Sigelwara land 1 It secks to probe a past probably faded even before the earliest documents, such as Exadus, which now preserve mention of the Sigethearwan, were written. Yet it may not be pointless to have probed. Glimpses are caught if dim and confsed of the background of English and northern tradition and imagination, which has coloured the verse-treatment of Scripture, and deter= mined the diction of poems. Sige? may be taken as a symbol of the intricate blending of the Latin and Northern which makes the study of Old English peculiarly interesting and controver~ sil ; hearwa of that large part of ancient English language and lore which has now vanished beyond recall, stoa Air no tore. ‘CORRECTIONS Note 1, MCA. 1 190. For bei 50, read bewii 50. “There is at lease fone certain case of # for 7: gerime confirma, L 14 (but 44. cases of 9 ftherwise in trymman and its derivatives). abidonde depatny oxi 1 i rota certain eae. ‘The forms of this word require investigation and faler collections. Tt would appear, however, that Ayden, ayden are less Frequent than Bidens abiber in OcE. tents generally and. that the lator accu rotably in texts that do not unround y or only do so before gy: 50 MS. C ‘of Greg. Dial. (Hecht 258, 12) ; while the noun Ay) (herebyd) dows not ‘on the other hand show forms wich i, Te may alo be noted that gloss Which gives the correct forms sige and gutryme forthe sips of A in $30, and It4, retains obidondr, “Though a "hunfjan doubts existed (cf OLH.G. for*handion), ie would seem posible that O-E. retains traces of 4 azong prey th cog of Gothic whi anurans "The ‘evidence of A for sid "agi is in any exse litle afoted Note 2.p. 191. In Gen. 228 f Ponne seo sere Ethiopia land ond leolecard Paige d wor, we hve # ear ci of the Kare word un- translated ‘Mr. N.R. Ker informs me that in MS. Hatton 114 of lfc’ homily fon St. Bustholomew on f. 199 slherwena is glowed muri. omen by one fof the Worcester glosstors Oxford. J.B. R. Tunes. SIGELWARA LAND. Sigelwara land, forbamed buth-bleoBs, Brune leodey hhatum heofoncolum. (Exodus 69-71.) THE, Bihiopians began thee catcor in letra dans without reproach.” They were visited by the gods of Olympus, and were generous with hecatombs. But. they changed tadly, and they appear in Old English in a most un peasant light. “Their country: was too like hell to escape the Comparison, and the blackness of the inhabitants became more than skin-deep. A diabolic folk, yet worthy perhaps of a note if ‘The note has, however, ramified into an article, incomplete, though it touches a good many things too lightly. ‘The original purpose was to discover why the English should anciently have had a private name for this people, and what the name signified. ‘Though it can hardly be claimed that the purpose is achieved, for ail the pother, a report on the investigation ts presented : there are at any rate things by the way that may interest students of Old ‘Seeivaran, oF the more ual form Sigefereen, stands for Ethiopians. ‘Of that there is no doubt. “‘shiopes, Erhiopia are almost invariably rendered in Old English by one ofthe forms of Sigellearoan and occurrences ace frequent.” Thisisremashable, lassical or biblical proper names are not usually translated—by word having no obvious connexion with the original, Even glosses by the learned, explaining the real or fancied mesning of ames, arerare.’ But Sigelheareean explains nothing andis itself obscure. Before, however, any explanation of this special teat- ment is attempted, or the name investigated, a necessary pre- liminary is to parade in some detail the extant occurrences, t0 exhibit the forms and uses of the name. A full parade is attempted, except for the variant readings of the MSS. of Biliric, but it is possibly incomplete. Sach an: Biplan ft an Bagi Sunan Bar Gee 4 (0.8 Heptatech eae 85h, To provides paral fo the Edopan we Negi elopeI. Occurrences in vere, @ Brodus 65, ted above ) Far of he Apiner 4: yet i Sigelwacum © Fis dope welche Tie ler to tetas of Se Mathews Ibours and martyrdom. (© Pars Parisi 9% hine Sigelwenras secea8 elle (dip). leak 4 and ng ae here Sf? ing’ to the ape’ Sonnexion of thin pean with the poem on Exod, whichis Iter Eemented co! 14 prrpen myn tna iw force TRS pat hed bed gocendoy teat garam 6808 tex 15. fu gl ce tae S Be‘Byesnde de tetas on Ribane ele sigh ® Tawi 3: fle Sigelwara naman pur fesne card (Bihipun). 1H, Iotestinear praltervesions. ‘The mest important linguistically of these sources is the Vespasan Peter (ME, Cote Vesp. Au), ‘This document offs the most authoritative form ofthe name, and the one fom which tiymology must start. Its vernacular content is unusvally sent in dalect character and in spelling, and even on the is olde than the extant written form of any other document in which the name appear. The form inthis oss Tn ft ea al ra ey Te ae sear ery Tome Li ary Oe mae nig SEREURELIR AT AVG. ke de lw cope ron oan PT lg eV. gm ud min te en pra he mir ek le aeal Sabre. ta Regn he SE Tifa ata chr po tele rye SEES GS eal eat open teen ply Ia i sha: os aa Bey caw mines goreet aint teak Sos aoe eevee gee Tic Laine tgs ote Vopaa Phckerescmeeti, nppior col ai Gujawn se ea eean sy heneaeeke Sager hotaoe walcanne tomeme Gad ar mange inca fo fhe MIs gunog tat Ge male 9 et ingeaial isk 14 anf ty's Ged noes fal acs ten wil taupe lattes ioass Exeeage hs eee Eagiah Beats" CP tak Be SN ew ts sane teerriet manus Gut Deo cumas crendrecan of Aegyptum sigelhearvan Sete ee Cees ee F silhearwena, G sigelhearwan, I silharwana land, J 7 silhearwan, Keuiope EE 2s 75 ie dei os tn Sea geneous (ord gat) scien, € (ortged 7 Sopher, D (Galat) eigenen Gales cline, Jet Genius) heurnena °C sgcheepa t (ape) Ties | Ge mda kaa) Gree (Qe lal ug ty | Pa eapepod eget rans meal cele eam tn ein Soule depo Pu dapat kes Greets emilee ore tee bo pine eel oe ieee eee ee econ 5 acemey bo engi ete Tenlnpee eet Borel atees eer cetera glee Doe fea tapers alien Geil Lace Go Uma Lacbar: si eel can ROSA Vte (Ged by Linst and Incr ses of he poaierenons A hike Vepetas Pater, Si eee eee ee ee ees Saifapenes ang] paneer aetna Coes ee ee Hierro leaden eee eek coe See eee ete Saeyh Fae peel ermene s SRD ee eas Stain A a eet oR Se ies SmoothE ethyspum on wedlingum, esham of ethem : I (acscam populii) ‘aethispum, silbarwana, aciham (with diaboli above) sceapan Ji cshiopum 7 silhearwan, etham 7 pas westenes ; K zhiopum Silhearwan, ‘eiham, EF ‘sylhearwena, and on Etham a gloss erased, probably (Sisam) as coetnes (Spelman side-note fas eamnf ce | somes” dahon 7 Geet H7 sbescwane, aesham 7 forts (cE. Latin glosses in D). (d) Ps lnxxvi 4: Ecce alenigenac et Tyras et populus Aethiopum, a eamsehbe frembes 7 Tyrus 7 fole Sigelnearwena igythearwyna, D arwana, J 7 syle ‘as werun in dere. B sigelhearwena, C "7 sigelhearwana, E ethiopen, f sylhearwens, I hearwens, K 7 silhearwan, (9 Cane of Habakk 7 Tabnacaledechipum geld Sigelhearwena.” C sigylhearwyna, D sigelhcarwana, 1 sihar- ‘wana, J 7 silhearwena, K 7 sithearwana ‘From these versions we derive the following forms : 9th c sigelhearoan § (A); 10th C sigelhearwan 7 (BD) 11th 6 ‘sfellearoan 2 (Gy igihearaan's (O) atearoay (FHI K), karan 1 (K) sharsoan § (I, splhearwan s (F J) 3th ey eearan 4 () “The question of the origins and interrelations of these versions has, of course, a bearing on the problem of sigliearwan, but is too tangled a matter to be deat with here, or by other than an txpert. The extant versions represent part (casually preserved) of the product of a continuous and interconnected activity, in ‘which early Merian originaly played a specially importane part, dnd which went back probably'to the eighth century at leat, or the period ofthe composition ofthe oldest religious poems, such 48 Brodas. Some of the versions are obviously closely related ; B and C ar, for example, closely related 0 A, which may be the actual main source, direct or indirect, of C.t The psalter- glosses on the Ethiopians descend, then, in most cases from an Exrly period, and are largely dependent actully on A (or its predecestors). All the forms above cited cannot, therefore, be Teckoned as independent references to the name ; ‘most have rather the status of variant MSS. of the same work. We may, Se Lind pty sho Der Lambeth raer (Heinafors29e9) 5 Widagen, Der however, reckon, beside A, also D and I as independent sources. It-can be observed, for example, in the case of I, that though it eee dares anced teen inane may have no affinity to A ; cf. Ps. Ixxig above. In addition the Tecan ee lai ofa ae ana ar Ser er ame a7 ere maa frm Teac ence et ee some ih te currency of the name even after A.D. 1000, though not neces- caeny uhm ren a,b, Coc Chong nt nec hearwen of E, however, though not derivative from A, since it petro ter peey peer eee: representing a reading, procedum), must nevertheless be regarded cane cei mh me eres ped continued existence of the word after 1roo, It had certainly eeeermece TIL "The wore of le provide mt ofthe reining ania (©) Genesis iit Bere obre ea is Gion (seo is eac gehaten fe Canine ae Sins Cae escriae xe (Ne ernie cans flopper «fp Maire bee on ein Fe Pere ether Ee (© from the Homilies + (j) St. Bartholomew (Thorpe scene oid ef cca at eet SAR as msi, watecisalcns enc ceh/O 433 alberare._ As is ater MS alga othe mie of the toe centary, ts sede, tele ee anaes paneer aeons Fees sm ne of ee rk, Teoh on ‘She Vili Nowy Jon. 293.” Tam ute to ce varus fom ear MSS. Bathe on other fed by Eis one ofthe many ditingihed1.454) + se0 forme India li8 to para Silhearwena rice (ib. 467) + And se engel steowde pam folce Bone awyrigedan gust on Byssere gelicnysse : he wear teowod swylce ormete Sil- hearwa, mid scearpum nebbe, mid sidum bearde. (i) St. Matthew (II 472) 1 Des ylea apostol and godspellere becom. to Ethiopian, put is Bera Sihearwena rice, and gemette per tegen dry-men, Zoroes and Arfaxa8.° (fi) SS. Simon and Jude (II 483)" Hi ferdon ... to Bam earde pe is gehaten Poway and par gemetion Sa twegen dry-men) Zaoen and Arfaxat, pe atfiugon Bam apostole Matheo of Sea Silhearwena lande 3 (lb. 490) + hi (the wizards) aeflagon pam godspellere ‘Matheo fram ara Silhearwena rice ; (jb. 496, destruction of the idolsof the sun and moon) Faas apostl ene clswa to Pas monan anlienysse, and Sercihte codon ut... twegen blace Silhearwan of pam anlicnyssum, and hi to-brecon, and mid ‘wanunge aweg flugon. . With these passages compare those from the Martyrology, below. Lives of the Sains * St. Julian (ed. Skeat, iv 285): pe Gea “settles ne toman {0 slearan selees ves swa heage swa entes, mid byenendum eagum and eges- (oe She ios tee ace oe eae Dee hheoraclawa scearpe, and hi sylfa unmildheorta. pas pyllce me tugon to pare sweartan helle (ofthe devils that had appeared to the dead man raised to life by St. Julian). (¢) De Temporibus Anni: Meroe hatte an ighnd pat is para filtteepess fae On ren uede intl Crtongen dug on sgeare twelf tida? TV, Here are entered some references from other sources. (@) Old English Martyrology # (j) August 25, St. Bartholo- mew : Se was Cristes erendwreca on India mage, seo is calra ‘ortena seo ytemyste, and on obre healfe is pystre land, on oBre healfe se se Oceanus, pat is garsecg. In pisse magbe he to- Arf an iat, Cas Ree hg ager “Foe Ca Ja "Nova ct. Toca wept on icles Lchdon TT a8, Vusiata ced ae Siler (0 MSS). SSEHESATERT sso rye he rt pan conrmed ow Jo A.) ‘wearp pa deofolgild pa pe hi er beeodon, and par him com to odes engel and etywde pare peode hwat hyra god was Pe hi et Becodon” He hist mtywde micelne Sigelneartan (CSihear- van) ames so onayn sents one ham, and = bead and [pat feax him waron ob a fet side, and pa cagan weeron swylee fren ien, and sprangon spearcan of pant mousey and fal rec him code of pam nespyrlum, and he hefie Bra swylee pynen bbesma, and pa handa weron gebunden to somne mid fyrenum racentam, and he hrymde mid geimlicre stefne and ladlicre, and fieah aweg and nahwer sidan atywde. pat was pat deofol [pat seo peod hyre wr for god betodon, and bi nemdon pone Astrod, (i) September 21, St. Matthew : AEfter Cristes upastignesse he gelerde twa mega to godes geleafun, Macedonian pa megve and Sigelwara mage, and of Sigelwarum he fymde tween deyas, ya per workton mice scinke’mid em dracum (both Band C have the same form of the namie here). (Wonders ofthe East : Bonne syndon teeoweeyn on prem pa deorwyzpystan stanasaynd of acende, ponon hy growad. Dar moncyn is cseondon> sweartes hiwes on onsyne, pa mon hateB sigelwara (8. slhearwan).! V. Occurrences of the derived adjective sgelhearwen. (@ Numbers xii 1: Maria and Aaron ciddon wi8 Moyses for his sigelhcarwenan wite (exorem -Evhiopissam)* (® Glosses on Alihelm De Laudibus Virgnitatis : () ehiopica sigredine, ylhearwenre sseartnyse j (3) thiopice silnearnyse for silnear[wenre. sweat] nyse); (Gi) etbiopteanigredine, se carwenre swearnyse? ‘The elements in the name. The first element : itis cleat from the above citations thatthe oldest available form is sigel. This isthe MS, Vig A sv Rypin Tre OF, Pre Tats BETS. 16) p67. The vine letom Titra By eang to Cckaye Narratcale dagte Eset Jer The tre copes te chtomcly rs common vee ond potattdeeeed te Aine (ac: WeeSaen) compintn "he Vicar venion pres tn fe eid ty Rn ey Cad oh ots ng Ue Sb ofthc etary: no vston nthe stem i coredform ofthe Vespasian Petter, and must be taken a8 representin tn carly Old Englgh tigi; a consistent sin V. Ps. points indubiebly to not 34 This is borne out by all later forms. The contacton i hows satan deslopment of ei mgs ith appeat tobe lnited co this ate contracted form, redo fea whch re inacarate inthe uo of, such a poate ‘eros BJ whith el range and” The ase ok Inpsuppordforan antecedent ope is importa. "rhe dead ements It plan that booed has the chief authereys itis much the mot frequent and ix the earliest etaly recorded That fearee i not obviously related to ny other exant Old English word or wordgrovp supports Ie’ daim to senioney,Sigelhenron was plainly not developed From Sigetnaras, Both forine ray, of corse, conceivably ave Ene Side by tide, even rom the sty but is more likely that tbare isan alteration ofthe older and less ineligible heerna. A edsion on tis point essential since sper an clement that fives