Literature Review

This chapter will involve the research about the seven quality tools approach in order to
understand the lateness behavior among various people around the world. It will explain more
about on how it happened in theoretically and according to the various sample taken from data
that been analyze from the researcher itself. From this chapter, the researcher reviews the article
and past research about the lateness among the community and how to overcome the issues
with a suitable practice and instrument.

1. A review of Factors Associated with Student’s Lateness Behavior and Dealing

Strategies.

This article had been research by Marwan Bataineh from King Saud University. Based on the
article, it literally tell that the researcher aimed to systematically studies about the factors relate
with the student lateness behavior and dealing strategies due to the lateness. The researcher
finds that there was conclusive evidence from the reviewed literature regarding student lateness
behavior, yet the number of articles supporting it was small. Finally, conclusion of the study
indicates that dealing with disruptive behavior in the classroom is one of the most challenging
aspects of being a professor and the study recommended further investigation and analysis
could be beneficial to obtain a complete vision of pattern of lateness behavior and coping
strategies for the student.

2. Influence of Group Lateness On Individual Lateness: A Cross-level Examination.

This journal was written by Gary Blau from Temple University. From this article, researcher
found out a hypothesized group-level employee lateness assessed before administration of a
survey would account for significant variance in post-survey individual lateness beyond that
due to individual-level antecedents such as pre-survey lateness, work attitudes, and work-
family conflict. The study samples were 285 bank tellers and439 hospital employees. Results
supported a group-level effect on individual lateness beyond controlled-for individual-level
antecedents. Implications and limitations of this study are discussed.

3. Lateness to meetings: Examination of an Unexplored Temporal Phenomenon.

According to this journal that written by Steven G. Rogelberg. This article study about the
lateness happened in the environment of organization where two different situation will find
that meeting lateness is a high basse rate and seemingly consequential workplace event, with
both objective and subjective elements, and potential implications for individuals, relationsjips,
groups, and the organization more broadly. Meeting lateness correlates include job satisfaction
with meetings in general, age, and conscientiousness. In light of the frequency, consequences,
and conceptual complexity of meeting lateness, along with the dearth of extant research on the
topic, it is a phenomenon primed for further study.

4. Determinant of Employee Punctuality.

This article written by Miriam Dishon-berkovits and have studied employee lateness
empirically few have attempted to describe the punctual employee. In the present study, results
of a discriminant analysis on employees in Israel indicated that a personality characteristic,
time urgency, a subcomponent of Type A behavioral pattern, distinguished between punctual
and late employees. Organizational commitment and age of employee's youngest child also
distinguished between the groups.

5. Employee Lateness Behavior: The Role of Lateness Climate and Individual

Lateness Attitude.

The authors, Joelle D. Elicker investigated the joint influence of contextual factors and
individual attitudes on employee lateness in a field setting. Hierarchical regression analyses
based on objective lateness data revealed that perceived lateness climate moderated the
relationship between individual lateness attitudes and lateness behaviors. Specifically, as
hypothesized, individual attitudes toward lateness were stronger predictors of actual lateness
frequency in lenient climates. This moderating effect was observed when controlling for key
attitudes such as job satisfaction, job involvement, and affective commitment. Thus, climate
displayed a unique effect on employee lateness, constraining the influence of individual
attitudes in strict climates and allowing more influence in lenient climates. Implications and
recommendations for future research are discussed.
RESULT

Question 1 : Gender of response?

Chart 1: Amount gender of responses

Chart 2: Percentage gender of responses

From the analysis, there are have difference between male n female. Male respondent are 225
(64.3%) people and female are 125 (35.7%) people so total of respondent 350
Question 2 : Year of response?

Chart 3 : Amount year of responses

Chart 4 : Percentage year of responses

From the analysis, there are have difference between year of responses. Year 1 respondent 72
(20.6%) people, year 2 77 (22%) people, year 3 87 (24.9%) people and year 4 114 (32.6%)
people.
Question 3 : Course of response?

Chart 5 : Course of responses

From the analysis, there are the respondent of each course in FTK UTeM. BETC with 76
people, BETA 38 people, BETD 36 people, BETE 33 people, BETH 34 people, BETI 38
people, BETM 20 people, BETP 24 people, BETR 27 people and BETT 24 people.

Question 4 : Race of response?

Chart 6 : Race of responses

From the analysis, there are the respondent of race in FTK UTeM. Bidayuh with 1 respondent,
Chinese 49 respondent, Iban 1 respondent, Indian with 11 respondent, Christian with 1
respondent and malay with 287 respondent
Question 5 : Transportation to FTK UTeM?

