NBL A12114 PDF

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 3
2 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ....................................................................................3
3 MEASUREMENT PROGRAMME ..................................................................................... 4
4 MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES AND UNCERTAINTY .............................................7
4.1 k-factor .......................................................................................................................... 7
4.2 Area distribution............................................................................................................... 8
4.3 Droplet sizes and velocities............................................................................................ 10
4.4 Droplet size terminology ................................................................................................ 18
4.5 Droplet velocity.............................................................................................................. 18
5 CALCULATION OF DROPLET TRAJECTORIES ...................................................... 19
6 RESULTS ......................................................................................................................... 22
6.1 k-factor for the nozzles................................................................................................... 22
6.2 Exit velocity ................................................................................................................... 23
6.3 Droplet sizes measured by two institutes ....................................................................... 25
6.4 Individual nozzle characteristics .................................................................................... 29
6.4.1 Nozzle HV K26............................................................................................... 29
6.4.2 Nozzle HVK44................................................................................................ 37
6.4.3 Nozzle MVK18 ............................................................................................... 45
6.4.4 Nozzle MVK41 ............................................................................................... 49
6.4.5 Nozzle MVK59 ............................................................................................... 54
6.4.6 Nozzle MVK80 ............................................................................................... 56
7 EVALUATION .................................................................................................................... 61
7.1 Measurement techniques ................................................................................................ 61
7.2 Differences between nozzles .......................................................................................... 62
8 REFERENCES.....................................................................................................................65
9 APPENDIX A.1 NOZZLE HVK26 - 2,6 bar.....................................................................66
10 APPENDIX A.2 NOZZLE HVK 26 – 5,3 bar ...................................................................93
11 APPENDIX A.3 NOZZLE HVK44 – 4,9 bar ..................................................................119
12 APPENDIX A.4 NOZZLE MVK18 -2,6 BAR................................................................143
13 APPENDIX A.5 NOZZLE MVK80 -2,1 BAR.................................................................150
14 APPENDIX B: Drawing of ADD apparatus....................................................................158
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1 INTRODUCTION
Deluge nozzles have traditionally been characterised by the spray pattern and the exit velocity,
and flow characteristics have been described by the k-factor. Design has been carried out to fulfil
the requirements of area coverage, in most cases an application density over a certain area.
Little information is available on the droplet sizes and the distribution of droplets in sprays, and
when one wants to calculate the behaviour of water droplets in a fire zone or in the vicinity of a
fire, the droplet size distribution is really important. In this report, several techniques and
approaches to obtain the real droplet size and velocity distribution is used. At present, no single
technique presents all the important features, but a combination of two techniques makes it
possible to make a good estimate of flow-field, droplet sizes and velocities within a water spray.
2 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
A comprehensive measurement programme to characterise sprays of water from deluge nozzles

have been carried out. No method is available to measure all characteristics in one single
operation. SINTEF has developed a method to quantify water application during fire, an Actual
Delivered Density apparatus, (ADD apparatus). k-factor measurements (relation between nozzle
pressure and water flow) have been carried out by different test set-up, including a standardised
method. Two different laboratories (TelTek, Porsgrunn, Norway and IdF, Magdeburg, Germany)
have been engaged to characterise droplet sizes and velocities.
The measurement of k-factor shows minor variations between different laboratories and the
manufacturers nominal k-factors are within the acceptance criteria of such measurements.
The water application density is in one set of experiments measured by a special apparatus
developed by SINTEF (ADD apparatus). The measurement technique allows measurement of
Actual Delivered Density of water even during fire conditions, and is useful for research purpose.
Used in an open space without any fire, some water is displaced by the airflow above the fixed
surface, which leads to a discrepancy of maximum 20% between measured supply and collected
water. This discrepancy is normal for this type of technique.
Droplet size, velocity and area distribution for 5 deluge nozzles at different pressure have been
examined. Two types of Laser Doppler and Phase Doppler anemometry have been used. The
examined nozzles have been used in earlier medium-to-large-scale fire tests. The nozzle
characteristics are used as input in simulation of the interaction of water droplet and fire
development.
The used measurement technique for droplet sizes gives a picture of deluge nozzles that produces
a large amount of very small water droplets, in contrast to what is earlier reported. The reason for
this discrepancy may be the better resolution of the measurement technique, but the presented
results may also indicate uncertainties connected to the same technique.
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3 MEASUREMENT PROGRAMME
In the tests carried out to quantify the effect of deluge systems, two main types of nozzles have
been used. These are High Velocity (HV) and Medium Velocity (MV) nozzles. The tested HV
nozzles produce the water spray by break-up of the flow at the edge of the nozzle orifice, after
creating a rotation inside the nozzle body. The MV nozzles are equipped with deflectors that
break up the water stream from the orifice.
The nozzles used in the former fire tests carried out by SINTEF /1, 2/ has been tested at two
different laboratories for droplet characterisation. The two laboratories are Teltek, (Porsgrunn,
Norway) /3/ and IdF –Institut der Feuerwehr – Sachsen-Anhalt, (Magdeburg, Germany) /4/.
Water flow characteristics and area distribution have been measured by SINTEF.
Table 1 shows the tested nozzles and under which conditions they have been tested.
Table 1. Nozzle identification and test programme for droplet characterisation.
SINTEF fire tests IdF droplet characterization Teltek droplet characterization

Nozzle id Pressure [bar] Nozzle id Pressure [bar]
HV K26 2,6 5,3
HV K44 2,4 3,5 4,9 5 8 N7 2,4 5 8
MV K18 2,6
MV K41 1,9 2,6 N1 2 7
MV K59
MV K80 2,1 2,5
Figure 1. The High-velocity nozzles HV K44 and HV K26 used in the tests.
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Figure 2. The High-velocity nozzle HV K44 dismantled.

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Figure 3. The Medium-velocity nozzles MV K18, MV K41, MV K59 and MV K80 used in the
tests.
Table 2. Specifications of the nozzles used in the SINTEF tests.
SINTEF fire tests GW Sprinkler identification Bore diameter Spray angle Operating pressure
Nozzle id [mm] max min
HV K26 Fyrhed type C 8 80-90° 5 2,8
HV K44 Fyrhed type D 10 60° 6 2,8
MV K18 Thermospray 6,3 ~60° 3,5 1,4
MV K41 Thermospray 8,5 90° 3,5 1,4
MV K59 Thermospray 11 ~120° 3,5 1,4
MV K80 Thermospray 12,4 ~135° 3,5 1,4
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4 MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES AND UNCERTAINTY
The characterisation of water spray nozzles is normally done by the correlation between flow rate
and pressure (k-factor) and application density (litres/m2 min). In some cases, measurement of the
area distribution of water is also carried out. However, when the interaction between water
droplets and a fire plume is to be simulated by mathematical models, more information is needed.
Ultimately, the volume distribution of droplets is what is needed to quantify the action of water in
relation to fire. Figure 4 shows different aspects of a water spray used to characterise water
distribution. The top two aspects are normally what are presented by nozzle manufacturers.
k-factor Spray angle
Spacing
Area distribution
Droplet velocity
distribution
Droplet size
distribution
Volume distribution
Figure 4. Different aspects of water sprays used to characterise water distribution.
An overview of measurement techniques and an assessment of uncertainty connected to the

different methods of characterisation are presented in this chapter.
4.1 k-factor
The nozzle manufacturers characterise the nozzles by the k-factor. The correlation of flow through
the nozzle and the pressure drop is characterised by the equation
Q=k⋅ ∆p
The k in the equation is called the k-factor for nozzle, and has a dimension [litre/min bar1/2]. It
represents the loss factor in hydraulic calculations, and for low flow velocities, the factor is quite
insensitive to pressure differences. This holds for the type of nozzles used in normal deluge
systems.
The set-up for the measurements is described by ISO 6182-1:1993(E) /5/, which includes piping
arrangement, measurement programme and presentation of measured data. The results of a k-
factor measurement series then include a presentation of the variation of k-factor with pressure.
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Measurement of k-factor has been carried out by IdF, Teltek and SINTEF. Only the SINTEF
measurements were done according to a set-up like the ISO standard. Only single pressure
measurements have been carried out. A sketch of this set-up is shown in Figure 5.
Measurement uncertainty for the set-up at SINTEF is calculated to ± 0,6% for single point k-
factor measurement.
4.2 Area distribution
In the tests carried out during the first phase of the Deluge project /1/, different nozzles at
different spacing and elevations were used to obtain a pre-described water application density.
However, neither the application density nor the area distribution was available from
manufacturers.
A special apparatus for characterisation of area distribution of water from spray nozzles was
designed and constructed by SINTEF. The apparatus consists of 10 concentric circular sectors
with equal surface area. The apparatus is divided in two by a wall, making it possible to measure
unsymmetrical distribution. The water supply through the nozzle is also measured by a flow meter
and a pressure tap. The k-factors of the nozzles were measured with a setup similar to ISO 6182-
1:1993(E). The principle of the ADD apparatus is to collect all the water of a spray at a surface
area. The apparatus is water cooled and is constructed to be used in conjunction with a fire source,
and to be able to measure the loss of water between the spray nozzle and the collector In the
present tests the ADD apparatus is used to characterise area distribution of single nozzles, when
no fire interacts with the spray and there is no loss due to evaporation of water. A check on the
accuracy of measurements is then possible by comparing the flow measured at the nozzle and at
the ADD apparatus. In practise, some loss of water occurs when a spray nozzle is mounted above
the collector. Some droplets flow outside the outskirts of the tray and some of the water leaves as
very small airborne droplets.
The nozzles differ in spray angle, so the height between the nozzle and the collector was varied to
match the spray pattern. The height is denoted H in Figure 5.
Figure 5. Measurements set-up for the area distribution of water from deluge nozzles. The
piping and pressure measurement of the k-factor measurements is indicated at the
top left in the sketch.
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Figure 6. The ADD apparatus for measurement of the area distribution of water from deluge
nozzles. Each segment of the collecting area has equal surface area.
Tests were carried out with the different nozzles and pressures as described in Table1 and the
water flow rate and pressure was measured in a set-up as indicated in Figure 5.
Collection of water at a horizontal surface is a challenge, and the fraction of water that is “lost”
during the measurement period is shown in Figure 7. The difference between applied and
collected water is shown in percentage of applied water. It seems that for similar nozzles, the loss
fraction is increasing with increasing pressure. This is coincident with a larger fraction of smaller
droplets and higher exit velocity of the droplets.
ADD-apparatus measurements
100
Lost water [%]
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
26 26 44 44 44 18 41 41 59 80 80
2,6 5,2 2,7 4,9 7,8 2,6 1,9 2,6 2,5 2,1 2,5
Figure 7. “Lost water” during ADD tests. The first number below each bar is the k-factor of
the nozzle, the second number is the pressure (bar).
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4.3 Droplet sizes and velocities
The droplets sizes measurement technique has developed over the last decennium, from different
types of photographic methods to the laser Phase Doppler technique.
The first presentations of droplet size distributions were based on a sampling technique where a
glass plate covered with Glycerine was passed through a spray and then photographed. This
technique certainly presented a photograph that might be studied and analysed, but it is thought
that this sampling actually changed the droplet size distribution. The smaller droplets tended to
agglomerate and hence disappear in the distribution. It is also believed that the larger droplets may
have gone through the same process and formed larger droplets at the collection plate than in the
spray.
Later photographic techniques are based on high-speed film of droplets in a spray. One method
based on automatic image analysis was recently published at the Third International Symposium
on Water Mist, /6/. The advantage of this is that calibration with well-known mono-disperse
particles is possible. The disadvantage is a problem with the illumination of a certain area of the
spray and a time-consuming picture analysis connected to the early versions of the technique. The
use of high-frequency light (stroboscope technique) has made it possible to analyse the velocity of
droplets as well as the size distribution, but it has been a problem to define a precise plane that is
illuminated. Laser light has reduced these problems, and auto-analysis of video pictures has also
reduced the time consumption. The photographic techniques have its main limitation in the range
of droplet sizes to be detected, as the resolution of the photographic film and especially TV
screens is limited. In actual sprays the diameter variation may vary from less than 50 µm up to
several millimetres, which imposes a challenge to available systems.
A laser-based photographic technique called Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) measures the
velocity vector of particles in a flow-field. This technique was checked out but discarded in this
test programme, since the photographic resolution to be used for particle size measurement was
too limited.
The present most used technique to measure droplet size and droplet velocity of sprays is the
Phase Doppler Anemometry, an extension of the Laser Doppler Anemometry. This technique is
widely used to characterise droplet size distributions, but has its limitations and practical
problems, /7/.
Since the tested sprays have different spray angles, it was decided to carry out droplet
characterisation at a fixed distance from the orifice. In all the tests at IdF and at Teltek, the
distance was 1 m below the orifice. Figure 8 illustrates the problem that will occur if the data from
the droplet size measurements is to be extrapolated to a new level. An assumption of droplet
trajectory has to be made. The simplest form of extrapolation is to assume straight lines from the
orifice to the new level, through the positions of the droplet measurements. This leaves out the
gravity influence on the droplets. The further away this extrapolation is used, the larger error
occurs.
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Droplet size measurement
Actual Delivered Density Apparatus
Figure 8. Illustration of the principle of extrapolation of droplet size measurements to a

