BASIC SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

LABORATORY
(BKF1751)
Title of Experiment : Experiment 1: Concept of Solubility and
Miscibility
Date of Experiment : 2 November 2017
Instructor’s Name : Puan Nurul Sa’aadah Binti Sulaiman
Group No. :5
Section :5

List of Students:
Name ID
1. Nurin Hidayah Aqilah Binti Mohamad Nor Azam KA17270
2. Alya Nur Afiqah Binti Azman KA17267
3. Emilia Nurdiana Binti Azidee KA17268
4. Mohamad Hafizudin Bin Mohd Yasin KA17263
5. Nur Aina Syahkina Binti Azmi KA17265
6. Nur Atiqahfarani Binti Mohamed Azaman KA17269
Marks:

1. Abstract 6. Results
2. Methodology flowchart 7. Discussion
3. Data Tabulation 8. Conclusions
4. Graph 9. References
5. Calculations 10. Grammar and Spelling
TOTAL

FACULTY OFCHEMICAL AND NATURAL RESOURCES ENGINEERING

Tear here UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG

Subject Code : BKF1751 Please keep for student reference.

Title of Experiment: Experiment 2 : Gravimetric Analysis Solution Date Submitted: 10/11/2017

1
ABSTRACT
The objective of the experiment is to familiar with the components of a solution. Next, we
also need to examine some of the terms and concepts associated with solutions. Other than
that, we also need to investigate the interaction between solute and solvent. Last but not least
is to learn to make inferences about the nature substances based on their solubility or
miscibility.
For section A, first label nine test tube as 1 to 9. Then fill test tube 1, 2 and 3 with
distilled water approximately ¼ full, test tube 4, 5 and 6 with hexanol approximately ¼ full
and test tube 7, 8 and 9 with hexane approximately ¼ full. Next, weigh 1.0 g sodium chloride
and put it into test tube 1, 4 and 7. After that, shake the mixture vigorously for about 30
seconds. We then observe whether the solute dissolve in the solution or not. Then record the
data in the table. Next, weigh 1.0 g oxalic acid and put into test tube 2, 5 and 8 and weigh 1.0
g paraffin and put in into test tube 3, 6 and 9. Repeat the step same as what we do to test tube
1, 4 and 7. Record all the data observe in the table. For section B, add water, hexanol and
hexane to 3 different test tubes approximately ¼ full. Then add 1 mL cooking oil to each of
the test tubes. Froth gently to mix them. Then record the observation in the table. For section
C, first mix 2 mL methylene chloride and 4 mL water. Then observe the relative position of
each liquid by noting the volume of each liquid. Next, shake the mixture for 5 seconds and
allow the liquid to separate. Record the observation. After that, add 2 drops of an iodine
solution to the test tube. Note the colour of each layer and their intensities. Then shake the
test tube gently for 20 seconds. Allow the liquid to separate. Record the observation in the
table.
Based on experiment, we now know the concept of solubility “like dissolves like”.
We know that if the solute dissolves in the solvent because of their same polarity. The basic
concept of polarity is polar solute will dissolve in polar solvent while non-polar solute will
dissolve in non-polar solvent.
In conclusion, solubility and the miscibility of the substance are influenced by the
intermolecular forces between the substance and the solvent.

2
INTRODUCTION
This experiment is regarding the concept of solubility and miscibility. In order to succeed
when conducting the experiment, we need to know the terms or the definition that was used
in this experiment. Solvent is a substance that dissolves in solute thus it will become solution.
Usually liquid is used but it can be solid or gas as well. As we all know, water is known as
both universal solvent and organic solvent which containing carbon. Solvents can roughly be
classified to polar and nonpolar. The dielectric constant provides a measure of a solvent
polarity. The polarity of substance determines the solubility and miscibility. As instance,
water, acetic acid and ethanol are polar solvent while hexane, benzene and toluene are
nonpolar solvent.
A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. A solution may exist in
any phase. A solution consists of a solute and a solvent. The solute is the substance that is
dissolved in the solvent. The amount of solute that can be dissolved in solvent is called its
solubility. For example, in a saline solution, salt is the solute dissolved in water as the
solvent. For solutions with components in the same phase, the substances present in lower
concentration are solutes, while the substance present in highest abundance is the solvent.
Solubility is defined as the maximum quantity of a substance that may be dissolved in
another. It is the maximum amount of solute that may be dissolved in a solvent at
equilibrium, which produces a saturated solution. When certain conditions are met, additional
solute may be dissolved beyond the equilibrium solubility point, which produces a
supersaturated solution. It also depends on polarity where polar solute can dissolve in polar
solvent while nonpolar solutes are soluble in nonpolar solvent. For example, sodium chloride
(NaCl) can dissolve in water because both of them are polar.
Miscibility is the property of substances to mix in all proportions that is, to fully dissolve
in each other at any concentration, forming a homogeneous solution. The term is most often
applied to liquids, but applies also to solids and gases. It also depend on the polarity of
substances and the ability to form hydrogen bond, the cooking oil cannot dissolve in water
and is said to be immiscible due to the different polarity and cannot form hydrogen bonding.
Water and ethanol, for example, are miscible because they mix in all proportions and able to
form hydrogen bonding with water molecules.

