c t i o n @ is written as

, 0) = r1+I ~ ( 0 )

k- re h > 0 t o s a t i s f y boundedness o f t h e s t r a i n energy d e n s i t y i n t h e

neighbourhood of t h e o r i g i n .
The f u n c t i o n F i n t h e symmetric case ( e q u a t i o n (45)) is

F ( 0 ) = A cos ( h + l ) 8 + B cos ( A - 1 ) 8 .
I n o r d e r t o have z e r o t r a c t i o n s on 0 = &'IT, we must have

'JT
F(-)
2
= F'
'IT
= 0 .

Applying t h e s e boundary c o n d i t i o n s on (45), we o b t a i n

Here we have two c a s e s ;

(i) I f A # B, t h i s implies t h a t

sinh -IT2 = 0 or An(1) = 2n .

This l e a d s t o

Cii) A = B and t h i s i m p l i e s t h a t

Therefore t h e s t r e s s f u n c t i o n may now be w r i t t e n a s

$kt0) = n 2 1 r~2n+1
~ ~cos2n+1 I
(2n+1) 0 + cos C2n-1) 0
2n-1
On t h e boundary r = 1, t h e normal and s h e a r s t r e s s e s a r e found t o be

where A = 2n A ' and Bn = 2 (2n-1) BA.

n n

I n o r d e r t o determine An and Bn, we expand (130) and (131) in

F o u r i e r c o s i n e and s i n e s e r i e s r e s p e c t i v e l y , t h e s e r i e s having ranges

IT IT
(- - -1. Hence
2' 2

Oo
'rr
(1, 8) = -
2
+ kZ= la k cos2k8 ,

where ak , k = 0 , 1, 2 , ... a r e t h e F o u r i e r c o e f f i c i e n t s d e f i n e d by

Also,

where T k = 1, 2 , 3,. . a r e given by

k t

The e x p r e s s i o n s f o r ak and T
k
a r e given by
where

Dnk
= [4k2 - 2
(2n+l) ][4k
2
- (2n-1)
2
1 .

3.3.1 S e p a r a t i o n of An and Bn

From (128), we can e x p r e s s B1 i n terms of An as

8 n
-
B1 n
- 1 (-1)
n=l
An
1
2
+ '-
0
2
(2n+l) (2n-1)

and from (133) and (134), we obtain

S u b s t i t u t i n g t h e expressions f o r Bk given by (135) - (137) i n equations

(132) - (133) and r e a r r a n g i n g t h e terms, we o b t a i n t h e i n f i n i t e system o f

equations (138) - (139) :

 CT
1
+ -"0
2
- - - -'r8r n C= l (-1," An -2n+5
2 I
(2n+3) ( l n + l ) (2n-1)

The system of e q u a t i o n s (138) - (139) i s s o l v e d i n t h e same way a s i n

s e c t i o n 3.1. The c o n s t a n t s Bk a r e determined from ( 1 3 5 ) , (136) and

the s t r e s s e s a r e r e a d i l y evaluated.

3.3.2 S a t i s f a c t i o n of s e l f - e q u i l i b r i u m c o n d i t i o n s

I n o r d e r t o s a t i s f y s e l f - e q u i l i b r i u m , we must have

This i m p l i e s t h a t

I n p o s i n g any boundary value problem, {CTk , rk} must be chosen t o be

c o n s i s t e n t with t h i s condition.

I t i s easy t o check u s i n g t h e t r i g o n o m e t r i c expansion

t h a t t h e F o u r i e r c o e f f i c i e n t s given by (132) - (134) do s a t i s f y

condition (140) .
TABLE I:
TABLE I1
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

[ 11 S o k o l n i k o f f, I . S. , ath he ma tical Theory o f E l a s t i c i t y , McGraw-Hill,

1956.

[2] Timoshenko, S. and ~ o i n o w s k y - K r i e g e r , S . , Theory o f P l a t e s and S h e l l s ,

McGraw-Hill, 1959.

[3] W i l l i a m s , M. L., J. Appl. Mech. -

24, ( 1 9 5 7 ) , 109-114.

[4] W i l l i a m s , M. L., J. Appl. Mech. -

28, (.1961), 78-82.

[5] Gaydon, F. A. and S h e p h e r d , FT. M . , P r o c . Roy. Soc. A281, (1964),

184-206.

[6] G o p a l a c h a r y u l u , S . , Q u a r t . J. Mech. and Appl. Math. -

22, (1969) ,
305-317.