different position.
The Phase –Doppler Anemometry exhibits a new type of measurement technique, as it is based on
the refraction of a laser beam inside a droplet. In this technique, droplets passing through a probe
volume formed by the intersection of two laser beams scatter light which is imaged by a collection
onto a pair of detectors. The droplets act as a lens which magnifies the fringe pattern formed by
the intersecting laser beams. The detectors measure the magnified fringe spacing as a temporal
phase shift, which is linearly dependent on droplet size.
The strength of the system is that it is totally non-intrusive and the number of characterised
droplets inside the probe volume is limited of measurement time only. If the measurement time is
increased, the number of droplets may become statistically reliable. The uncertainty lies in the
software; since some received signals from on “burst” is discarded because it does not fulfil the
criteria of a signal from a recognisable droplet. The signal that is counted as a recognised droplet
has to be in a range that is expected from a spherical droplet inside the probe volume. A number
of signals are discarded because the software can not discriminate if it is a small droplet inside the
probe volume or it is a large droplet in the outskirts of the volume. A droplet that is non-spherical
may also be discarded. In the reports from IdF two sets of measurements are presented, one by the
originally counted droplets and one Probe Volume Corrected (PVC) value. The in-built software
of the measurement apparatus is not available for a user, and it is not possible to quantify the
uncertainty of the total measurement technique.
The test setup with the crossing laser beams as installed in the laboratory of IdF is shown in
Figure 9.
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Figure 9. Phase-Doppler Anemometry used for droplet size and velocity measurements in the
IdF laboratories, Magdeburg, Germany.
The droplet velocity is measured at the same position as the droplet sizes. Only the vertical
component of the velocity is measured. At distances away from the nozzle opening this velocity
component is more and more equal to the total velocity, as gravity forces the droplet into vertical
direction.
The data from the IdF measurements were presented in tables, as shown in Table 3 and 4. Table 3
gives the Original data, Table 4 gives the corrected PVC-data.
The tables give information of:

Nr: the test number at IdF, the coordinates of the measurement (x,y) in cm,
d10, d20, d30,d32 which are the mean diameters (see Chapter 4.4 for explanation), v10 which is
the mean vertical velocity, v_std which is the standard deviation of the mean velocity, vfd which
is a Volume Flux Density, Rate which is the number of measured droplets, Zeit which is the time
of measurement and finally, Druck which is the pressure (bar).
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Even if the tables give numbers for volume flux density, number of droplets and time of
measurement, no meaningful correlation is found when these numbers are presented. The reason
for this is not fully explained, but the fact that not all droplets are measured explains the lack of
correlation between droplet number, time of measurement and flow rate. If one should expect that
the measurements would give an application density or a total flow rate, the technique should
assure that all droplets within a certain are were measured.
Table 3. The format of data tables as obtained from the IdF tests. The example is valid for
nozzle HV K26, with the original data.
Tabelle: PDA-Messergebnisse (Originaldaten) für die Düse HVK26
Nr. x y d10 d20 d30 d32 v10 v_std vfd Rate Zeit Druck
90 0 0 103.3 132.7 167.4 266.3 6.6 1.9 0.019 111 219 2.6
91 10 0 150.7 178.7 209.6 288.5 4.0 2.0 0.023 63 124 2.6
92 20 0 185.6 210.4 234.7 292.0 3.2 1.7 0.026 48 113 2.6
93 30 0 226.5 251.0 272.3 320.7 3.0 1.6 0.019 23 98 2.6
94 40 0 281.5 302.5 320.5 359.6 3.1 1.6 0.018 12 90 2.6
95 50 0 286.4 306.4 323.7 361.1 3.0 1.6 0.019 10 88 2.6
96 60 0 281.4 304.2 324.6 369.5 3.2 1.7 0.011 7 91 2.6
97 -10 0 129.3 158.0 192.0 283.7 3.9 2.6 0.006 22 109 2.6
98 -20 0 159.8 181.0 204.2 259.9 3.1 1.5 0.009 23 91 2.6
99 -30 0 191.2 213.2 235.5 287.5 3.0 1.6 0.010 17 123 2.6
100 -40 0 230.2 251.7 272.4 319.0 3.0 1.5 0.010 12 97 2.6
102 -50 0 264.3 287.6 307.2 350.3 3.2 1.6 0.009 8 95 2.6
103 -60 0 184.9 221.5 253.0 330.0 2.1 1.2 0.010 16 98 2.6
104 0 0 110.9 142.3 179.3 284.6 6.6 1.9 0.018 85 116 2.6
105 0 10 119.7 154.6 194.0 305.6 6.9 2.1 0.018 65 100 2.6
106 0 20 120.3 156.1 194.5 301.9 7.4 2.1 0.017 66 94 2.6
107 0 30 156.5 191.2 225.6 314.0 5.3 2.1 0.026 63 97 2.6
108 0 40 226.9 260.2 288.7 355.4 4.7 2.3 0.031 35 92 2.6
109 0 50 286.8 313.9 336.8 387.6 4.2 2.0 0.020 13 90 2.6
110 0 60 329.1 350.8 368.7 407.3 3.5 1.5 0.010 5 102 2.6
111 0 -10 106.6 141.8 180.7 293.1 7.7 1.9 0.015 69 96 2.6
112 0 -20 136.7 168.8 204.6 300.7 6.4 2.1 0.017 51 94 2.6
113 0 -30 189.6 221.1 250.9 322.8 5.2 2.3 0.022 38 87 2.6
114 0 -40 236.7 266.8 293.7 355.9 4.6 2.2 0.019 19 90 2.6
115 0 -50 303.7 330.3 353.2 403.8 4.2 1.9 0.013 7 90 2.6
116 0 -60 359.4 375.9 390.2 420.7 3.8 1.7 0.006 2 74 2.6
117 0 0 104.3 132.3 163.5 250.0 10.0 2.9 0.032 204 114 5.3
118 10 0 128.7 158.7 191.0 276.7 6.1 2.9 0.041 157 113 5.3
119 20 0 142.0 167.3 193.5 258.9 4.6 2.4 0.037 134 89 5.3
120 30 0 175.7 199.2 221.3 273.4 3.9 2.2 0.039 89 101 5.3
121 40 0 219.7 240.0 259.7 304.3 3.6 2.1 0.032 37 96 5.3
122 50 0 256.5 275.0 291.9 328.9 3.5 2.0 0.025 19 176 5.3
123 60 0 292.9 308.4 321.9 350.7 3.4 1.7 0.016 8 87 5.3
124 -10 0 113.0 134.2 160.4 229.0 5.1 2.1 0.021 133 106 5.3
125 -20 0 136.8 154.3 173.8 220.7 4.3 1.7 0.022 105 75 5.3
126 -30 0 166.3 187.0 207.9 256.8 4.3 2.0 0.028 75 93 5.3
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127 -40 0 210.2 231.7 251.0 294.5 3.8 2.1 0.038 47 89 5.3
128 -50 0 254.7 274.7 292.1 330.3 3.7 2.0 0.023 20 89 5.3
129 -60 0 160.3 195.1 227.6 310.0 2.2 1.5 0.016 33 90 5.3
130 0 10 124.7 154.3 185.9 269.9 9.7 3.5 0.031 130 92 5.3
131 0 20 124.4 154.8 187.6 275.4 8.3 3.4 0.035 145 92 5.3
132 0 30 161.1 189.5 218.4 290.1 7.4 3.2 0.040 99 94 5.3
133 0 40 223.8 251.1 277.0 336.9 6.1 2.9 0.048 53 92 5.3
135 0 60 338.3 357.1 373.5 408.6 4.3 2.1 0.010 5 93 5.3
136 0 50 294.4 317.3 337.0 380.0 4.9 2.3 0.030 19 93 5.3
137 0 -10 121.6 154.8 191.0 290.8 12.6 3.2 0.025 98 98 5.3
138 0 -20 128.2 158.5 189.4 270.6 8.8 3.1 0.032 127 91 5.3
139 0 -30 174.7 206.3 236.2 309.5 6.6 3.2 0.049 100 92 5.3
140 0 -40 248.6 279.5 305.3 364.5 5.4 2.7 0.034 32 77 5.3
141 0 -50 308.3 326.9 342.9 377.3 5.0 2.1 0.012 7 70 5.3
142 0 -60 335.9 358.5 376.8 416.5 4.3 2.3 0.004 2 74 5.3
Table 4. The format of data tables as obtained from the IdF tests. The example is valid for
nozzle HV K26, with the PVC values.
Tabelle: PDA-Messergebnisse (PVC-Werte) für die Düse HVK26
Nr. x y d10 d20 d30 d32 v10 v_std vfd Rate Zeit Druck
90 0 0 68.4 88.7 117.1 204.1 6.6 1.9 0.028 111 219 2.6
91 10 0 103.4 126.9 154.6 229.7 4.0 2.0 0.036 63 124 2.6
92 20 0 129.7 154.4 179.5 242.7 3.2 1.7 0.045 48 113 2.6
93 30 0 157.8 188.9 216.3 283.7 3.0 1.6 0.031 23 98 2.6
94 40 0 208.0 239.4 265.2 325.2 3.1 1.6 0.029 12 90 2.6
95 50 0 222.0 243.9 262.6 304.2 3.0 1.6 0.045 10 88 2.6
96 60 0 208.8 240.3 267.1 330.2 3.2 1.7 0.017 7 91 2.6
97 -10 0 90.7 107.5 132.5 201.2 3.9 2.6 0.010 22 109 2.6
98 -20 0 120.3 135.1 152.8 195.5 3.1 1.5 0.019 23 91 2.6
99 -30 0 141.8 162.0 183.0 233.7 3.0 1.6 0.020 17 123 2.6
100 -40 0 169.9 197.0 221.5 280.2 3.0 1.5 0.017 12 97 2.6
102 -50 0 193.2 229.3 257.5 324.9 3.2 1.6 0.013 8 95 2.6
103 -60 0 119.8 158.7 195.3 295.7 2.1 1.2 0.013 16 98 2.6
104 0 0 74.8 96.9 127.6 221.4 6.6 1.9 0.025 85 116 2.6
105 0 10 78.6 102.4 135.3 236.5 6.9 2.1 0.025 65 100 2.6
106 0 20 79.4 106.7 141.4 248.2 7.4 2.1 0.023 66 94 2.6
107 0 30 105.2 138.5 173.6 273.0 5.3 2.1 0.035 63 97 2.6
108 0 40 157.4 198.7 234.3 325.6 4.7 2.3 0.041 35 92 2.6
109 0 50 211.3 251.5 283.4 360.0 4.2 2.0 0.027 13 90 2.6
110 0 60 264.5 301.8 328.5 389.0 3.5 1.5 0.013 5 102 2.6
111 0 -10 68.3 91.2 123.7 227.3 7.7 1.9 0.021 69 96 2.6
112 0 -20 92.0 115.7 146.4 234.8 6.4 2.1 0.025 51 94 2.6
113 0 -30 129.7 164.1 197.3 285.2 5.2 2.3 0.031 38 87 2.6
114 0 -40 168.8 206.8 239.9 323.0 4.6 2.2 0.026 19 90 2.6
115 0 -50 224.1 264.6 296.8 373.6 4.2 1.9 0.018 7 90 2.6
116 0 -60 305.0 333.2 354.5 401.2 3.8 1.7 0.009 2 74 2.6
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117 0 0 70.0 90.8 118.0 199.4 10.0 2.9 0.047 204 114 5.3
118 10 0 84.7 108.8 138.2 222.8 6.1 2.9 0.061 157 113 5.3
119 20 0 96.6 120.3 146.2 215.9 4.6 2.4 0.058 134 89 5.3
120 30 0 121.2 147.4 172.4 236.0 3.9 2.2 0.063 89 101 5.3
121 40 0 170.3 187.6 204.6 243.3 3.6 2.1 0.082 37 96 5.3
122 50 0 203.3 220.4 236.2 271.1 3.5 2.0 0.067 19 176 5.3
123 60 0 240.4 255.4 268.6 297.0 3.4 1.7 0.049 8 87 5.3
124 -10 0 81.9 96.8 116.9 170.6 5.1 2.1 0.038 133 106 5.3
125 -20 0 102.2 117.4 134.6 177.1 4.3 1.7 0.044 105 75 5.3
126 -30 0 119.6 139.7 160.6 212.4 4.3 2.0 0.052 75 93 5.3
127 -40 0 163.8 181.5 197.8 234.8 3.8 2.1 0.115 47 89 5.3
128 -50 0 188.6 214.9 237.8 291.1 3.7 2.0 0.041 20 89 5.3
129 -60 0 101.0 128.8 160.8 250.6 2.2 1.5 0.024 33 90 5.3
130 0 10 83.5 106.5 135.1 217.3 9.7 3.5 0.046 130 92 5.3
131 0 20 83.0 106.2 135.5 220.6 8.3 3.4 0.052 145 92 5.3
132 0 30 112.3 138.0 166.6 243.0 7.4 3.2 0.060 99 94 5.3
133 0 40 156.8 186.2 215.2 287.6 6.1 2.9 0.075 53 92 5.3
135 0 60 277.8 310.3 334.2 387.6 4.3 2.1 0.014 5 93 5.3
136 0 50 226.4 261.8 289.6 354.2 4.9 2.3 0.042 19 93 5.3
137 0 -10 80.5 104.4 135.9 230.3 12.6 3.2 0.036 98 98 5.3
138 0 -20 83.9 108.6 137.9 222.4 8.8 3.1 0.047 127 91 5.3
139 0 -30 117.6 150.1 182.6 270.4 6.6 3.2 0.069 100 92 5.3
140 0 -40 177.8 219.4 253.3 337.7 5.4 2.7 0.045 32 77 5.3
141 0 -50 255.7 285.3 307.7 357.9 5.0 2.1 0.016 7 70 5.3
142 0 -60 253.3 293.4 321.7 386.6 4.3 2.3 0.006 2 74 5.3
The measured data from each test run was captured and saved by special routine defined by
SINTEF. An example of the data is shown in Table 5. Only original data were captured this way,
which means that numbers are as detected during the test. No Probe Volume Correction was
applied during the measurement time. This correction was done after the test run, with no
possibility of capturing the total amount of data.
The data in Table 5 makes it possible to present the full detailed graphs of droplet size distribution
needed for simulation. Accumulated volume diameter, which is the basis for calculation of the
Median Volume Diameter, is also shown in Figure 10.
16
Table 5 . The format of data tables as specified by SINTEF. The example is valid for nozzle
HV K26 with original data. Only data for the first position (test 90, position x=0,
y=0 and the first four data points at position (in cm) x=10, y=0, is shown.
PDA-Messergebnisse(Originaldaten), Häufigkeiten mit Klasseneinteilung