some defite information concerning the nature of the ord with which itis compound, A dession depends, how- Tren, on metrical and cytological considerations tnd mst be “Thi tex though it etnie ad cxample are extremely sumerum Js ot conf) and pening scones ren intone y wast evel tad ‘Soe diphn dg) Theoly emmys fenton (ase oy po 22a gs tale 5 ues ome Tbe compare page {eecurng in evel rs and corogy ging ia cv 9, side te waa re pel phoolgial eae he cbdions ef which ar not epee in ‘ur as eran an ripen, opr 08 arin, frm ‘Glrcereat Goggenee by Dir CE. Bully the M8. ba ues (inion by Mae Rear ena tae Sng (930) 29 'sGecing ely in MSS. write a sighbouond of, 1000 ree te. MS. (Cole Marya a ned enspiony he cts sigued ove core the tpolnge of tha MG. um, bowery of sine eeet-cetury charset. So aotes EAergee Afar toc spl oto ache of ling Seted fom ode wren ‘uerh ate shoe collet i sppes aly ih adesine lleareen, adn the Sd ag pele te wer howtg he Fwd # mn cea or des *Suargon ge by Spe (ident) a eading of Cin Devi ian err for ine fw oon the iona anions aint MSS of ge wrk ehh einly iene te roles of depen su fhe ame mbes have rie, thera (Sli shoes purse ‘Ofte ssh dear era; show ear postponed. In the meanwhile the meaning of the word a8 2 Thole muse be considered. . "AS a stating point we have Sigelicarma, In form at any rate this eens to BE Suite independ ofthe word eho or OCany etymological fancies conceming the Greck name, Connexions Could doutnles be fabricated by Isidoran methods of by the tore laborious modern ones (which allow, even within the eter OF ther lw, some fantatic results). But the word does not spear to be of learned ibrcation? Tt ig ether used lane i 2cresing the lay af ignfcant enough forthe unlearned ore inwroduced iy 2 vereaular 0 explain a borcowed.iliopl. ‘This it leary could not do as a lfexplanaory compoced, only asa whole. The learned left to themeelves would certainly in this cate no in others merely have uned the Latin form # buteven ifthey had invented an English name they would at least have produced one made of clements generally Current in Old Englth (ouch as swear or bran) Sigler is not 4 com pound of this sox itis sther to be compared wit *Blackamore, except that it must have. been even "ete. perspicuous etymology. than Hackameor i now to the unletered.Book-learning in literary and mythical geography will not account for the manufacture of Sigelicarman’ dltipes, nor its endenty wide and popular turrency*Sigeheeras must have exited before vlogs was vet heard of Theory ey ir ad fowcr Soe re concing Ailes seceding embed ‘Gerton wnt erly od by Ll ved Seat fora The comton wih yes Hey bettas bu Sg iy th at cemene was more eaosably explained By aay ardor (wring or Ie mm En" Siete "ene woe on, erm OL Engh Pd to agra Bante span Atay th Li ery obo wed wot the Engh epi, An see tig oc an i pst To ea SEA ais ‘Gke pts lng ey coset ari wed ad pe Ge Laur of dla 18 Wat Ao hn th apne Pap ad seg 5 eliyen pees doe who (Rp 918,‘The explanation of the special treatment of the Ethiopians is then, probably, that we have to deal with an equation, such 45 in aeorznateang= paradisas. In Sigelhearwoan is preserved at least a name, if no more, from the vanished native mythology or its borderland of half-mythical geography. This may increase its interest, but it promises difficulties. Such words are likely to be old, and made up of elements forgotten or obscured, a fact neorsnaroang itself sufficiently illustrates. And we have litle clue to the original meaning. If the word was not made up by the learned, itis at any rate preserved mainly in their works, and the vulgar contribution to its senses, as used by them, may be smal and dificult to determine." The etymological purle resented by neorsnawang may be independent of Greek or Krina hut ip toe in nat OM Hagia tests Gunct kere paradisas out of account. The fantastic notions associated with Sigethearwan in homiletic literature may be wholly foreign and relatively late + forthe learned placed dragons and marvellous igems in Ethiopia, and eredited the people with strange habits, find strange foods, not t mention contiguity with the Anthro- yphagi"” As it has come down to us the word is used in trans- lations (the accuracy of which cannot be determined) of Ethiopia, as a vaguely conceived geographical term, or else in passages descriptive of devils, the details of which may owe something to ‘vulgar tradition, but are not necessarily in any case old. ‘They are of a medieval kind, and parallelled elsewhere? Ethiopia ‘was hot and its people black." That Hell was similar in both respects would occur to many. The most that can be said is that from an early period, the mabe "nga a black fend dvi” Bland i 1) and Adina fender igen . Ie ad medica ad de potable ony 10 ‘Gea had ttn coneiog ery bt ako to re spplnon of bases 0 Moor, Sareea ey andthe emir of Chenendam. "The None mond has «eal roc rit medio Eo tot mp eo Sree rat s5i77 fe Ofunear King af Astle == of Etpe he baie Ja “Fane es ast to sooth pr fe ben mute ath Tie word sppean appl to der bet oly moped dear Wi 13 (oMlonen ps peace gat J ee be ight concry ate, Siocon was fle to bean obvious nd satisfactory equivalent of rhispe. Tt must, ar a whole, have meant, therefore, something like “black people living in’a hot region "whether asa rumour ofthe actutl rices of Africa, oF 38 memory of some mythical Aispels mir of realms of fire, OF both (they are not mutually exclusive). Unfortunately it does not follow that either of the elements, sige! or hearwea, refers by itself directly to these ideas; and the reference may in any case be now undscoverble so iusrated by Mize.” Exymology is ina poor position at the outset ‘Ac thls polis necesnary to return tothe variation between ‘eareva antl coara, We coara i assumed to have equal authority with Beara then we must have to-do with a name of similar sort to Romwara, Remtcealh, in which to an element denoting habitat is added either ara dweller" or an clement in origin a national ‘or tribal rame ; tara is only added to stems denoting a place or corp, hesfon, burg Rom, Sodom ; Cant, Wikk; Syr, ov illustrate. the possible types. Sigeleveraw’ could then only be interpreted as" dvwellers in or at Sigel’; and we could only say oF dige that it was an otherwise unknown mame, {eographical or mythological. Further itis plain that ia that fase we must probably take Aeareoan as the name either of & ople or ofa kind of mythical creatures, comparing the variation Sars, weal, We know or can guess something of the isto fof wealh? but of such a hear nothing more could be sai ‘The acceptance in fact of Sigeoara a8 an original alternative to Sigehheartva would close the inquiry. Ie i Useless to seek for the significance of sigel unless wara is dismissed. ‘The interpre- tation of sige as "sun" has been favoured.