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Period = T
Square wave,
positive pulse = negative pulse: Xave = 0
Pulse pattern, positive, all the same:
tX max
X ave =
T
Example (FEIM):
A plating tank with an effective resistance of 100 Ω is connected to the
output of a full-wave rectifier. The applied voltage is sinusoidal with a
maximum of 170 V. How long does it take to transfer 0.005 faradays?
2Vmax (2)(170 V)
Vave = = = 108.2 V
" "
Vave 108.2 V
Iave = = = 1.082 A
! R 100 "
# A "s&
(0.005 F)%96,487 (
q $ F '
! t= =
Iave 1.082 A
= 446 s
!
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Alternating Current Electricity 15-3a
Effective or Root-Mean-Squared (RMS) Value
Example 1 (FEIM):
A 170 V (maximum value) sinusoidal voltage is connected across a 4 Ω
resistor. What is the power dissipated by the resistor?
Vmax 170 V
Vrms = = = 120.2 V
2 2
! P=
V 2
rms
=
(
120.2 V ) = 3.61#103 W
R 4"
Example 2 (FEIM):
What is the Irms value for the following waveform?
(A) 2
I
4
3
(B) I
4
! 10
(C) I
4
!
3
(D) I
2
!
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Alternating Current Electricity 15-3c2
Effective or Root-Mean-Squared (RMS) Value
2
1 T 1 T
1 T #I&
Irms = "0 (I(t)) 2
= " 2 I 2dt + " T % ( dt
T T 0
T 2 $2'
I2 I2 5 2 10
= + = I = I
! 2 8 8 4
Example 3 (FEIM):
A sinusoidal AC voltage with a value of Vrms = 60 V is applied to a purely
resistive circuit. What steady-state voltage would dissipate the same
power as the AC voltage?
(A) 30 V
(B) 42 V
(C) 60 V
(D) 85 V
The answer is right in the problem statement. Since the voltage is given
as an rms value, the equivalent DC voltage is simply 60 V.
Phase angle = θ – φ
φ as the angle between the reference and voltage
θ as the angle between the reference and current
Definitions
Impedance:
Resistor:
Capacitor:
Inductor:
Example (FEIM):
For the following circuit:
(a) What is the impedance in polar form?
(b) Is the current leading or lagging?
(c) What is the voltage across the inductor?
$ s'
= 3 " + j1" # j4 " + (9 ") cos 40° + ( j9 ") sin40°
!
Alternating Current Electricity 15-5b3
Impedance
!
!
Example (FEIM):
What is the current in the capacitor in the following circuits?
!
Alternating Current Electricity 15-8a
Complex Power
• Power Factor:
• Real Power:
• Reactive Power:
Example (FEIM):
For the following circuit, find the (a) real power, and (b) reactive power.
(c) Draw the power triangle.
Series Resonance
Quality Factor:
Bandwidth:
1
Half-power point is when R = X: "1/2power = "0 ± BW
2
Parallel Resonance
Quality Factor: !
Bandwidth:
1
Half-power point is when R = X: "1/2power = "0 ± Q
2
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Alternating Current Electricity 15-9b1
Resonance
Example (FEIM):
For the following circuit, find
(a) the resonance frequency (rad/s)
(b) the half-power points (rad/s)
(c) the peak current (at resonance)
(d) the peak voltage across each component at resonance
1 1 rad
(a) "0 = = = 5 #106
LC (200 #10$6 H)(200 #10$12 F) s
(b) 1
" power = "0 ± BW
1
2
2
R rad 50 $
= "0 ± = 5 #106 ±
2L s (2)(200 #10%6 H)
! rad
= 5.125 "106 , 4.875 "106
s
!
(c) At resonance, Z = R, I(resonance) = V = 20 V "0° = 0.4 A"0°
R 50 #
!
(d) VR = I0R = 0.4 A "0° 50 # = 20 V "0°
( )( )
% 6 rad
(
! VL = I0 X L = I0 j"L = (0.4 A #0°)'5 $10 *(200 $10 H)#90°
+6
& s )
= 400 "90°
!
VC = "VL = 400 V # " 90°
!