Nozzle Test x y Class Lower Upper class Number of droplets
No No cliameter diameter
[micrometer] [micrometer]
HVK26 90 0 0 1 0 20 0
HVK26 90 0 0 2 20 40 3489
HVK26 90 0 0 3 40 60 4499
HVK26 90 0 0 4 60 80 4211
HVK26 90 0 0 5 80 100 3358
HVK26 90 0 0 6 100 120 2522
HVK26 90 0 0 7 120 140 1725
HVK26 90 0 0 8 140 160 1051
HVK26 90 0 0 9 160 180 672
HVK26 90 0 0 10 180 200 499
HVK26 90 0 0 11 200 220 349
HVK26 90 0 0 12 220 240 309
HVK26 90 0 0 13 240 260 258
HVK26 90 0 0 14 260 280 203
HVK26 90 0 0 15 280 300 159
HVK26 90 0 0 16 300 320 164
HVK26 90 0 0 17 320 340 126
HVK26 90 0 0 18 340 360 121
HVK26 90 0 0 19 360 380 134
HVK26 90 0 0 20 380 400 81
HVK26 90 0 0 21 400 420 90
HVK26 90 0 0 22 420 440 62
HVK26 90 0 0 23 440 460 65
HVK26 90 0 0 24 460 480 48
HVK26 90 0 0 25 480 500 41
HVK26 90 0 0 26 500 520 27
HVK26 90 0 0 27 520 540 18
HVK26 90 0 0 28 540 560 14
HVK26 90 0 0 29 560 580 6
HVK26 90 0 0 30 580 600 12
HVK26 90 0 0 31 600 620 12
HVK26 90 0 0 32 620 640 8
HVK26 90 0 0 33 640 660 1
HVK26 90 0 0 34 660 680 2
HVK26 90 0 0 35 680 700 0
HVK26 90 0 0 36 700 720 5
HVK26 90 0 0 37 720 740 1
HVK26 90 0 0 38 740 760 1
HVK26 90 0 0 39 760 780 0
HVK26 91 10 0 1 0 20 0
HVK26 91 10 0 2 20 40 381
HVK26 91 10 0 3 40 60 593
HVK26 91 10 0 4 60 80 674
17
Volume mean diameter for position 167

Volume median diameter for position 358
X= 0 Y= 0
HVK 26 2,6 bar 90
20
Fraction number [%]
15
10
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Upper class diameter [micrometer]
HVK 26 2,6 bar 90
7
Fraction volume [%]
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
HVK 26 2,6 bar 90

Accumulated volume [%]
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
Mean class diameter
Figure 10. Example of the full detailed droplet size distribution at one single position (x=0,
y=0) of nozzle HVK26, 2,6 bar. The graphs are based on original data from IdF.
All detailed information of droplet distribution is presented in Appendixes to this report, and is
available as Excel spreadsheets by SINTEF.
18
4.4 Droplet size terminology
From the droplet size distribution, the linear (arithmetic) mean diameter, the surface area mean
diameter and the volume mean diameter are calculated, respectively by:
N is the number of measured droplets.
In the characterisation of water spray properties, the volume mean diameter is frequently used. As
a measure of a water spray, the volume median diameter, which represents a diameter of which
half of the mass or volume of the spray, has a diameter that is smaller than that diameter, is
frequently used.
4.5 Droplet velocity
Droplet velocities are also available as Excel spreadsheets, and an example of such measurements
is shown in Figure 11. One can see that the velocities close to the centre show some dependency
of exit pressure, but further away from the centre, the velocities are more similar. One anomaly is
the high velocity measured at the outskirts of the spray, with a velocity well above the maximum
velocity at the centre. No explanation exists for such anomaly, but they occur for all nozzles.
Velocities of HVK26
14
12
10
8
m/s
6
4
2
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Distance from centre [mm]
Pressure [bar] 2,6 5,3
Figure 11. Example of vertical velocities measured at various distances from the spray centre,
for nozzle HVK26, 2,6 and 5,3 bar.
19
5 CALCULATION OF DROPLET TRAJECTORIES
The equation of droplet velocity in a gravity field is governed by the drag force and the gravity
term. This is shown in the equation :
dVd 1
md = − Cd Ad ρ g (Vd − Vg ) ⋅ Vd − Vg + md ⋅ g
dt 2
where
md : mass of droplet
Vd : velocity of droplet
dt : time increment
Cd : drag coefficient
Ad : projected area of droplet
ρg : density of gas
Vg : velocity of gas
g : acceleration of gravity
µg : dynamic viscosity of gas
The drag coefficient can be expressed by the Reynolds number as shown in the equation:
24
Cd = (1 + 0.15 ⋅ Re 0, 687 )
Re
ρ g ⋅ Vd − Vg ⋅ Dd
Re =
µg
Calculations have been carried out for droplets leaving an orifice vertically downwards, to
illustrate the time before terminal velocity is reached. This is shown for 25 and 10 m/s in Figure
12 and 13, respectively.
20
Droplet velocity vs time

Diameter (micromete r)
Droplet velocity,downwards
30
250
25 300
20 500
[m/s]
700
15
900
10 1100
5
0
0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6
Time [s]
Figure 12. Velocity of droplets with different diameter as a function of time. The exit velocity
vertically downwards is 25 m/s.
One can see that the velocity is reduced significantly within fractions of a second. The smallest
droplets looses their initial velocity almost immediately.
Figure 14 shows the travel distance of droplets of different diameters when drag and gravity
works. A droplet of 1100 µm (1,1 mm) travels about 4 m within the first second, and a smaller
droplet, with diameter 200 µm travels less than 1 m within the first second.
To quantify the density of water in a specified volume, one has to consider the supply of droplets,
the different travel patterns and time and finally the droplets that are hitting surfaces, either the
floor, walls or other objects. The flow inside a volume, either induced by ventilation, wind or a
fire, or induced by the spray nozzles themselves introduces more complex travel patterns than
gravity-driven transport only, and this also have to be considered.
21
Droplet velocity vs time

Droplet velocity,downwards
12
150
10 200
8 250
[m/s]
300
6
500
4 700
2 900
1100
0
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2 1,4
Time [s]
Figure 13. Velocity of droplets with different diameter as a function of time. The exit velocity
vertically downwards is 10 m/s.
Travel distance of droplet
Exit velocity vertically downwards 10 m/s
10,00 200
8,00 250
300
6,00
m
500
4,00 700
2,00 900
0,00 1100
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3
Time [sec]
Figure 14. Travel distance of droplets with different diameter as a function of time. The exit
velocity vertically downwards is 10 m/s.
22
6 RESULTS
6.1 k-factor for the nozzles
The tested nozzles delivered by NORFASS were all well within the acceptance criterion
recommended in the standard for characterisation of such nozzles /5/. This is shown in Figure 15,
where the red line shows the match exactly for the nominal k-factor given by the manufacturer,
and the two different markers represent tests carried out by SINTEF and IdF, respectively. One
single measurement carried out by TelTek is also included, for nozzle HV K44.
100
Measured k-factor
80
60
40
20
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
Nominal k-factor
SINTEF measurements Manufactureres k-factor

IdF measurements Tel-Tek measurement
Figure15. Measured k-factors [litre/min bar1/2] for the nozzles .