* But this will not Consort with sare, "The Ethiopians did not dwell x the hhave any such relation to it as exists between ewara and its Ct fd aig Fine te ot tat region nh ath which ed Mig th igh aden. _Tot quam uring an inpet SesPebL en sad han onc a i ed Hered Soha eile pleonend rn ard ge eps tera eh 2.05 emp fy ins gly mn aeaccompaniment in other compounds. They may have dwelt "uncomfortably near i (castor west, the direct south seems tohave been thought foo hot cren for thets) but they were none the less earth dweles, slowly Toasted perhaps, but not cremated. they twere not salanandese Actually « cgle catastrophic rosstng Suc to Phacthon’s escapade is’ moe classical few. Tt Ue that the are in formation independent of casi Eihiops, and Sigelhearwan may originally have been mythical Grete, “But tha cas sl en a tey ave nba the actual sun, — Hostile demons of the sun are naturally no part of porthern uythopaia, A slverwa rey nats homiletieiteature bea suitble genius for an idol ofthe un or moon, but thi is no evidence for the sun ite as his native home, "The authority of were, must, therefore, be more carefully n/ examined. In spite of the uAlkeihood of the ‘conclusions ‘which its acceptance entails, and of its rarity compared with Tearwa, it cannot at once be dismissed as 4 mere corruption tt cece in si mananrps But the form Slee appear © bnve a special connexion with verse, and this my be significant. Four of the nine occurrences Of tia form are aebaliytn vers Four ofthe remainder ae derived from wo cated USS. ofa tingle, puaeage in the Mas Concerning St. Matthew, there the very choice of SigeRcaras as against Sgelearwen used In the case of St. Bartholomew, suggests the use of a verse-ource (ego the passage concerning St. Matthew in the Fates) at this postin the compilation. ‘The ninth instance may be reckoned Es prove, yet itt a variant reading, to the ordinary prove-form Siheoratan, from the hand which copied the fst half of Beoteulf Gand may have copied much other verse) this hand i here in any Gate copying. from an older (oot, Weet-Sanon) original, and appears (0 be more influenced by the forms ofthis original than the other surviving copy. “We may consider, then, how it might occur that Sigehware was onencne Fooengkenoegensipreds eof gin ne (Py 6 ap ta at nig” may Of ic evi bere frequent in verse (four ofthe surviving five verse-instances), but Fenton nie dened fm cH source copes vena Source Now if igeinare was in facts special verse form of te tame derived from the actual authors of the verse themselves, rust have been selected (or fabricated) by them for mera! eaons~ara cannot have been regarded as in fell more poste tian fear an unfamiliar clement that writers of Old English verse might have been expected to prefer,” But actualy ‘iellearwnisgenealy a much more convehient word metialy thin sgehnor, while the four places where the Inter now stands inthe MSS. ae all defective metrically and would be rect’ by the substitution of Acar for seer” Thi i certainly true if Sigel vepresents older dylabic gH. Such is most ely its origin-etymologieal considerations slo suppor thi, but should bot be anticipated here. A constant disylabie speling in all the carder examples points clearly not to sig, but to either sig 2h Aof oginaly spac wal remained so ater fot {Bland in nich cues (lor cxampl, seg, fog) speling with was Saual even In Late Wert Sten tach sping sige! oe ip the minority. "Ih any case ap! is impovile'Se unify with tithe Learwa or wars, while would slow of ether, and ao at teat gives no advantage to teara® Such connexion asthe csra-form has with verse cannot, then, be asered tothe poets orto metre. Tes probably duc tothe cial ability to ereors and alterations shown by texts trans: irate from older originals or translated from other dialects, frmhich verses sre the chief examples. In verses the Corruption of proper names is notoriously frequent, and affect ot nly the rater names of ancient tradition But even those that Thi defen ober in he ca of Ene, Bat emanation po- pty Serena (rhe td ia Gren, pio her stan Tyas ae dpe ree pn Lat emcee ‘te eer bt in asst 6 the mnt navi yearns Fs ine whieh mo gond price con oan andwhth aly to fete ext Inorprtinn. rors i of al pubic fame the me sacory mel Sere i fr wn a reget Ne aremained continuously familiar, such x Caor Dene. If such is the cave, the special smilrty in appearance of dialectal oeara to ‘ara nay have played a part in the aterstion. ‘These are Drevaely the forms of the’ Vespaian Pralter (Sigeliearcan, Mioeaan, Sodomeearan)y the ngage of which ix cep related to the most constant dialectal ingredient in the mi Tnnguage of extant Old English verse is probable, then, that Sigeaar sa rlatively ate alteration cf Shera less pehaps nots “eruption rather 23 xplanatory perversion (4ded ‘by similarity of letters, which finder given circumatances might be produced more than once Independently. ‘Thus it may already have appeared in copies of ‘ers (ergs of the Fates ofthe ply etiet than any we Row forsee Boric, note the, produced only in ecu of iter sernen tradition by persons who no longe? understood the criginal name-—it offers no ey t0 the real etymalogy® (lo be concluded!) Oxford. JR. R. Touxies, tomy te tt Sea at en ne Pa Pei de Ser ha ten igorant of el sua” Qhey wold ot hae orator hme dacpaed (och ty la wr ft sty EkDpe ke wejacedtosmr Piao wb Seri oe erecta fo med ap mt guna seme. Consinbly, aed Haowedge reese Tamra cP he mapa ef is fom Bee sod oly [isin 1 vie measna tothe Store. Anar from the metal eoaticrtons above, SGLLWAKA LAND. (Continued from 1 196.) Sigel sudan fus. Dicig sgn, te asters of Angle Son Clearly no longer analyed. Sigelheerwne IF wer sock. (9 recapture what they had forgotten, and examine each of the orighal clements in tury it mat be rather for the pleisore of the buat than in hope of a final kil. Sigel ‘For the fast_clement we return naturally to the word ge! sun’ glanced at above. When scare is dismised, t word such meaning hasan obvious claim to be considered | tnd actually there is no rival in extant OL! English, except sigel * jewel '—if this is indeed a distinct word. These two weeds are here considered together. Quite apart from the Ethiopians they merit reexamisation in deta (ASA simple word sige! sun seems to occur unambiguously only in Beswnlf 1966 woruldcandel sean/sigel suban fas, But Some sdaitonal cridence for the word cam be gleaned from Verse. "(Andreas 50b his heafdes segl (ee) | 895 swylce edne.e@oh and. 14568. eppat hador seal Gsht (i) The Aective se dvorht which applied to summer days, sutumny nl God if the Day of Judgment. This occurs in Mendon ge bring® sigclbeorhte dagas sumo to tune (ek ON. sddfrte dag and OL. seeded}, 2096 wintes dag’. + egele tetrice genimé / herfet mid. herige hrimes ad ‘sawes Doomsday 1174 sitt ponne sigelbeorht swegles brytta/on heah- retles “ro these must be added, Phevse 2128 ponne weorbes ‘Shs hated push dor wo and onde Cra 739 hheofontorht swegl/scir gescyndeS’. . . under foldan fetm, Enende tangels® Here the original versions must have used anc aap eal tens ag ed kop eget coon ot SCIEN SSS Snap ea a Tat ete pa sin ib rs es Solent na pws id Spc er nee ee ee cnd mdr gl Gane ata Gra Keble,sigel: we have the parallel with Andreas in the frst instances the sense is sun’ not *sky "in both cates; and perhaps most fogent, metre in the second case demande » dieylible with & shore stem-vowel, Steg! sceme originally to have been x long monoeylable, asi indicited by ite normal spelling, and itis so treated in verse in decisive instances (eg. Crit $13 08 swegl firs}! "Metre and spelling on the other haitd indicate a Scansion iil forthe “eun “word. "The other verse passiges ‘ited above permit of either sig or an original vg, but the Constant dsylabic spelling, where the word has not been cor rupted, in verse and in the other examples collected. below, point a in the case of Sielhearwa to an original disylable gH. "These are all the occurences in extant verse. Already we gather from these texte that sige * sun’ was no longer generally Enown or readily recognized when the late surviving copies were made. ‘The next item ia the word sigeDhwearfay sheewfe eis special interesting, since i affords, paalel to Sgehearwe, another example of a compound. probibly ancient and native Bough quate with and aed taate Latin and Greek words. “This plant mame occurs some 18 times, not counting Uliferent MSS" of one work. ‘The form are here cited only fiom printed sources, "A. Glostaries © @)ellropes sigel- hhweorh; (i) soltepnton ae Beftrpiom sleece | sgalhwere Gi) cearepam, slieguiam sigelbweorfe 3 (iv) earophas gel Bvoorta :slbirepia’sgelhverpha ; nimphea ‘colon “croh 4 sigelnveorua ;aegaia sigeliveorua®” ‘Be Herbarium pale, Contents: her efinraphas pat ie sigelhweorts herb orreput pati sgibwoorks; Text: Sigelwearfa = Beos wyre pe grecas heliotrephus 7 romane uertametim nemnab, 7 eae angle Sigel fiweorfs hatad ;Sigiliweorfs Geos wyrt pe man eliotropus 7 Brum naman sigdhweorfa nemneD°""C. In recipes for medi 2 With the aterion mug! compare the varton betes Bevel 457202749 ced eens eeotgra mecton peony oie poss rrp deman the nly ther vance, ny blog ogg mae. fom MB. Goa Clap. A. Hi, tithe) Ge). Duibam Cath itary peed cines + (),sigelhweorfa, nim sigelhweorfan pa smalan, niopor- srentne igdiwscrtn'sG) sgeloweortat ” ‘That sige! was in this name understood, at any rate when the ‘equation with the learned names was first made, to mean ‘ sun” seems plain, It is also reasonably certain that it meant ‘sun’ when the word was first coined, probably before and indepen- dently of the knowledge of Latin or Greck. What the book learned or didactic would have produced unaided is indicated by the loan solsec, and the obvious translation suafelgend = solisequia in the Corpus Glossary. The recorded uses of Sigelitweorfa. are due to identifications, directed usually by etymology rather than botany, of an already existing name. ‘Actually the name probably did not originally mean" cuening sunward’. The assertion in the Herbarium (Leechdomt 1 $2) that sigelicceorfa* turns its flowers according to the sun’s course * is.a eranslation of a description of helirrepium. The flower, or Howers, for which the mime was natively intended may have been, for instance, round, or rayed, or yellow (as is suggested by the glosses on nimphea cited above). Hsoorfa existe at an independent word meaning ‘whorl (of a spindle)", a small rotating wheel, and is probably an old Germanic word (O.H.G. erie). Though its extant form is late (deriving from the fifteenth century), one may compare the leelandic Runie. Psem sé} er... hverfand hvel (in two MSS.}? French sou * mani= gold’ (fom selieguium) may also be noted. Cf. Leeckdoms UL 404 IT 344. in any case the equations cited above show that some speakers, of ancient English knew both sigel=' sun’, and the meaning of ol (Belies). But it does not follow that knowledge of sige? “Sun” was universal at any time, even before the days of Latin book-learning. Runic lore, to which the word specially belongs, is not unnatural in students of worteraft and leecheraft, but it ‘was not compulsorily distributed like knowledge of the modern alphabet; and even versetraition, which also enshrined sige and much else equally ancient, was not necessarily universally ("bse Ble (4S. Rosa Di 95) i Lec I 94 18,365) Snege ays, ac} lay. Abo lm Be Pre ig 9h 3509,current and popular because vernacular. It is not 2 question rely of the period considered. At any period of Old English {even the hypothetical primitive) sunse would doubtless be the natural word for ' sun), as is suggested by the eighth century. translation sunfolgend. "Sigel was probably always a part of gpecil anguage—the sun considered, for instance, as & rayed The disappearance of knowledge probably seldom, if ever, fully recorded in writing, the destruction of documents, and mystifcation, ancient and modern, have made the study of runes difficult. It seems reasonably certain none the less that the Old English name for the S-rune was sigel, and that it originally meant ‘sun’. Hickes! representation of the Renie ‘Poem from the lost MS, Otho B.X. offers the S-rune with siged above it, followed by the verses : semannum symble bip on hihte,/Bonne hi hine feriap ofer fisces be)/, op hi brimhengest bringep to lande, The definition of the meaning of the rune is not clear ("sun ’ is possible), and the authority for the rune- name doubtful. The original MS. had runes without names, wi ickes derived from other sources* The followi Forse rues for completion #~ or (og. de or ehh Quite apart from Hickes' editorial procedure, the lost original ‘was evidently a late copy, corrupted and partly refashioned in mcs forgetful of od words, The vers sre open to suspicion of corruption due to confusion of obsolete sige? with seg!“ sail' This i acrually strated by the eroneous gloss appended co the Old English fupark of MS. Domitian A. IX: sige! i. velum. ‘The corruptions in Andreas (above) suggest that this confusion, in which the verb iglos would ast, began at least a9 carly 43 fhe'tenth century.” "The form of the name given by Hicks in the poem is, however, supported by the Old English fuparks of MS. Galba A. II,* and MS. St. John's College, Oxford, 17,4 ‘which define the S-rune as sigel. The sense ‘ sun” is supported by the occurrence of the S-rune above and below Riddle vi in the Exeter Book (fol. 1026 and 1034), the solution of which is “sun (partis cited above, p. 194). ‘That the Norse name for the S-rune was sdf gives some further support, though Scandi znavian and English nomenclature difer in important points, even in the cate of identical rune-shapes such as p. ‘The Salzburg MS. adds a new element to the problem. In association with letters of Alcuin it gives an English runic alphabet with values in Latin letters above, and the English fame tothe right ofeach rune. "This alphabet i no cert ‘ecivedffom Alcuin, since it occurs in collection of alphabet, numerical sign, and related material; ut the English names appr ob prey fal representation of cary Anal) Gi Tnetish. | Werhave her, therefore, the Rese record of the Seumword'y and its form fof specal importance, Unfor- tunel the evidence fe carlously ambiguous. ‘The MS. has sully been seported to fead sil Actually ts plain from a Photograph of the rune paseage? that it reads gl, altered, Probably bythe scribe hima rom sg a fintr y being clearly Visible unde the free The same MS, however, also