!
!
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Alternating Current Electricity 15-9c
Resonance
Example (FEIM):
A parallel resonance circuit with a 10 Ω resistor has a resonance
frequency of 1 MHz and bandwidth of 10 kHz. What resistor value will
increase the BW to 20 kHz?
"0 "0 1
BW = = =
Q "0RC RC
C remains the
! same, so to double the BW.
1
Rnew = Rold = 5 "
2
Example 1 (FEIM):
What is the voltage V3? Disregard losses.
(A) 45 V
(B) 65 V
(C) 75 V
(D) 90 V
N2 N3
V2 = 120 V V3 = V2
N1 NA
" N3 %" N2 % " 300 %" 50 %
(
V3 = $ '$ ' 120 V = $
# N A &# N1 &
)
'$ ' 120 V = 90 V
# 100 &# 200 &
( )
!
Therefore, the answer is (D).
Example 2 (FEIM):
What is the total impedance in the primary circuit? Assume an ideal
transformer.
2
" 50 %
Z total = Zp + Z = $ ' (12 ( + j4 () + 3 ( + j (
#100 &
!
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Alternating Current Electricity 15-11a
Rotating Machines
Synchronous Machines
1. Synchronous motors
2. Synchronous generators
Example (FEIM):
A six-pole, three-phase synchronous 120f 60"
ns = =
generator supplies current with a p 2#
frequency of 60 Hz. What is the
angular velocity of the rotor in the (Note: Here, Ω does not mean
generator? ohms. It is the angular velocity.)
rad !
4#f
(A) 10" "=
s p
rad
(B) 40" # rad &# cycle &
s % 4" (% 60 (
rad $ cycle '$ s '
! (C) 60" ! =
s 6
! rad = 40" rad/s
(D) 80"
s
!
! Therefore, the answer is (B).
!
!
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Alternating Current Electricity 15-11c
Rotating Machines
Induction Motors
• A constant-speed device that receives power though induction
without using brushes or slip rings
Slip:
=
( 4)(1680 rpm)
120
! = 56 Hz
Therefore, the answer is (A).
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Alternating Current Electricity 15-11e
Rotating Machines
DC Machines
• Have a constant magnetic field in the stator; the magnetic field of
rotor responds to the stator field
• The magnetic flux produced is described by the equation
DC Generators
• A device that produces DC potential
Terminal Voltage:
Example (FEIM):
A DC generator provides a current of 12 A for a resistive load when
operating at 1800 rpm. The speed of the armature is reduced, and the
new steady-state current is 10 A. What is most nearly the operating
speed when the generator reaches steady-state conditions? Ignore
armature resistance.
(A) 1500 rpm
(B) 1700 rpm
(C) 1800 rpm
(D) 2200 rpm
DC Motors
• Very similar to a DC generator, only the direction of current
changes
Torque:
Mechanical Power:
Example 1 (FEIM):
For the circuit elements shown, draw the conventional impedance
diagram.
Example 2 (FEIM):
What is the steady-state magnitude of the rms voltage across the
capacitor?
(A) 15 V
(B) 30 V
(C) 45 V
(D) 60 V
!
Alternating Current Electricity 15-12c1
Additional Examples
Example 3 (FEIM):
For the following circuit, the rms steady-state currents are
I1 = 14.4"#36.9° and I2 = 6"90°.
!
Alternating Current Electricity 15-12d
Additional Examples
Example 4 (FEIM):
The phasor form of I3 is most nearly
(A) 10.3 A "#32.5°
(B) 11.8 A "#12.9°
(C) 18.6 A "51.9°
(D) 18.6 A " #51.9°
I 3 = I1 + I 2
= 14.4 A " # 36.9° + 6 A "90°
! = (14.4 A) cos(#36.9°) + j(14.4 A) sin# 36.9° + j6 A
= 11.515 A # j8.646 A + j6 A
= 11.515 A # j2.646 A
I3 = (11.515 A)2 + (2.646 A)2 = 11.8 A
"2.646 A
! tan-1 = "12.9°
11.515 A
I3 = 11.8 A # "12.9°
Therefore, the answer is (B).
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