3
METHODOLOGY
A. Solids in Liquids

2. Fill test tube 1,2 and

3 with distilled water
3. Weigh 1.0 g sodium
1. Label 9 test tubes as Fill test tube 4,5,6 with chloride and put in test
1 to 9 hexanol tube 1, 4 and 7
Fill test tube 7,8,9 with
hexane

6. Weigh 1.0 g oxalic

acid and put in test
tube 2, 5 and 8. Repeat 4. Shake the mixture for
step 4. 5. Rcord the data in the 30 seconds. observe the
Table 1 solubility of sodium
Weigh 1.0 g paraffin chloride
and put in test tube 3,
6 and 9. Repeat step 4.

B. Miscibility of Liquids

Add water, hexanol Add 1 mL cooking oil

Record the data in
and hexane to 3 to each test tube.
Table 2
different test tube Swirl to mix them.

C. The Relative Solubility of a Solute in Two Solvents

Mix 2 mL Shake the mixture

Observe the
methylene for 5 seconds.
position of
chloride and 4 Record the
each liquid
mL water observation

Note the colour

Shake the test Add 2 drops of
Note the colour of each layer
tube for 20 iodine solution
of each layer and their
seconds to the test tube
intensities

4
RESULTS
A. Solids in Liquids
Solute
Solvent
Sodium Chloride Oxalic Acid Paraffin
Insoluble and float
Water Soluble Soluble
on surface of water
Insoluble and sink in
Hexanol Insoluble Soluble
hexanol
Hexane Insoluble Insoluble Partially soluble

B. Miscibility of Liquids
Solvent Observations
Water Form a layer of oil on top
Hexanol Oil dense at bottom
Hexane Soluble with oil

C. The Relative Solubility of a Solute in Two Solvents

1. Mix 2 mL methylene chloride and 4 mL water. Observe the relative position of each liquid
noting the volume of each liquid. Shake the mixture for five seconds and allow the liquid to
separate. What do you observe?
Observations: Methylene chloride denser than water
2. Add 2 drops of an iodine or potassium iodine solution to the test tube and note the colour
of each layer and their intensities.
Colour of the aqueous solution: Yellowish golden
Colour of the methylene chloride layer: Pale pink
3. Shake the test tube gently for 20 seconds. Allow the liquids to separate and note again the
colour of each layer.
Colour of the aqueous layer: Pale yellow
Colour of the methylene chloride layer: Pink
4. Based on the relative intensity of the colours of the 2 layers, in which solvent is the iodine
more soluble?
Methylene chloride.

5
DISCUSSIONS

Based on the experiment, sodium chloride is soluble in water and it is polar solute but water
is polar solvent. The basic concept of polarity is polar solute will dissolve in polar solvent
while non-polar solute will dissolve in non-polar solvent. Oxalic acid is dissolve in water and
hexanol because all of them are polar but do not dissolve in hexane which is non-polar
solvent. Paraffin can be described as organic compound, saturated hydrocarbon molecules
with single bonds. Generally, paraffin is insoluble in water but are soluble in non-polar
solvents such as hexane. So we can conclude that paraffin is non-polar solute. Hexanol is
polar solvent because of hydroxyl group(OH) that have high electronegativity of oxygen like
water that cause the net dipole moment is not equal to zero. For paraffin and hexane if we
draw the Lewis structure we know that they are non-polar because the charge of atom will
cancel each other that cause the net dipole moment is equal to zero.

Next, we will discuss about the nature of cooking oil. Cooking oil is non polar as it
follows some characteristics of non polar molecules. The substances is polar when it
dissolves in polar solution and non polar when it dissolves in non polar solution. We know
that water is universal solvent and it is polar compound. When it is mixed with water, a layer
of oil is forms on the top .For hexanol, they also do not mix together because hexanl and
water also have high electronegativity of oxygen that that causes the net dipole moment is not
equal to zero. However, it is soluble in hexane because both of them are non polar
compounds which means that the net dipole moment of the compounds are equal to zero. It is
proves why cooking oil is non polar.