23
6.2 Exit velocity
The nozzles used in the SINTEF tests were denoted Medium or High velocity nozzles. Figure 16
shows the calculated exit velocities based on average velocity at the orifice, not measured values.
The velocities are calculated at the minimum and maximum recommended operating pressure.
25
20
Exit velocity [m/s]
15 HV min
HV max
MV min
10
MV max
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
k-factor
Figure 16. Calculated exit velocities for the nozzles at minimum and maximum recommended
pressure.
No significant difference in exit velocity from the nozzle orifice seems to exist between the High-
and Medium-velocity nozzles. However, the main difference is the construction of the nozzles.
The Medium-velocity nozzles have a deflector plate that spreads the water and lowers the velocity
in downwards direction, and the droplet will tend to fall freely shortly after leaving the nozzle.
Table 6. Velocity distribution 1 m below nozzle MVK41, measured by TelTek.

24
Table 7. Velocity distribution 1 m below nozzle HVK44, measured by TelTek.
Table 6 and 7 show the measured droplet velocity 1 m below the nozzles MVK41 and HVK44,
respectively. The High-velocity nozzle exhibits velocities above 5 m/s and above 25 m/s at
maximum, with 8 bar pressure and near the centre. Higher pressure leads to higher velocities. The
Medium-velocity nozzle exhibits velocities in the order of 1-2 m/s, with some maximum
velocities of about 6 m/s at the outskirts of the spray.
25
6.3 Droplet sizes measured by two institutes
Figure 17. Mean diameter profile as measured by TelTek, for nozzle HVK44 at 2,4 bar.
HVK44 pvc
500
400
300
200
100
0
-600 -450 -300 -150 0 150 300 450 600
d30pvc d20pvc d10pvc
Figure 18. Mean diameter profile as measured by IdF, for nozzle HVK44 at 2,4 bar ,pvc-
values.
HVK44 ori
500
400
300
200
100
0
-600 -450 -300 -150 0 150 300 450 600
d10ori d20ori d30ori
Figure 19. Mean diameter profile as measured by IdF, for nozzle HVK44 at 2,4 bar, ori-
values.
26
Comparison of the measurements of the same parameters at two different institutes shows both
similarities and differences. Figures 17-19 show mean diameter profiles for the nozzle HVK44 at
2,4 bar pressure. We first look at volume mean diameters variation with distance from centre.
The TelTek measurement shows diameters less than 150 µm at the centre, as the two
measurement from IdF shows about 200 µm and 300 µm, pvc- and ori-values, respectively.
At a distance 400-500 mm from the centre, the TelTek measurements are somewhat
unsymmetrical, with diameters of 400 µm on one side, and 300 µm at the other side. The IdF
measurements show diameters from about 350 to 450 µm with the pvc-values, and from about
400 to 500 µm with the ori-values.
For this case, the pvc-values of IdF seem more similar to the TelTek values.
Figure 20. Mean diameter profile as measured by TelTek, for nozzle HVK44 at 5 bar.
HVK44 pvc
500
400
300
200
100
0
-600 -450 -300 -150 0 150 300 450 600
d30pvc d20pvc d10pvc
Figure 21. Mean diameter profile as measured by IdF, for nozzle HVK44 at 5 bar, pvc-values.
27
HVK44 ori
500
400
300
200
100
0
-600 -450 -300 -150 0 150 300 450 600
d10ori d20ori d30ori
Figure 22. Mean diameter profile as measured by IdF, for nozzle HVK44 at 5 bar, ori-values.
Figures 20-22 show mean diameter profiles for the nozzle HVK44 at 5 bar pressure. We again
first look at volume mean diameters variation with distance from centre .The TelTek measurement
shows diameters larger than 300 µm at the centre, as the two measurement from IdF shows about
200 µm and 300 µm, pvc- and ori-values, respectively.
At a distance 400-500 mm from the centre, the TelTek measurements again are somewhat
For this case, the total shape and numbers of the ori-values of IdF seem more similar to the
TelTek values.
The TelTek measurements are given in detail in Tables 8 – 10.
Table 8. Mean and Median, Max and Minimum diameters measured by TelTek, nozzle
HVK44, at 2,6 bar pressure.
28
HVK44, at 5 bar pressure.
HVK44, at 7,8 bar pressure.
29
6.4 Individual nozzle characteristics
6.4.1 Nozzle HV K26
Figure 23. Nozzle HV K26.
Figure 24. Spray pattern of HV K26 at 2,6 bar.
The nominal spray angle of this nozzle is 80 - 90°.

30
Figure 25. Spray pattern of HV K26 at 5,3 bar.
6.4.1.1 Application density HV K26

HV K26 Height 1,87 m Pressure 2,6 bar
9,0
8,0
Water application [litre/m2 min]
7,0
6,0
5,0
4,0
3,0
2,0
1,0
0,0
475 670 820 950 1060 1160 1255 1340 1425 1500
A B Average
Figure 26. Measured application density by ADD apparatus for nozzle HVK26, height
1,87 m, 2,6 bar.
31
20,0
18,0
16,0
14,0
12,0
10,0
8,0
6,0
4,0
2,0
0,0
475 670 820 950 1060 1160 1255 1340 1425 1500
A B Average
Figure27. Measured application density by ADD apparatus for nozzle HV K26, height
1,87 m, 5,3 bar.
Variance of application density

HV K26 1,87 m height
Application density [l/m2 min]
20
15
2,6 bar
10
5,3 bar
5
0
0 250 500 750 1000 1250 1500
Figure28. Measured application density by ADD apparatus for nozzle HV K26.

32
HVK26 1 m height
12
10
Velocity [m/s] 8
2,6 bar
6
5,3 bar
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Figure29. Measured average droplet velocity by PDA for nozzle HV K26.
6.4.1.2 Nozzle HV K26 : Droplet size distribution
Figure 30. Droplet size distribution of nozzle HV K26 at 2,6 bar. The values of the droplet
sizes represent the D10 pvc diameter (Number of droplets). The diameter (d) is in
micrometer, the coordinates (x,y) in cm. Measurements with PDA-technique by
IdF.
33
Figure 31. Droplet size distribution of nozzle HV K26 at 5,3 bar. The values of the droplet
sizes represent the D10 pvc diameter (Number of droplets). The diameter (d) is in
micrometer, the coordinates (x,y) in cm. Measurements with PDA-technique by
IdF.
HVK26 - 2,6 bar

Distance
0,7
from centre
0,6 [mm]
Number fraction
0,5 0
0,4 100
200
0,3
300
0,2
400
0,1 500
0 600
0 200 400 600 800 1000
Droplet diameter [micrometer]
Figure 32. Droplet size distribution of nozzle HV K26 at 2,6 bar. The graph presents the
number fraction of the droplet sizes at different distances from the centre of the
spray. Measurements with PDA-technique by IdF, original data without correction
(ori-data).
34
HVK26 - 2,6 bar

Distance
0,7
from centre
0,6 [mm]
Volume fraction
0,5 0
0,4 100
200
0,3
300
0,2
400
0,1 500
0 600
0 200 400 600 800 1000
volume fraction of the droplet sizes at different distances from the centre of the
(ori-data).
HVK26 - 5,3 bar
Distance
0,7
from centre
0,6 [mm]
Number fraction
0,5 0
0,4 100
200
0,3
300
0,2
400
0,1 500
0 600
0 200 400 600 800 1000
(ori-data).
35
HVK26 - 5,3 bar
Distance
0,7
from centre
0,6 [mm]
Volume fraction
0,5 0
0,4 100
200
0,3
300
0,2
400
0,1 500
0 600
0 200 400 600 800 1000
(ori-data).
36

X= -40 Y= 0
HVK 26 2,6 bar 100
14
Fraction number [%]
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
HVK 26 2,6 bar 100
8
Fraction volume [%]
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
HVK 26 2,6 bar 100

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
Mean class diameter
Figure 36 Example of individual position measured droplet size distribution of nozzle HVK 26
at 2,6 bar. The graph presents the volume fraction of the droplet sizes at one
single distance from the centre of the spray, denoted position 100. x =-4 0, y = 0
means distance from centre in two directions, in (cm). Measurements with PDA-
technique by IdF, original data without correction (ori-data).
37
6.4.2 Nozzle HVK44
Figure 37. Nozzle HV K44.
Figure 38. Spray pattern of HV K44 at 2,7 bar pressure, 3,6 m height.
38
Figure 39. Spray pattern of HV K44 at 7,8 bar pressure, 5,7 m height.
39
6.4.2.1 Application density HV K44

45,0
40,0 Average application density 8,0 l/m2 min

35,0
30,0
25,0
20,0
15,0
10,0
5,0
0,0
475 670 820 950 1060 1160 1255 1340 1425 1500
A B Average
Figure 40. Measured application density by ADD apparatus for nozzle HV K44, height 3,6 m,
2,7 bar.
45,0
40,0 Average application density 10,0 l/m2 min

35,0
30,0
25,0
20,0
15,0
10,0
5,0
0,0
475 670 820 950 1060 1160 1255 1340 1425 1500
A B Average
4,9 bar.
40
45,0
40,0
35,0
30,0
25,0
20,0
15,0
10,0
5,0
0,0
475 670 820 950 1060 1160 1255 1340 1425 1500
A B Average
7,8 bar.

HV K44 3,6 - 5,7 m height
50
40
30 2,7 bar
4,9 bar
20
7,8 bar
10
0
0 250 500 750 1000 1250 1500
Figure43. Measured application density by ADD apparatus for nozzle HV K44.