contains two Gothic alphabets, and alo gives the Gothic names of the letters. These, though not atached to a ranie alphabet, ae Sbviously reed To" OvEs and OLN. cum” momenclatare (eure manne, dacs for FMD). The name of Sis given a sgl "Te existence of the word sie! sun * would seem, therefore, suticeny shows, mile the sridence of the’ Ssiburg MS Suggests that its ancient and pre-English, On this evidence, infer is founded the usual assumption that its oldest form was Ing with a development. >aygil ge! >sige. This ts good atsirct phonology, but it does not fully explain the actual facts IPwe lok a yg alone cannot be denie that a possible Explanation ofthe alteration to igi! would be that a continental sclibe copying unamiise matter made a mistake founded on the equivalence of yand / in Latin (xpecly in erin words such as ya), which was afterwards corrected by reference tothe criginl, It may be noted iat the ys untouched in cases tthere its presence in the original i ccnain, namely in 39%, 3, the names of the W and runes; and in the value 7 writen he 1 om Cod. Slabargens et iabove the latter. In addition we have the absence of yin later Old English (sce below). But for Gothic segi? we should not expect or require any y in the English name ; and the Gothic rpames are in general somewhat corrupt and strange in form. However, this does not dismiss these names, and sagt! amongst them, altogether. ‘They are clearly not mere fetions, but depend fon some tradition ; and they are associated with scraps of genuine Gothic! Moreover, sugil-gil presents an exact corresponclence. tis hardly fair to assume that corruption has eccurred in both and at the same point : it would be a strange malice of chance, if two independent errors (for sit say) produced forms that had a normal phonological relationship unknown to their per- petrators. It might be urged. also that the use of 7 wit Proper value was more characteristic of English than its use varying with i was of Latin spelling ; and we have no certainty that the Old English runes and names derive from a single source, oF one without variants. The name of the F-rune is in the MS. actually given in two forms, fe and feck. We must therefore reserve judgment on spi! until farther evidence fe i pa ei a incipal suspicion attaching to it, even were it recor: unambiguously, would be the absence of any certain sequel later Englith documens: we have sgl in al eases except Andreas, where the forms seg, segl are certainly not * diame. “Tes true that all the instances cited above are drawn from MSS. actually written at earliest in the tenth century, chiefly later, and that even in the earliest for y, especially before f would be possible. But such spellings’ are not, in fact characteristic ofall, not of the Lekce Bde for instance, nor indeed of hand B of Beoni/? And since all depend on the copyin of older material; which should ex ypotieal have had ‘meh bah the unanimity is notable, ‘Texts supposed to be careless oF y and i might be expected once at least to have preserved the 3 of the older texts. ‘This unanimity repeats what has been observed in the case of Sigelhearwan. The fitness of the sense compels us to reckon this also as one of the compounds of sige, unless 1 ee Stine Gat, Bibel es ale Oot, Elmetart 2. 28 6 some strong rival is found ; but the evidence here also all points to.an antecedent sigil Te is clear that if spi is not to be aban doned, at any rate as containing O.E. for 4, we need to discover Some influence upon the history of the sun-word which could from early times have disturbed its normal development ‘Such an influence is to be sought in the jewel-words, siget, sigle. "These are usually separated from sigel ‘sun in the dictionaries, although their forms, poetic uses, and archeology would lead one to conncet them ; that they were actually con nected, at any rate by association, may well be supposed. There is no doubt about the first vowel of these words ! they go back to the earliest vernacular documents, the Esfurt, Epinal, and Corpus Gloss, and the fs certain and constants there i no trace of y# ‘The following forms and occurrences may be cited. A. ‘The ‘old glossaries (8th c): sii in Epinal and Erfurt, si/ ia Corpus, loding bli fiae (HE late? ano poncd bikie, drige dringe), and the corrupt sida. B. Similar equations in. later glossaries = (bulla gemma uel sgl ; fibula s. dicts quod ligat Enep sigl spennels ; (i) dalla sigel ; fala sigel od8e hringe fifele ; (i) fibula sigel ; (jv) bulla sigil® C. Berwoulf : (ace sg.) Brosinga mene, sgle and sinefet, 1200 3 (gen. pl.) sigla seem 1157 inns tema) oo jle searogimmas, 2749 5 mabdum-sigh fealo, 2757 (the deagon's hoard) 5. (Ace. Bi Be and sgl 3163 (he hoard destined othe pyre. rom. prose : @) Wllstan Homilies (Napier, p. 253) ne deod ypar for® borene sigele ne heors heafodgeld to\ pan sigedeman (of the rich at Doomsday + the language alliterativeand poetic). (i) Two passages inthe translation of Bede Hist. Eades. (Schipper, Br. 456, 47g) whee the word ped snd ne 119 ‘where the MSS, have goldenra sigla (sgila,sigella), and iv 2 where they have gpldene sigee (agelan)y ace. og.” The latter refers to the dream of Breguswith and the sige, whence a light streamed over Britain, isa symbol of the later fame of het daughter St. Hilda, (i) To this passage is related the mention of St. Hilda in the Maroyolgy, Nov. 17 (Herefeld, p. 206) : ef he Marra ied ee a aed dt aspen he So (iepare meder wes on slepe etywed . . . pat hyre man stunge lane syle on pone bosm, and seo ongunne seynan ofer calle Brytene. Here silemsile from sig(@)e. ‘With these English forms may be compared O.N. sigli n. used apparently as sie, sigle in Old English, only found in the tic Edda Here alo probably belongs late OFLC; site (weak fem.)iunula? To these may be added : O.Fris.sigi!" seal" Gothic sigan. odpeyis (and the verb sigijan); also O.E. insegel, insigie n. sigillum, signaculum, bulla ; O.Fris. insige?j OWN, msg * sea Seabzing " O.HLG. ing sigilum, hans annulus, moneta.t ‘The origin ofall these words, or at least their principal origin, must be sought in Latin sili (ased especialy in the plural sila a smal image or igure, te impress of a stamp of Seal ‘The forms with prefixed i have been explained as dite to the influence of insigne mark, badge, decoration.