When discussing about the interaction between solute and solvent, we must
understand their definition first. The substance which is dissolved is called solute while the
substance in which the solute is dissolved is called a solvent. Solubility is a chemical property
referring to the ability for a given substance, the solute to dissolve in a solvent [5]. The
interactions between solute and solvent can be associated with intermolecular forces. The
solubility of a given solute in a given solvent determines the strength of the intermolecular
forces. In order to form a solution, the solute must be surrounded by solvent.

Besides that, other ways to determine the solubility of a solute is “like dissolves like”.
Generally, the polarity of the solutes that matches with polarity of the solvent will be call
6
soluble. Example of concept “like dissolves like” are polar solutes will dissolve in polar
solvents and non-polar solutes will dissolve in non-polar solvent. If the polarity between
solute and solvent are differences then the solute will insoluble in the solution. Besides that,
solute will successfully dissolve into solvents when solute-solvent bonds are stronger than
either solute-solute bonds or solvent-solvent bonds [6]. For example, NaCl will dissolve in
water to form ion Na+ and Cl- and will mix with water because both of them are polar
compound because of different of electronegativity that cause the net dipole moment is not
equal to zero.

Usually every experiment will have experimental error includes this experiment.
During weighing the solute, it must be weighed correctly because the solute that should
dissolve in suitable solvent will take a long time to dissolve and this will lead for us to
assume that the solute is not dissolve in the proper solvent. Make sure to zero the electronic
balance first to get the correct weight for each solvent. For experiment C, the methylene
chloride and water are mixed in slightly same amount. It cannot be mixed in same amount as
it will be difficult to identify them after they mix together. Use proper graduated cylinder first
to get the correct volume of methylene chloride and water before they are mixed together.

7
CONCLUSIONS

For part (a) of this experiment, we can conclude that sodium chloride and oxalic acid are
soluble in water while paraffin is insoluble in water. Water is a very polar solvent. Next, we
can say that only oxalic acid is soluble in ethanol because of the formation of hydrogen
bonding, both sodium chloride and paraffin are insoluble in ethanol. Besides, paraffin is
partially soluble in hexane while both sodium chloride and oxalic acid are insoluble in
hexane. This is because hexane is nonpolar solvent, it can only dissolve the nonpolar
compound.
For part (b) of this experiment, we have to observe the miscibility of the cooking oil.
During the experiment, we found that cooking oil is miscible in hexane, which is a nonpolar
solvent but immiscible in both water and ethanol which are polar solvents. From that
statement, we can conclude that nonpolar solute is only miscible in nonpolar solvent and
polar solute is only dissolve in polar solvent.
For part (c) of this experiment, methylene chloride is added into water with the ratio
of volume of the methylene chloride to water is 1:3. Methylene chloride sinks at the bottom
of the test tube while the water floats at the top because the methylene chloride is denser than
the water. When two drops of iodine solution is added the colour of the aqueous layer is
yellowish gold while the colour of the methylene chloride is pale pink. After the test tube is
shaken gently for 20 seconds, the aqueous layer turns into pale yellow. The colour of the
methylene chloride turns into pink from pale pink. Therefore, we can conclude that iodine is
more soluble in methylene chloride rather than water.
In the nutshell, we can conclude that solubility and the miscibility of the substance are
influenced by the intermolecular forces between the substance and the solvent.
There are a few recommendations that we can follow when we are doing the
experiments. Firstly, we should wear mask, gloves and lab coat when we are handling hexane
and ethanol because they are very volatile and very flammable liquids. Moreover, they are
irritant and harmful when inhaled. Besides, there might be some systematic error too while
measuring the volume of chemical used in the experiment. Lastly, when sodium chloride and
oxalic acid is being filled into the test tube containing distilled water ,not all the solutes are
able to be transferred directly into the test tube.

8
REFERENCES

1. https://www.thoughtco.com/definition-of-solubility-604649
2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miscibility
3. http://science.jrank.org/pages/4382/Miscibility.html
4. https://www.quora.com/Whats-the-difference-between-something-being-miscible-
and-being-soluble
5. “Solubility”. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/solubility.htm
6. “Properties of Solutions”. Retrieved from
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-chemistry/chapter/properties-of-
solutions/