41
HVK44
N7 - HV K44
35
30 35
Mean velocity [m/s]

25
30
Velocity [m/s]
25
20 2,7 bar N7 2,4 bar
4,9 bar 20
N7 5 bar
15 7,8 bar 15 N7 8 bar
10 10
5
5
0
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
-450 -300 -150 0 150 300 450
Distance from centre [mm] Radial position [mm]
Figure44. Measured average droplet velocity for nozzle HV K44. The graph to the left is
measured by by PDA tecnique, by IdF, and the graph to the left is measured by LD
technique by TelTelk.
6.4.2.2 Droplet size distribution HVK44
HVK44 - 2,7 bar

Distance
0,7
from centre
0,6 [mm]
Number fraction
0,5
0
0,4 100
0,3 200
0,2 300
0,1 400
500
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000
(ori-data).
42
HVK44 - 2,7 bar

Distance
0,7
from centre
0,6 [mm]
Volume fraction
0,5
0
0,4 100
0,3 200
0,2 300
0,1 400
500
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000
(ori-data).
HVK44 - 4,9 bar
Distance
0,7
from centre
0,6 [mm]
Number fraction
0,5
0
0,4 100
0,3 200
0,2 300
0,1 400
500
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000
(ori-data).
43
HVK44 - 4,9 bar
Distance
0,7
from centre
0,6 [mm]
Volume fraction
0,5
0
0,4 100
0,3 200
0,2 300
0,1 400
500
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000
(ori-data).
HVK44 - 7,8 bar
Distance
0,7
from centre
0,6 [mm]
Number fraction
0,5
0
0,4 100
0,3 200
0,2 300
0,1 400
500
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000
(ori-data).
44
HVK44 - 7,8 bar
Distance
0,7
from centre
0,6 [mm]
Volume fraction
0,5
0
0,4
100
0,3 200
0,2 300
0,1 400
500
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000
(ori-data).
45
6.4.3 Nozzle MVK18
Figure 51. Nozzle MV K18.
Figure 52. Spray pattern of nozzle MVK18 at 2,6 bar pressure.

46
6.4.3.1 Application density MV K18
MV K18 Height 1,02 m Pressure 2,6 bar
8,0
7,0
6,0
5,0
4,0
3,0
2,0
1,0
0,0
475 670 820 950 1060 1160 1255 1340 1425 1500
A B Average
Figure 53. Measured application density by ADD apparatus for nozzle MV K18, height
1,02 m, 2,6 bar.

MV K18
7
6
5
4
2,6 bar
3
2
1
0
0 250 500 750 1000 1250 1500
Figure54. Measured application density by ADD apparatus for nozzle MV K18.

47
MV K18
12
10
m/s
6 2,6 bar
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Figure 55. Measured mean droplet velocity at different distances from centre, for nozzle MV
K18, at height 1 m. Measured by PDA technique by IdF.
48
6.4.3.2 Droplet size distribution MV K18
MVK18 - 2,6 bar

Distance
0,7
from centre
0,6 [mm]
Number fraction
0,5
0,4 100
300
0,3
500
0,2
700
0,1 900
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000
Figure 56. Droplet size distribution of nozzle MV K18 at 2,6 bar. The graph presents the
(ori-data).
MVK18 - 2,6 bar

Distance
0,7
from centre
0,6 [mm]
Volume fraction
0,5
0,4 100
300
0,3
500
0,2
700
0,1 900
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000
(ori-data).
49
6.4.4 Nozzle MVK41
Figure 59. Spray pattern of MV K41 at 2,6 bar pressure.

50

10,0
9,0
8,0
7,0
6,0
5,0
4,0
3,0
2,0
1,0
0,0
475 670 820 950 1060 1160 1255 1340 1425 1500
A B Average
1,87 m, 1,9 bar.
10,0
9,0
8,0
7,0
6,0
5,0
4,0
3,0
2,0
1,0
0,0
475 670 820 950 1060 1160 1255 1340 1425 1500
A B Average
1,87 m, 2,6 bar.
51

Application density [l/m2 min] MV K41
8
7
6
5
1,9 bar
4
3 2,6 bar
2
1
0
0 250 500 750 1000 1250 1500
Figure 62. Measured application density by ADD apparatus for nozzle MV K41, at height
1,87 m.
N1 - MV K41
35
Mean velocity [m/s]
30
25
20 N1 2 bar
15 N1 7 bar
10
5
0
-800 -600 -400 -200 0 200 400 600 800
Radial position [mm]
Figure 63. Measured velocity profile for nozzle MV K41, with LD technique, by TelTek.
52
MVK41 - 1,9 bar

Distance
0,7
from centre
0,6 [mm]
Number fraction
0,5
0,4 100
300
0,3
500
0,2
700
0,1 900
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000
(ori-data).
MVK41 - 1,9 bar

Distance
0,7
from centre
0,6 [mm]
Volume fraction
0,5
0,4 100
300
0,3
500
0,2
700
0,1 900
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000
(ori-data).
53
MVK41 - 2,6bar
Distance
0,7
from centre
0,6 [mm]
Number fraction
0,5 0
0,4 100
300
0,3
500
0,2
700
0,1 900
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000
(ori-data).
MVK41 - 2,6bar
Distance
0,7
from centre
0,6 [mm]
Volume fraction
0,5 0
0,4 100
300
0,3
500
0,2
700
0,1 900
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000
(ori-data).
54
6.4.5 Nozzle MVK59
Figure 69. Spray pattern of MVK59 at 2,5 bar pressure

55

16,0
14,0
12,0
10,0
8,0
6,0
4,0
2,0
0,0
475 670 820 950 1060 1160 1255 1340 1425 1500
A B Average
1,27 m and at pressure 2,5 bar.

MV K59 1,27 m height
14
12
10
8
2,5 bar
6
4
2
0
0 250 500 750 1000 1250 1500
Figure 71. Measured application density by ADD apparatus for nozzle MV K59.
Droplet size measurements are not carried out for this nozzle.
56
6.4.6 Nozzle MVK80
Figure73. Spray pattern of nozzle MV K80 at 2,1 bar pressure.

57

18,0
16,0
14,0
12,0
10,0
8,0
6,0
4,0
2,0
0,0
475 670 820 950 1060 1160 1255 1340 1425 1500
A B Average
Figure 74. Measured application density by ADD apparatus for nozzle MV K80, height 1,1 m
and at pressure 2,1 bar.
30,0
25,0
20,0
15,0
10,0
5,0
0,0
475 670 820 950 1060 1160 1255 1340 1425 1500
A B Average
Figure 75. Measured application density by ADD apparatus for nozzle MV K80, height 1,1 m
and at pressure 2,5 bar.
58

MV K80

20
15
2,1 bar
10
2,5 bar
5
0
0 250 500 750 1000 1250 1500
Figure 76. Measured application density by ADD apparatus for nozzle MV K80, at height
1,1 m.
MV K80
12
10
Mean velocity (m/s)
2,1 bar
6
2,5 bar
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Distance from centre (mm)
Figure 77. Measured mean droplet velocity at different distances from centre, for nozzle MV
K80, at height 1 m. Measured by PDA technique by IdF.
59
MVK80 - 2,1 bar

Distance
0,7
from centre
0,6 [mm]
Number fraction
0,5
0,4 100
300
0,3
500
0,2
700
0,1 900
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000
(ori-data).
MVK80 - 2,1 bar

Distance
0,7
from centre
0,6 [mm]
Volume fraction
0,5
0,4 100
300
0,3
500
0,2
700
0,1 900
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000
(ori-data).
60
MVK80 - 2,5bar
Distance
0,7
from centre
0,6 [mm]
Number fraction
0,5 0
0,4 100
300
0,3
500
0,2
700
0,1 900
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000
(ori-data).
MVK80 - 2,5bar
Distance
0,7
from centre
0,6 [mm]
Volume fraction
0,5 0
0,4 100
300
0,3
500
0,2
700
0,1 900
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000
(ori-data).
61
7 EVALUATION
The evaluation of the measurement of spray characteristics is divided into two parts. The first part
evaluates the different measurement techniques, as the second part covers the differences of the
tested nozzles.
7.1 Measurement techniques
Since none of the existing techniques for characterisation of sprays contain a full scheme to
quantify both applied density and droplet sizes and velocities, it is still necessary to carry out two
different tests to fully characterise what is needed. The tests of k-factor of the nozzles are carried
out both by SINTTEF NBL and by TelTek, for some of the nozzles. The k-factor ids the
correlation of water flow rate as a function of nozzle pressure. The measurement set-up at
SINTEF NBL is according to the ISO standard 6182-1, /5/. The measured k-factor for the tested
nozzles is in accordance with the minimum requirements of the ISO standard. Deviations in
measurement technique and test set-up may introduce errors in such measurements, and it is
recommended to use the ISO method.
The ADD-apparatus constructed by SINTF NBL and used in the characterisation of area density
distribution has some features which is favourable to use in single nozzle characterisation. The
problem of collecting small droplets that follow air flow reduces the accuracy of such
measurements, and a fraction of 20-40% is “lost”. However, this problem is seen with all types of
measurements that collect water at floor level, since air flow is directed away from the collectors
when a fixed barrier is reached. In measurements where all water is collected, the inaccuracy is
related to the distribution.
The measurement of droplet characteristics is based on Laser Doppler and Phase Doppler
anemometry. This type of measurement is fully automatic, and a software package from the
manufacturer transfers the measured signals to droplet sizes and velocities. The measurements
converge to a fixed distribution when a sufficiently large number of droplets have been identified.
The calculation procedure influences the resulting droplet size distribution. For the IdF
measurement equipment, the original measured data was captured by the computer and kept for
later analysis, as a special arrangement for this project. The data were continuously processed and
stored as so-called pvc-values (probe volume correction).
To be able to compare and utilise droplet size measurements, it is of great importance to use the
correct denotations of measured values. For instance, the mean diameter is different from median
diameter, and it is a great difference between number based, surface area based and volume based
distributions. The most common and recommended characteristic is the Median Volume
Diameter, MVD, which is the cumulative volume median diameter.
Two different laboratories have measured similar nozzles, and some discrepancies are seen in the
measured data. With one High-velocity nozzle HV K44, the measured MVD at different locations
from the spray centre. The TelTek measurement shows diameters larger than 300 µm at the
centre, as the two measurements from IdF shows about 200 µm and 300 µm, pvc- and ori-values,
respectively.
62
At a distance 400-500 mm from the centre, the TelTek measurements again are somewhat
For this case, the total shape and numbers of the ori-values of IdF seem more similar to the
TelTek values.
The characterisation of droplet sizes seems to be sensitive to location of the probes, and probably
also to the algorithm use to judge the goodness of each single “burst”. A “burst” is the electrical
signal connected to the detection of one single droplet, and the algorithm decides if the “burst”
represent a real droplet or not. Droplets deviating from spherical may give signals that make the
algorithm vote the droplet out, and if there are many droplets of this type, the presented size
distribution may be unrealistic. Imaging techniques may treat this differently.
7.2 Differences between nozzles
Figure 82 shows a comparison between high-velocity and medium-velocity nozzles, with regard
to distribution of droplet sizes at different distances from the spray centre. The main impression is
that the MV-nozzles show a larger variation of droplet sizes along the diameter, with a surplus of
smaller droplets in the central part of the spray, and larger droplets further away from the centre.
Apart from that, the same droplet sizes are present in both medium- and high-velocity nozzles.
High-velocity nozzles Medium-velocity nozzles

HVK26 - 2,6 bar MVK18 - 2,6 bar
Distance Distance
0,7 0,7
from centre from centre
0,6 [mm] 0,6 [mm]
Volume fraction
Volume fraction
0,5 0 0,5
0,4 100 0,4 100

200 300
0,3 0,3
300 500
0,2 0,2
400 700
0,1 0,1 900
500
0 600 0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 0 200 400 600 800 1000
Droplet diameter [micrometer] Droplet diameter [micrometer]
HVK44 - 2,7 bar MVK41 - 2,6bar