® The main form, also the oldest and mose developed in sense, seems to have been sigan ntligible early derivative from sign, which can be compared, for instance, with the relations of carilas to Germanic tatit, early O.E. «etd This is the form at any rate to which the "English evidence points most conclusively. ‘Though ‘gil (gel) and ig! are combinations liable in English from early times to alteration and confusion, i is unlikely that sigi, the ‘earliest recorded form, is solely derived from sigl. ‘The sig! in the Corpus Glossary is not strong evidence even for an old variant of this form, which lacks convincing independent (he Le Arai sl en wo ge regarded the word tes oan ian gic ool wi ld (0-8. fred) Eo Kept” Bac ee Sr 4 Tete a oy ‘ha the weed ro tee eyed in OU English th in Old None The varus pele wen ada a Bide sbove, ay pre be od fo tha Gt VI te Sree dite, Worurb assy Franc tym Wooden. av. Zeey loge Sigel Gases pessoal ule, ad has bom Compared with the Be SE sm nn = testimony in the simple word. ‘That Latin sighim * which probably had other senses than the learned “ signs of abbrevia- tion’* is concerned, seems to lack evidence other than the forms of the Glossary. "The forms in Beewulf are usually taken to indicate « neuter sigle, not otherwise found in Old English. But the frst three instances can also be ascribed to the strong feminine seen in los (in one case using poetic languaze), where it certainly as the sense monife, especially suitable to 200and the Brosinga mene ‘The assumption of a neuter sigle is in fact founded on Sig 3163, Yet the text is not entirely satisfactory at this point. ‘This plural is awkward with the singular Jeg. ‘The latter is used collectively and is plural in reference, but its companion should agree in idiom. This difficuley has Sometimes been met by the emendation de(a)gas, yet error is more likely in the rarer wordt We may accept then sigie n. for Old English with reserve, and chielly because of the comparison with O.N, sigl, and without the certainty that this word is present in every cease in Beowulf le may be referred to an older sigil (possibly sig). Neuters of this class with short disyllabie stem are rare, ‘One may compare O.E. eow(s)d F. and eomde n. * Rock" (From wid, *dwidi) for variation in form and gender. But O.E. inigle tay also be noted (see above). “The exact meanings of sige, sigle are not easy to fx or difer- entiate. Archeological precision is happily not here essential. In any case, it could hardly be achieved : technical names cannot be recovered from artefucts exhumed without labels, “Yn Bp Beeler Cpr we be fina, ce Seat Gp ay ttn 1 ep et enon aria Oia a0 CO Er woe in fi hone cay gino lan rot gtderloing silt eatyglasaren,bue opel Cpr ae Br 795 (Ep. rk Br). Fac, oc "Te pig geld ot in Br bel to dient the word ther ed from aah even fl be thw 0 sot that he upper bad aay {yA fry og sod he ore wd cme wh nde, pvr a he ‘arm ae arn ig Bee xc probly feminie in view of he gender a ‘zit au allows of go ig cach me in eral ON gh ae. Te mage yagi sabe ogee sv, fel patel berated = ‘ian ti te th cone ers» "nl teas any compton has serenor pei apices fom ol gloss and vere without Piles, TRE suggestion ofthe glosses and aswocated Words Beier die amaael seeing tently oe shaped ornament (bulla), especially one of elaborate design Girvan), gollenor gcd” or ue with gems sch ss garkct Coie eile ingens” Brooches so fons) might have this spe an conics But debe ther rund or ye ee ee were included, bracteates or fren, ued alms as ¢ breasrornament, or sung together lato Necklace (mene, nome); actual or imitated coins af found s0 used (moneta).’In fact, as far a8 senses Go and apart from the fn nh and revtred plofte Slang My wal be nur identify completely the two. O1d Eoplak word ge) and derive the whole group from Latin, On the one hand we Raves word ige/uedigr tenes and verse with the sesse aun On the other have () gest ound jewel or golden orament, pl mes aan fom) eth i, Ta probably () sige similar seme, tune athe pa a ee rend i hey arcane eal oy pene gold an i) The ein munca and vere could BedeSed Eom poetic an languages und i in fact Gent peubind op ta we pak ae tetas of aoe from’ Latin gemma can hardly’ be" doubted Thus "O-E. finned ean and mon (On B90 638) end soe tong gs re no vscomsion port especies for‘sun’. Compare especially Beowulf 2073, and also Phanis 92 ongean cuman Godes condelle, gledum gimme, and 289 Foanclmreges labs ginuna gloat © cathe bueb (where ey eg re ae op hp Jents).. The expression heafde seg!" eyes in Andreas go might be interpreted © bused the sense "aun"; when competed uch slr “eyes but ite all in Ogi hfgnmas een" Gl 1276, Tic ie seg! fom in dated we probably sagged aor er eorapoa’ “thous thy ite sa tana enema compere OF, og eee (Get Sie hc ea eet lang ‘cing pany rnin’ ens ofthe tee Tont GEYcgh Me ease soe Cop int song ently hed ee and bet ied shar ened" Ue ipo it fat get (8 torn Wan Gabe entered inom theuof the fre a my epic oe Reta or inn urn, tht een len ten ian theo er ign ie anette he tue of ng el mabe wi, and is gc or “ho'Tpas tang tek pogny of ill and soar folar myth will vanish. ‘But at frat Lam awate,chese seforme CELE hav nt bern tnnnegdysopaeet ad Sa cal sy tener es crm ea “ikea a eta ee chance fe Stn f sparse tor af eo pen ot apt Gabe OFS eh seme to he tt evidence bet an sin sssrtince with ihe compos of England “Gorman Sng gency ive nse la the en! words he = outed Sete ths gi cid anes Ea pry feee Garni engin, 0 ranoutcomongy © GEL at is doar tt dey cnete OU Lagan if slowed, inal nds cy weal a he eta tc Stag and op highly robe om ag cay pro agit afer Root Sutton seul enteston Spy with pl would be pasaly metas and sipped eat st tat le ie Shgciigraenanl Gey eccearh Se eta pier hte ee Bom tack BAUR) no tyeu. Rowraninn gel "willowby the tendency of y to unrounding before g(), we should expect {pl eary to predominate in all thuewa Suton explaneton the actual later absence of y. ‘The preservation, if we can £0 regard it, of si! in. the Salzburg’ MS. remains curious. Rumic lore, may Have been conseresive. In any case the later sigel* sun” and ‘jewel’ is either @ single word actually and etymologically ort is in bvh senses equally the produet of the Blending) ade isa misrepreenatign ofthe language, epeily ‘of the poets to separate the words in historial Old English, This sige? appears to have been neuter of feminine, a variation very intelligiblein words for the sun, and explicable in derivatives of sigillum, and natural in a blend of both. ‘There is some indica- tion that feminine gender belonged particularly to the collective sense (necklace of several pieces) ; and this we might ascribe ultimately to the Latin plural siga. But the texts are usually indecisive, and neuter or feminine is possible in most cases in any sense? Deridest thiopem albus. Te cannot be doubted that th word isthe frst element in Sigeticaroa, Less certain is ts form and meaning. when this fame was frst devised. Te seems now generally assumed that itmeant "sun"? and this is certainly probable, Yet ie cannot be ignored that Ethiopia was also sland of gems. Non ada quabitur ei topazius de Ethiopia Isidore in one passage! tellus «Ili quippe rhinoceros bestia ct camelopardus, basses, Gracones ingentesy ex quorum cerebro gemmae extrahuntur, Teynthus quoque’ et chryeoprasus ibi reperiuntur. Compare also the Wonders ofthe Eusr cited above.” We may, however, perhaps dismiss this as a coincidence. Almost all marvellous Ehings were tobe found in chat far land, according to che learned. 