Distance Distance
0,7 0,7
0,6 [mm] 0,6 [mm]
Volume fraction
Volume fraction
0,5 0,5 0
0
0,4 0,4 100
100
300
0,3 200 0,3
500
0,2 300 0,2
700
0,1 400 0,1 900
500
0 0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 0 200 400 600 800 1000
HVK26 - 5,3 bar MVK41 - 1,9 bar
Distance Distance
0,7 0,7
0,6 [mm] 0,6 [mm]
Volume fraction
Volume fraction
0,5 0 0,5
0,4 100 0,4 100
200 300
0,3 0,3
300 500
0,2 0,2
400 700
0,1 0,1 900
500
0 600 0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 0 200 400 600 800 1000
63
HVK44 - 4,9 bar MVK80 - 2,1 bar
Distance Distance
0,7 0,7
0,6 [mm] 0,6 [mm]
Volume fraction
Volume fraction 0,5 0,5
0
0,4 0,4 100
100
300
0,3 200 0,3
500
0,2 300 0,2
700
0,1 400 0,1 900
500
0 0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 0 200 400 600 800 1000
HVK44 - 7,8 bar MVK80 - 2,5bar
Distance 0,7 Distance

0,7
0,6 0,6 [mm]
[mm]
Volume fraction
Volume fraction
0,5 0,5 0
0 100
0,4 0,4
100 300
0,3 0,3
200 500
0,2 300 0,2
700
0,1 400 0,1 900
500 0
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 0 200 400 600 800 1000
Figure 82. A collection of volume fractions of droplets of different sizes measured at different
distances from the spray centre, with varied nozzle pressure. High-velocity nozzles
are shown in the left column, as medium-velocity nozzles are shown in the right-
hand column.
Figure 83 shows mean droplet velocities measured for the different nozzles, as a function of
distance from spray centre. These velocities are measured 1 m below the nozzle, and one can
clearly see the difference between the high- and the medium-velocity nozzles.

HVK26 1 m height MV K18
12 12
10
10
8
Velocity [m/s]
8
2,6 bar
6
5,3 bar
m/s
6 2,6 bar
4
2
4
0 2
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Distance from centre [mm] 0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
# MV K80
12
10
Mean velocity (m/s)
2,1 bar
6
2,5 bar
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Distance from centre (mm)
64
N7 - HV K44 N1 - MV K41
35 35
Mean velocity [m/s]
Mean velocity [m/s]

30 30
25 25
N7 2,4 bar
20 20 N1 2 bar
N7 5 bar
15 N7 8 bar 15 N1 7 bar
10
10
5
5
0
0
-450 -300 -150 0 150 300 450 -800 -600 -400 -200 0 200 400 600 800
Radial position [mm] Radial position [mm]
Figure 83. Droplet velocities measured at different distances from the spray centre, with
varied nozzle pressure. High-velocity nozzles are shown in the left column, as
medium-velocity nozzles are shown in the right-hand column.

Variance of application density Variance of application density
HV K26 1,87 m height MV K41

8
20
7
6
15
5
1,9 bar
2,6 bar 4
10 3 2,6 bar
5,3 bar
2
5 1
0
0 0 250 500 750 1000 1250 1500
0 250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 Distance from centre [mm]
Variance of application density Variance of application density
HV K44 3,6 - 5,7 m height MV K80

20
50
40 15
2,7 bar 2,1 bar

30 10
4,9 bar 2,5 bar
20 5
7,8 bar
10 0
0 0 250 500 750 1000 1250 1500
0 250 500 750 1000 1250 1500
Figure 84. Water application density measured at different distances from the spray centre,
with varied nozzle pressure. High-velocity nozzles are shown in the left column, as
medium-velocity nozzles are shown in the right-hand column.
Figure 84 shows water application densities measured for the different nozzles, as a function of
distance from spray centre. The high-velocity nozzles have a higher application density at the
centre, and the density increases there as pressure is increased. It has to be noted that the nozzles
are tested for higher pressures than design pressure, as shown in Chapter 3. The medium-velocity
nozzles show a more uniform application density over the cover area, even with higher density at
a distance away from the centre.
65
8 REFERENCES
1. Are W. Brandt, Kristen Opstad and Ragnar Wighus: Documentation of active fire fighting
systems as a fire safety design parameter - Tests with different deluge nozzles in 3 m
diameter rig. SINTEF report STF22 F99845, Trondheim 2000-01-10.
2. Kristen Opstad, Ragnar Wighus and Are Brandt: Documentation of active fire fighting
systems as a fire safety design parameter - Tests in large-scale 3350m3 SINTEF report
NBL10 F01104, Trondheim 2001-11-08.
3. Vidar Mathiesen and Britt Halvorsen: Laser Measurements of Droplet Size and –Velocity.
Tel-Tek report number 510390-1, Porsgrunn, September 2000.
4. H. Starke, F. Wienecke: Bestimmen der Tropfenverteilung für Wassernebeldüsen (Typen

HV und MV). Institut der Feuerwehr , Sachsen-Anhalt (IdF LSA), Heyrothsberge,
Germany, 2002.
5. ISO 6182-1, First Edition, 1993-07-01. “Fire protection – Automatic sprinkler systems –
Part 1: Requirements and test methods for sprinklers”. Reference Number: ISO 6182-
1:1993(E).
6. Tsai, R.F., Lee, C.K., Liang, B.C.: The Use of a Visual System to Quantify Geometric
characteristics of Sprays. The 3rd International Water Mist Conference, Madrid, Spain,
September 2003. International Water Mist Association. IWMA, http://www.iwma.de/
7. P.A.Starkey, D.G. Talley and W.D. Bacalao: Phase Doppler Measurements in Dense
Sprays, ILASS-Americas ’98 – Sacramento, CA 17-20 May 1998.
8. ASTM E 799-92: Standard Practice for Determining Data Criteria and Processing for
Liquid Drop Size Analysis,
66
9 APPENDIX A.1 NOZZLE HVK26 - 2,6 bar
DROPLET SIZE DISTRIBUTION FOR NOZZLES
ORIGINALLY MEASURED DATA BY PDA at IdF, reduced and presented by SINTEF

67

HVK26 2,6 bar x=0 y=0 (90)
20
Fraction number [%]
15
10
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
HVK26 2,6 bar x=0 y=0 (90)
7
Fraction volume [%]
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
HVK26 2,6 bar x=0 y=0 (90)
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
68

HVK26 2,6 bar x=10 y=0 (91)
14
Fraction number [%]
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
HVK26 2,6 bar x=10 y=0 (91)
6
Fraction volume [%]
5
4
3
2
1
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
HVK26 2,6 bar x=10 y=0 (91)
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
69

HVK26 2,6 bar x=20 y=0 (92)
14
Fraction number [%]
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
HVK26 2,6 bar x=20 y=0 (92)
7
Fraction volume [%]
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
HVK26 2,6 bar x=20 y=0 (92)
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
70

HVK26 2,6 bar x=30 y=0 (93)
12
Fraction number [%]
10
8
6
4
2
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
HVK26 2,6 bar x=30 y=0 (93)
8
Fraction volume [%]
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
HVK26 2,6 bar x=30 y=0 (93)
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
71

HVK26 2,6 bar x=40 y=0 (94)
10
Fraction number [%]
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
HVK26 2,6 bar x=40 y=0 (94)
9
8
Fraction volume [%]
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
HVK26 2,6 bar x=40 y=0 (94)
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
72

HVK26 2,6 bar x=50 y=0 (95)
12
Fraction number [%]
10
8
6
4
2
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
HVK26 2,6 bar x=50 y=0 (95)
9
8
Fraction volume [%]
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
HVK26 2,6 bar x=50 y=0 (95)
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
73

HVK26 2,6 bar x=60 y=0 (96)
12
Fraction number [%]
10
8
6
4
2
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
HVK26 2,6 bar x=60 y=0 (96)
8
Fraction volume [%]
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
HVK26 2,6 bar x=60 y=0 (96)
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
74

HVK26 2,6 bar x=-10 y=0 (97)
25
Fraction number [%]
20
15
10
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
HVK26 2,6 bar x=-10 y=0 (97)
7
Fraction volume [%]
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
HVK26 2,6 bar x=-10 y=0 (97)
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
75

HVK26 2,6 bar x=-20 y=0 (98)
20
Fraction number [%]
15
10
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
HVK26 2,6 bar x=-20 y=0 (98)
7
Fraction volume [%]
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
HVK26 2,6 bar x=-20 y=0 (98)
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
76

HVK26 2,6 bar x=-30 y=0 (99)
16
Fraction number [%]
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
HVK26 2,6 bar x=-30 y=0 (99)
7
Fraction volume [%]
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
HVK26 2,6 bar x=-30 y=0 (99)
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
77

HVK26 2,6 bar x=-40 y=0 (100)
12
Fraction number [%]
10
8
6
4
2
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
HVK26 2,6 bar x=-40 y=0 (100)
6
Fraction volume [%]
5
4
3
2
1
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740 800
HVK26 2,6 bar x=-40 y=0 (100)
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
78

HVK26 2,6 bar x=-50 y=0 (102)
10
Fraction number [%]
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
HVK26 2,6 bar x=-50 y=0 (102)
10
Fraction volume [%]
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740 800
HVK26 2,6 bar x=-50 y=0 (102)
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
79

HVK26 2,6 bar x=-60 y=0 (103)
10
Fraction number [%]
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
HVK26 2,6 bar x=-60 y=0 (103)
10
Fraction volume [%]
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740 800
HVK26 2,6 bar x=-60 y=0 (103)
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
80

HVK26 2,6 bar x=0 y=0 (104)
20
Fraction number [%]
15
10
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
HVK26 2,6 bar x=0 y=0 (104)
7
Fraction volume [%]
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740 800
HVK26 2,6 bar x=0 y=0 (104)
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
81

HVK26 2,6 bar x=0 y=10 (105)
20
Fraction number [%]
15
10
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
HVK26 2,6 bar x=0 y=10 (105)
8
Fraction volume [%]
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
HVK26 2,6 bar x=0 y=10 (105)
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
82

HVK26 2,6 bar x=0 y=20 (106)
18
Fraction number [%]
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
HVK26 2,6 bar x=0 y=20 (106)
8
Fraction volume [%]
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740 800
HVK26 2,6 bar x=0 y=20 (106)
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
83

HVK26 2,6 bar x=0 y=30 (107)
12
Fraction number [%]
10
8
6
4
2
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
HVK26 2,6 bar x=0 y=30 (107)
7
Fraction volume [%]
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
HVK26 2,6 bar x=0 y=30 (107)
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
84

HVK26 2,6 bar x=0 y=40 (108)
9
Fraction number [%]
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
HVK26 2,6 bar x=0 y=40 (108)
8
Fraction volume [%]
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
HVK26 2,6 bar x=0 y=40 (108)
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
85

HVK26 2,6 bar x=0 y=50 (109)
8
Fraction number [%]
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
HVK26 2,6 bar x=0 y=50 (109)
8
Fraction volume [%]
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
HVK26 2,6 bar x=0 y=50 (109)
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
86

HVK26 2,6 bar x=0 y=60 (110)
10
Fraction number [%]
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
HVK26 2,6 bar x=0 y=60 (110)
12
Fraction volume [%]
10
8
6
4
2
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
HVK26 2,6 bar x=0 y=60 (110)
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
87

HVK26 2,6 bar x=0 y=-10 (111)
25
Fraction number [%]
20
15
10
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
HVK26 2,6 bar x=0 y=-10 (111)
7
Fraction volume [%]
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
HVK26 2,6 bar x=0 y=-10 (111)
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
88

HVK26 2,6 bar x=0 y=-20 (112)
16
Fraction number [%]
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
HVK26 2,6 bar x=0 y=-20 (112)
8
Fraction volume [%]
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
HVK26 2,6 bar x=0 y=-20 (112)
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
89

HVK26 2,6 bar x=0 y=-30 (113)
12
Fraction number [%]
10
8
6
4
2
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
HVK26 2,6 bar x=0 y=-30 (113)
8
Fraction volume [%]
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
HVK26 2,6 bar x=0 y=-30 (113)
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
90

HVK26 2,6 bar x=0 y=-40 (114)
9
Fraction number [%]
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
HVK26 2,6 bar x=0 y=-40 (114)
7
Fraction volume [%]
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
HVK26 2,6 bar x=0 y=-40 (114)
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
91

HVK26 2,6 bar x=0 y=-50 (115)
9
Fraction number [%]
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
HVK26 2,6 bar x=0 y=-50 (115)
9
8
Fraction volume [%]
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
HVK26 2,6 bar x=0 y=-50 (115)
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
92

HVK26 2,6 bar x=0 y=-60 (116)
12
Fraction number [%]
10
8
6
4
2
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
HVK26 2,6 bar x=0 y=-60 (116)
10
Fraction volume [%]
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
HVK26 2,6 bar x=0 y=-60 (116)
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
93
10 APPENDIX A.2 NOZZLE HVK 26 – 5,3 bar
DROPLET SIZE DISTRIBUTION FOR NOZZLE HVK26 -5,3 BAR
ORIGINALLY MEASURED DATA BY PDA

94

HVK26 5,3 bar x=0 y=0 (117)
25
Fraction number [%]
20
15
10
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
HVK26 5,3 bar x=0 y=0 (117)
7
Fraction volume [%]
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
HVK26 5,3 bar x=0 y=0 (117)
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
95

HVK26 5,3 bar x=10 y=0 (118)
14
Fraction number [%]
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
HVK26 5,3 bar x=10 y=0 (118)
6
Fraction volume [%]
5
4
3
2
1
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
HVK26 5,3 bar x=10 y=0 (118)
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
96

HVK26 5,3 bar x=20 y=0 (119)
12
Fraction number [%]
10
8
6
4
2
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
HVK26 5,3 bar x=20 y=0 (119)
6
Fraction volume [%]
5
4
3
2
1
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
HVK26 5,3 bar x=20 y=0 (119)
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
97

HVK26 5,3 bar x=30 y=0 (120)
14
Fraction number [%]
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
HVK26 5,3 bar x=30 y=0 (120)
7
Fraction volume [%]
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
HVK26 5,3 bar x=30 y=0 (120)
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
98

HVK26 5,3 bar x=40 y=0 (121)
14
Fraction number [%]
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
HVK26 5,3 bar x=40 y=0 (121)
9
8
Fraction volume [%]
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
HVK26 5,3 bar x=40 y=0 (121)
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
99

HVK26 5,3 bar x=50 y=0 (122)
14
Fraction number [%]
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
HVK26 5,3 bar x=50 y=0 (122)
8
Fraction volume [%]
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
HVK26 5,3 bar x=50 y=0 (122)
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
100

HVK26 5,3 bar x=60 y=0 (123)
12
Fraction number [%]
10
8
6
4
2
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
HVK26 5,3 bar x=60 y=0 (123)
12
Fraction volume [%]
10
8
6
4
2
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
HVK26 5,3 bar x=60 y=0 (123)
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
101

HVK26 5,3 bar x=-10 y=0 (124)
20
Fraction number [%]
15
10
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
HVK26 5,3 bar x=-10 y=0 (124)
6
Fraction volume [%]
5
4
3
2
1
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
HVK26 5,3 bar x=-10 y=0 (124)
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
102

HVK26 5,3 bar x=-20 y=0 (125)
18
Fraction number [%]
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
HVK26 5,3 bar x=-20 y=0 (125)
9
8
Fraction volume [%]
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
HVK26 5,3 bar x=-20 y=0 (125)
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
103

HVK26 5,3 bar x=-30 y=0 (126)
14
Fraction number [%]
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
HVK26 5,3 bar x=-30 y=0 (126)
8
Fraction volume [%]
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
HVK26 5,3 bar x=-30 y=0 (126)
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
104

HVK26 5,3 bar x=-40 y=0 (127)
12
Fraction number [%]
10
8
6
4
2
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
HVK26 5,3 bar x=-40 y=0 (127)
9
8
Fraction volume [%]
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
HVK26 5,3 bar x=-40 y=0 (127)
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
105

HVK26 5,3 bar x=-50 y=0 (128)
12
Fraction number [%]
10
8
6
4
2
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
HVK26 5,3 bar x=-50 y=0 (128)
9
8
Fraction volume [%]
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
HVK26 5,3 bar x=-50 y=0 (128)
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
106

HVK26 5,3 bar x=-60 y=0 (129)
14
Fraction number [%]
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
HVK26 5,3 bar x=-60 y=0 (129)
8
Fraction volume [%]
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
HVK26 5,3 bar x=-60 y=0 (129)
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
107

HVK26 5,3 bar x=0 y=10 (130)
18
Fraction number [%]
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
HVK26 5,3 bar x=0 y=10 (130)
6
Fraction volume [%]
5
4
3
2
1
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
HVK26 5,3 bar x=0 y=10 (130)
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
108

HVK26 5,3 bar x=0 y=20 (131)
18
Fraction number [%]
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
HVK26 5,3 bar x=0 y=20 (131)
6
Fraction volume [%]
5
4
3
2
1
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
HVK26 5,3 bar x=0 y=20 (131)
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
109

HVK26 5,3 bar x=0 y=30 (132)
12
Fraction number [%]
10
8
6
4
2
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
HVK26 5,3 bar x=0 y=30 (132)
6
Fraction volume [%]
5
4
3
2
1
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
HVK26 5,3 bar x=0 y=30 (132)
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
110

HVK26 5,3 bar x=0 y=40 (133)
10
Fraction number [%]
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
HVK26 5,3 bar x=0 y=40 (133)
6
Fraction volume [%]
5
4
3
2
1
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
HVK26 5,3 bar x=0 y=40 (133)
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
111

HVK26 5,3 bar x=0 y=60 (135)
9
Fraction number [%]
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
HVK26 5,3 bar x=0 y=60 (135)
12
Fraction volume [%]
10
8
6
4
2
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
HVK26 5,3 bar x=0 y=60 (135)
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
112

HVK26 5,3 bar x=0 y=50 (136)
9
Fraction number [%]
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
HVK26 5,3 bar x=0 y=50 (136)
9
8
Fraction volume [%]
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
HVK26 5,3 bar x=0 y=50 (136)
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
113

HVK26 5,3 bar x=0 y=-10 (137)
20
Fraction number [%]
15
10
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
HVK26 5,3 bar x=0 y=-10 (137)
7
Fraction volume [%]
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
HVK26 5,3 bar x=0 y=-10 (137)
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
114

HVK26 5,3 bar x=0 y=-20 (138)
16
Fraction number [%]
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
HVK26 5,3 bar x=0 y=-20 (138)
7
Fraction volume [%]
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
HVK26 5,3 bar x=0 y=-20 (138)
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
115

HVK26 5,3 bar x=0 y=-30 (139)
10
Fraction number [%]
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
HVK26 5,3 bar x=0 y=-30 (139)
7
Fraction volume [%]
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
HVK26 5,3 bar x=0 y=-30 (139)
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
116

HVK26 5,3 bar x=0 y=-40 (140)
8
Fraction number [%]
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
HVK26 5,3 bar x=0 y=-40 (140)
8
Fraction volume [%]
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
HVK26 5,3 bar x=0 y=-40 (140)
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
117

HVK26 5,3 bar x=0 y=-50 (141)
12
Fraction number [%]
10
8
6
4
2
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
HVK26 5,3 bar x=0 y=-50 (141)
10
Fraction volume [%]
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
HVK26 5,3 bar x=0 y=-50 (141)
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
118

HVK26 5,3 bar x=0 y=-60 (142)
10
Fraction number [%]
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
HVK26 5,3 bar x=0 y=-60 (142)
10
Fraction volume [%]
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
HVK26 5,3 bar x=0 y=-60 (142)
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740
119
11 APPENDIX A.3 NOZZLE HVK44 – 4,9 bar

120

X= 0 Y= 0
HVK44 4,9 bar 75
20
Fraction number [%]
15
10
0
20 100 180 260 340 420 500 580 660 740 820 900 980 0 0
HVK44 4,9 bar 75
6
Fraction volume [%]
5
4
3
2
1
0
20 100 180 260 340 420 500 580 660 740 820 900 980 0 0
HVK44 4,9 bar 75

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100
Mean class diameter
121

X= 10 Y= 0
HVK44 4,9 bar 76
16
Fraction number [%]
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740 800 860 920 980 0 0 0
HVK44 4,9 bar 76
6
Fraction volume [%]
5
4
3
2
1
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740 800 860 920 980 0 0 0
HVK44 4,9 bar 76

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100
Mean class diameter
122

X= 20 Y= 0
HVK44 4,9 bar 77
12
Fraction number [%]
10
8
6
4
2
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740 800 860 920 980 0 0 0
HVK44 4,9 bar 77
6
Fraction volume [%]
5
4
3
2
1
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740 800 860 920 980 0 0 0
HVK44 4,9 bar 77

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100
Mean class diameter
123

X= 30 Y= 0
HVK44 4,9 bar 78
8
Fraction number [%]
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740 800 860 920 980 0 0 0
HVK44 4,9 bar 78
7
Fraction volume [%]
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740 800 860 920 980 0 0 0
HVK44 4,9 bar 78

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100
Mean class diameter
124

X= 40 Y= 0
HVK44 4,9 bar 79
10
Fraction number [%]
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740 800 860 920 980 0 0 0
HVK44 4,9 bar 79
8
Fraction volume [%]
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740 800 860 920 980 0 0 0
HVK44 4,9 bar 79

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100
Mean class diameter
125

X= 50 Y= 0
HVK44 4,9 bar 80
10
Fraction number [%]
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740 800 860 920 0 0 0 0
HVK44 4,9 bar 80
12
Fraction volume [%]
10
8
6
4
2
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740 800 860 920 0 0 0 0
HVK44 4,9 bar 80

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Mean class diameter
126

X= 0 Y= 0
HVK44 4,9 bar 81
20
Fraction number [%]
15
10
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740 800 860 920 980 0 0 0
HVK44 4,9 bar 81
7
Fraction volume [%]
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740 800 860 920 980 0 0 0
HVK44 4,9 bar 81

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100
Mean class diameter
127

X= -10 Y= 0
HVK44 4,9 bar 82
20
Fraction number [%]
15
10
0
20 100 180 260 340 420 500 580 660 740 820 900 980 0 0
HVK44 4,9 bar 82
7
Fraction volume [%]
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
20 100 180 260 340 420 500 580 660 740 820 900 980 0 0
HVK44 4,9 bar 82

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100
Mean class diameter
128

X= -20 Y= 0
HVK44 4,9 bar 83
14
Fraction number [%]
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740 800 860 920 980 0 0 0
HVK44 4,9 bar 83
6
Fraction volume [%]
5
4
3
2
1
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740 800 860 920 980 0 0 0
HVK44 4,9 bar 83