1 papecily if connected with LE. trial. Compare Goth sl with ON. "Th adr sepia. in ds 89 elim fn Andra sy snes probably rah wile meu docs not allow aan alot for. "Haw oe ma on fee Erie Margaigy and Wol Hac thesnsefe mole (iy ‘The essential things about Sigelicarwan as about Athiopes were their black skin and their climate. Even if popular and learned lore agreed in the additional attractions of their country, these ‘would not be likely to be selected in framing their invariable bile, “Zrhiops cannot be analysed or proved to have really referred t0 skin or sun j but since sige certainly could mean gun’, ie is a fair guess that Sigehearwa was originally descriptive Hearwa. ‘This guess is all we have to go on when we come to the second element, Its weakness should fist be recognized. Even if sed in the name meant‘ sun” originally, we have only probability, nox certainty, that there was a direct connexion Beeveen it and its sequel hear. ‘The later might stil, as suggested. above, have been an originally independent rame— like Weales and Hunas, and like these out of the reach of ery- mology, and possibly not even originally Germanie—to which Tiel was added, after the manner of ater prefixes referring to habitat, pursuits, or other characteristics, seen, for instance, in WederGeates, Hred-gotan, Gar-Dene, SovidePianas, ot Blacka~ ‘Recognizing the possibility ofthis dead-end, we may consider what can be made of the guess thatthe eo elements sre con nected in sense or reference. ‘That Aearwa, unlike Finns oF Moors, is never found alone, does not, since the records are defective and casual, prove much, but ie suggests that only the fall compound was a suitable equivalent of :thiops. An imme diate consequence is obviously to reflect back and strengthen beliet in sige! as derived, in one line, from a word meaning ‘sun’ independently of Kennings or riddles: these are in place in verse, possible in che naming of a flower, but unlikely in an old popular designation of blackamoors, having reference to their forrid home. For such must be the line of argument. To aceept the sin, and dismiss its effect on the land and faces of Ethiopia is almost certainly to stray. It would need cogent illustetion and exact etymological comparisons in. support. Interpretation of Sigelhearesan as “sun-worshippers ™ lacks ree eth er vain rad (0., Hr, ed) wl ateboth. Though we may reall the homily, actully the Sige deoren are there prevent as devily, worthipped rater than srorhippers. In any ease black men were never so pecllary TTamwtrahippsre' iat thie word could. designate chem bY ite," Benin the pagan North on had no ned fo lok aftr Aly or rio nun fr the clo ef the Sun The ie'the chic objection, “The the etymological com partons are not very close or certsin fe fete seriou For hough we should prefer to employ stem Aor fares actalhy found in Germanire musta hat the olton and probable antiquity of erty and such paral a8 Sarr beside svar, tram us hat we may have toe conte with the sumption of owelgrades or of suffxes not otherwise well evidenced, Formal perfection alone will not make an erymeogy. ‘Thus Laan stmt, though it offers a nest correspondence of vowel tn consonant, wil hardly be taken serouly—not that such omparion ie tuch inferior eemanticly Co" fan-worshippers°¢ {Coffs at any ate the right clown snd he homiletie Sears had clwn,aiagm, and ancb 1 Sinuacy nearer home we may Giies Germanie "harwn fax (OW, yer, ORG" hart, slthough this word introduces ue to 2 complex of Corman Sten ers hey which the setcher is cbliged to examine, if tvthout hope of unravelling ther confusion? "Among thes, for Instance, if Sharet@jy the ancestor ofthe special German hee MELG. harceer, herder) “rough, harsy biter But even ifthe connexons ofthis word ar with others of the troup implying dryness and. seinem rater than. with howe feferting to hurting and cutting, ie would be more applicable to miss and ge than to negros. Probably distinc i the 2A panne conntion of amet wit ON. hire “pr nite” (i. O. sort 0.16 arn claret sepa fom apse cmon it "Gahc hej, OE, herman more rely th et Sk are Tanger" Thr repli nd an ops eel Cem w e sSelipen cing "The stl eared Cre bl nom Lae moe ‘Wipe th pi Gx now). eWay Lat. Eee Woh Corn, Goel Wary P39 he Rion of aewinlen among wats of sia frm aed he BGLOY rate hth 8 ry ot bode a ere similar stem in O.H.G. har(¢)wéx * exasperare’’, OB. Aierwan, erwan injure, illtreat, mock, blaspheme not obviously suitable, unless we believe the Sigelhearwan were originally, and even before the writers of homilies described them, of indish kind : Aierwau as used in Old English certainly covers most of the functions of devils Ie might seem hier- swendlic to stray further in this wood of wandering conjecture, tnd we wll pss ver wads and Latin cro and their on nexions, inspite of the popularity of horned bogies, not so much ica of the lack of ehence fora related Germanic bare as because among all the appendages of Sigelhearwan, tusks, claws, beards to their toes, wings like besoms and dreadful nebs, horns are entirely missing. Had they ever been attributed to them in popular fancy, they would not have been shed, but ‘would have sprouted into many branches. ‘There remain three sibilities worthy of consideration and brief mention. A. The Pieter "gerQ) black’, seen in Sanskrie&ipdr and Slavonic cognates, as well as in remorer forms* ‘The substitution for # of the eo-suffx, frequent in colour-words especially in Germani ‘often in alternation with #, would provide in *har(z)evo an an edent of OLE, hearwa, a weak formation derived from an adjective. As ddlama is made lam by fire, 0 Sige(hearsva would be made black by the sun. In spite of the suitability of the sense, the weakness of this lies in the scanty evidence for such a stem in Germanic—its principal support is *harzuy the sup- posed antecedent of Norwegian harry hort ah hymallus) Said to be named from its dusky hue? B. ‘The well-known Germanic colour-adjective *haswer : O.E. has, pl. haswe 3 O.N. ‘sy pl. hosvir.8 A variant form with 2 from s would produce in Old English ~hearwea (weak) with function as suggested above. 2 Connexion with hit verb would equi an aget-aoun of old formation i simple ‘herosives cleely derive! eg. LG, forahare = proto” compared th bare (hanjes reno OFF ideals with salen Ada eae tana" Sve Gethin ta) compared with OLE. li, OLN. lj ks ft she ke paral, bet omits sue te ects Zar er lne "crple' "The devi were hemesby aire Sar ou iogeny cent te er ee oe einen One. is true that remoter etymology, and indeed O.H.G. hasan gue, he cpete, Smee winded OG. Kear ge mana ELS ee TE Se sone, comang alr bt OLE. fe apt fo seendenin Oa upto rl ag wn hg een Cayo), The nae Hoar oni a Rll sain een St at Enplehus of ua apnted esses igh bs per nexion with Gothic Aairi * coal’ (dstlag and in plural hainja Sere en So all cal (Gait ond in pul et SO ce Ta ck Rm Ses ad parece ot Sth net's Be ry a es eee a ee eos ee eg ry aps rele se pata mare sed Boe ln Porgy geet Ser er oto Mpa of Ham, he sce of ee an ee eanthare, a f-samein Eps Ee 204 Cp er brand (G: Harde) ny sho ‘Mate thy ie ame rom fa claw But bw sho nen edt he onde onthe CA or ions fem heme ppd in A yb obec eae saan pean Ai name wack 20 ey aco Noenen + Sone Gig Ed Kamm fyi "6 Hig Heady (TR ne ner, iy of Stn rte ihr dpa ena cme luwcptee c tnt See Wilde Lar Bo, Wrverd'ax. carey Fes ay. eat Frc Heer, lr 1 pi nn, Den Nerd SHlddiig 1 8g ad IL 64 wo a 8 a ea SN a at TS