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100
Mean class diameter
129

X= -30 Y= 0
HVK44 4,9 bar 84
10
Fraction number [%]
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740 800 860 0 0 0 0 0
HVK44 4,9 bar 84
7
Fraction volume [%]
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740 800 860 0 0 0 0 0
HVK44 4,9 bar 84

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Mean class diameter
130

X= -40 Y= 0
HVK44 4,9 bar 85
10
Fraction number [%]
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740 800 0 0 0 0 0 0
HVK44 4,9 bar 85
10
Fraction volume [%]
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740 800 0 0 0 0 0 0
HVK44 4,9 bar 85

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
Mean class diameter
131

X= -50 Y= 0
HVK44 4,9 bar 86
12
Fraction number [%]
10
8
6
4
2
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
HVK44 4,9 bar 86
10
Fraction volume [%]
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
HVK44 4,9 bar 86

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Mean class diameter
132

X= 0 Y= 0
HVK44 4,9 bar 87
14
Fraction number [%]
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
20 100 180 260 340 420 500 580 660 740 820 900 980 0 0
HVK44 4,9 bar 87
7
Fraction volume [%]
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
20 100 180 260 340 420 500 580 660 740 820 900 980 0 0
HVK44 4,9 bar 87

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100
Mean class diameter
133

X= 0 Y= 10
HVK44 4,9 bar 88
16
Fraction number [%]
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
20 100 180 260 340 420 500 580 660 740 820 900 980 0 0
HVK44 4,9 bar 88
7
Fraction volume [%]
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
20 100 180 260 340 420 500 580 660 740 820 900 980 0 0
HVK44 4,9 bar 88

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100
Mean class diameter
134

X= 0 Y= 20
HVK44 4,9 bar 90
12
Fraction number [%]
10
8
6
4
2
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740 800 860 920 980 0 0 0
HVK44 4,9 bar 90
6
Fraction volume [%]
5
4
3
2
1
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740 800 860 920 980 0 0 0
HVK44 4,9 bar 90

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100
Mean class diameter
135

X= 0 Y= 30
HVK44 4,9 bar 91
10
Fraction number [%]
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740 800 860 920 980 0 0 0
HVK44 4,9 bar 91
7
Fraction volume [%]
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740 800 860 920 980 0 0 0
HVK44 4,9 bar 91

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100
Mean class diameter
136

X= 0 Y= 40
HVK44 4,9 bar 92
10
Fraction number [%]
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740 800 860 920 980 0 0 0
HVK44 4,9 bar 92
8
Fraction volume [%]
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740 800 860 920 980 0 0 0
HVK44 4,9 bar 92

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100
Mean class diameter
137

X= 0 Y= 50
HVK44 4,9 bar 93
12
Fraction number [%]
10
8
6
4
2
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
HVK44 4,9 bar 93
10
Fraction volume [%]
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
HVK44 4,9 bar 93

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Mean class diameter
138

X= 0 Y= -10
HVK44 4,9 bar 94
16
Fraction number [%]
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740 800 860 920 980 0 0 0
HVK44 4,9 bar 94
7
Fraction volume [%]
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740 800 860 920 980 0 0 0
HVK44 4,9 bar 94

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100
Mean class diameter
139

X= 0 Y= -20
HVK44 4,9 bar 95
14
Fraction number [%]
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740 800 860 0 0 0 0 0
HVK44 4,9 bar 95
7
Fraction volume [%]
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740 800 860 0 0 0 0 0
HVK44 4,9 bar 95

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Mean class diameter
140

X= 0 Y= -30
HVK44 4,9 bar 96
10
Fraction number [%]
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740 800 860 920 0 0 0 0
HVK44 4,9 bar 96
7
Fraction volume [%]
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740 800 860 920 0 0 0 0
HVK44 4,9 bar 96

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Mean class diameter
141

X= 0 Y= -40
HVK44 4,9 bar 97
10
Fraction number [%]
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740 800 860 920 980 0 0 0
HVK44 4,9 bar 97
10
Fraction volume [%]
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740 800 860 920 980 0 0 0
HVK44 4,9 bar 97

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100
Mean class diameter
142

X= 0 Y= -50
HVK44 4,9 bar 98
14
Fraction number [%]
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
HVK44 4,9 bar 98
8
Fraction volume [%]
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
HVK44 4,9 bar 98

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
Mean class diameter
143
12 APPENDIX A.4 NOZZLE MVK18 -2,6 BAR

144

X= 0 Y= 0
MVK18 2,6 bar 1
25
Fraction number [%]
20
15
10
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
MVK18 2,6 bar 1
25
Fraction volume [%]
20
15
10
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
MVK18 2,6 bar 1

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Mean class diameter
145

X= 20 Y= 0
MVK18 2,6 bar 2
25
Fraction number [%]
20
15
10
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
MVK18 2,6 bar 2
14
Fraction volume [%]
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
MVK18 2,6 bar 2

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Mean class diameter
146

X= 40 Y= 0
MVK18 2,6 bar 3
12
Fraction number [%]
10
8
6
4
2
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
MVK18 2,6 bar 3
10
Fraction volume [%]
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
MVK18 2,6 bar 3

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Mean class diameter
147

X= 60 Y= 0
MVK18 2,6 bar 4
16
Fraction number [%]
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
MVK18 2,6 bar 4
12
Fraction volume [%]
10
8
6
4
2
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
MVK18 2,6 bar 4

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Mean class diameter
148

X= 80 Y= 0
MVK18 2,6 bar 5
20
Fraction number [%]
15
10
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
MVK18 2,6 bar 5
14
Fraction volume [%]
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
MVK18 2,6 bar 5

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Mean class diameter
149

X= 100 Y= 0
MVK18 2,6 bar 6
10
Fraction number [%]
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
MVK18 2,6 bar 6
14
Fraction volume [%]
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
MVK18 2,6 bar 6

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Mean class diameter
150
13 APPENDIX A.5 NOZZLE MVK80 -2,1 BAR

151

X= 0 Y= 0
MVK80 2,1 bar 1
20
Fraction number [%]
15
10
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740 800 860 0 0 0 0 0
MVK80 2,1 bar 1
6
Fraction volume [%]
5
4
3
2
1
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740 800 860 0 0 0 0 0
MVK80 2,1 bar 1

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Mean class diameter
152

X= 20 Y= 0
MVK80 2,1 bar 2
25
Fraction number [%]
20
15
10
0
20 100 180 260 340 420 500 580 660 740 820 900 980 0 0
MVK80 2,1 bar 2
6
Fraction volume [%]
5
4
3
2
1
0
20 100 180 260 340 420 500 580 660 740 820 900 980 0 0
MVK80 2,1 bar 2

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Mean class diameter
153

X= 40 Y= 0
MVK80 2,1 bar 3
12
Fraction number [%]
10
8
6
4
2
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740 800 860 920 0 0 0 0
MVK80 2,1 bar 3
7
Fraction volume [%]
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740 800 860 920 0 0 0 0
MVK80 2,1 bar 3

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Mean class diameter
154

X= 60 Y= 0
MVK80 2,1 bar 4
10
Fraction number [%]
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740 800 860 920 980 0 0 0
MVK80 2,1 bar 4
6
Fraction volume [%]
5
4
3
2
1
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740 800 860 920 980 0 0 0
MVK80 2,1 bar 4

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Mean class diameter
155

X= 80 Y= 0
MVK80 2,1 bar 5
7
Fraction number [%]
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
20 100 180 260 340 420 500 580 660 740 820 900 980 0 0
MVK80 2,1 bar 5
10
Fraction volume [%]
0
20 100 180 260 340 420 500 580 660 740 820 900 980 0 0
MVK80 2,1 bar 5

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Mean class diameter
156

X= 100 Y= 0
MVK80 2,1 bar 6
14
Fraction number [%]
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740 800 860 920 0 0 0 0
MVK80 2,1 bar 6
14
Fraction volume [%]
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
20 80 140 200 260 320 380 440 500 560 620 680 740 800 860 920 0 0 0 0
MVK80 2,1 bar 6

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Mean class diameter
157
158
14 APPENDIX B: Drawing of ADD apparatus
Diameter [mm]
D1 955
D2 1345
D3 1640
D4 1900
D5 2125
D6 2325
D7 2520
D8 2685
D9 2850
D10 2985

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2

2 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

A comprehensive measurement programme to characterise sprays of water from deluge nozzles

Table 1. Nozzle identification and test programme for droplet characterisation.

SINTEF fire tests IdF droplet characterization Teltek droplet characterization

Figure 2. The High-velocity nozzle HV K44 dismantled.

Table 2. Specifications of the nozzles used in the SINTEF tests.

4 MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES AND UNCERTAINTY

k-factor Spray angle

Figure 4. Different aspects of water sprays used to characterise water distribution.

An overview of measurement techniques and an assessment of uncertainty connected to the

4.2 Area distribution

4.3 Droplet sizes and velocities

Droplet size measurement

Actual Delivered Density Apparatus

Figure 8. Illustration of the principle of extrapolation of droplet size measurements to a

The tables give information of:

Tabelle: PDA-Messergebnisse (Originaldaten) für die Düse HVK26

Tabelle: PDA-Messergebnisse (PVC-Werte) für die Düse HVK26

PDA-Messergebnisse(Originaldaten), Häufigkeiten mit Klasseneinteilung

Volume mean diameter for position 167

HVK 26 2,6 bar 90

HVK 26 2,6 bar 90

HVK 26 2,6 bar 90

4.4 Droplet size terminology

N is the number of measured droplets.

4.5 Droplet velocity

Pressure [bar] 2,6 5,3

5 CALCULATION OF DROPLET TRAJECTORIES

Droplet velocity vs time

Droplet velocity vs time

Travel distance of droplet

Exit velocity vertically downwards 10 m/s

6.1 k-factor for the nozzles

SINTEF measurements Manufactureres k-factor

Figure15. Measured k-factors [litre/min bar1/2] for the nozzles .

6.2 Exit velocity

Table 6. Velocity distribution 1 m below nozzle MVK41, measured by TelTek.

Table 7. Velocity distribution 1 m below nozzle HVK44, measured by TelTek.

6.3 Droplet sizes measured by two institutes

d30pvc d20pvc d10pvc

d10ori d20ori d30ori

d30pvc d20pvc d10pvc

d10ori d20ori d30ori

The TelTek measurements are given in detail in Tables 8 – 10.

6.4 Individual nozzle characteristics

6.4.1 Nozzle HV K26

Figure 23. Nozzle HV K26.

Figure 24. Spray pattern of HV K26 at 2,6 bar.

The nominal spray angle of this nozzle is 80 - 90°.

Figure 25. Spray pattern of HV K26 at 5,3 bar.

6.4.1.1 Application density HV K26

HV K26 Height 1,87 m Pressure 5,3 bar

Variance of application density

Figure28. Measured application density by ADD apparatus for nozzle HV K26.

Figure29. Measured average droplet velocity by PDA for nozzle HV K26.

6.4.1.2 Nozzle HV K26 : Droplet size distribution

HVK26 - 2,6 bar

HVK26 - 2,6 bar

HVK26 - 5,3 bar

HVK26 - 5,3 bar

Volume mean diameter for position 272

HVK 26 2,6 bar 100