Chart 7 : Amount transport of responses

Chart 8 : Percentage transport of responses

From the analysis, there are the trasport that student use to go class in FTK UTeM which is 32
(9.1%) people use bicycle, 66 (18.9%) people use bus, 119 (34%) people use car and 133 (38%)
people use motorcycle.
Question 6 : Do you often come late to class?

Chart 9 : Amount of responses that come late to class

Chart 10 : Percentage of responses that come late to class

From the analysis, there are data that student come late to class. 171(50.3%) maybe come late
to class while 98 (28.8%) not late to come to class and 71(20.9%) have said yes to come late
to class and 10 people doenst fill in the answers.
Question 7 : Which class session you always late?

Chart 11: Pareto chart time class session year 1 always late will focus on 8 am

Chart 12: Pareto chart time class session year 2 always late will focus on 8 am
 Chart 13: Pareto chart time class session year 1 always late will focus on 8 am

Chart 14: Pareto chart time class session year 4 always late will focus on 8 am

From the analysis, there are data which class session student always late. We use pareto chart
in this question so according to pareto chart year 1 to year 4 always come late when class start
on 8 am.
Question 8 : What type of class session do you always late?

Chart 15: Pareto chart type of class session that Year 1 always late will be focus on
lecturer & lab

Chart 16: Pareto chart type of class session that Year 2 always late will be focus on
lecturer & lab
 Chart 17: Pareto chart type of class session that Year 3 always late will be focus on
lecturer & lab

Chart 18: Pareto chart type of class session that Year 4 always late will be focus on
lecturer, lab & tutorial

From the analysis, there are data of what type of class session student always late. We have use
pareto chart in this question. For year 1, year 2 and year 3 type of class session that always late
is lecture class and lab. For year 4 type of class session that always late are tutorial class, lecture
class and lab.
Question 9 : How long the time duration you always late?

Chart 19 : Amount of responses on time duration always late to class

Chart 20 : Percentage of responses on time duration always late to class

From the analysis, there are data of time duration student always come late to class. 212
(72.1%) student have pick they come late to class in less than 5 minutes. Then 51 (17.3%)
student pick around 5 minutes to 15 minutes come late to class, 18 (6.1%) student have
choose around 16 minutes-30 minites come late to class and only 13(4.4&) have choose more
than 30 minutes to come late to class. 56 respondent have not fill in thiss choice
Question 10 : Reason of lateness

Chart 21: Pareto chart reason of lateness year 1 will focus on overslept and heavy
traffic

Chart 22: Pareto chart reason of lateness year 2 will focus on overslept, transport
problems, heavy traffic and do other subject assignment
 Chart 23: Pareto chart reason of lateness year 3 will focus on overslept and heavy
traffic

Chart 24: Pareto chart reason of lateness year 4 will focus on overslept, subject not
interesting and transport problem

From the analysis, there are data reason of lateness. We use pareto chart in this question. For
year 1 and year 3 student come late to class because they have overslept and heavy traffic
problem. Meanwhile for year 2 student come late to class because of overslept, transport
problems, heavy traffic and do other subject assignment. Lastly for year 4 student come late to
class because of overslept, subject not interesting and transport problem.
Question 11 : What action taken by your lecturer?

Chart 25 : Amount of responses that pick based on action taken by lecturer

Chart 26 : Percentage of responses that pick based on action taken by lecturer

From the analysis, there are data of action taken by lecturer if come late to class. 32(9.7%)
people said lecturer have ask student to teach the class, 62(18.8%) people lecturer give an
advice. Then 72(21.8%) people said lecturer lock the door, 86(26.1%) lecturer have marked
the attendance as late and only 78(23.6%) people said lecturer no action taken to student that
come late to class. 20 people not full fill this question.
Question 12 : Student who come late to class for the first time should not be punished by
lecturer?

Chart 27 : Amount of responses

Chart 28 : Percentage of responses

From the analysis, there are the data of student who come late to class for the first time
should not be punished by lecturer which is about 139(39.7%) student have agree to this
question while 116(33.1%) people don’t care about this and only 95(27.1%) student are
disagree to this question.
Question 13 : Lateness problem will affect the student when they are in a workplace?

Chart 29 : Amount of responses

Chart 30: Percentage of responses

From the analysis, there are the data of question which is lateness problem will affect the
student when they are in workplace. So 169(52.8%) people have agree to this question while
around 103(32.2%) people don’t care and 48(15%) people disagree about this question. 30
people doesn’t fill in this question.
Question 14 : The relationship between student and lecturer will be affected if student
continuously late to the class?

Chart 31 : Amount of responses

Chart 32: Percentage of responses

From the analysis, there are the data of question which is the relationship between student
and lecturer will be affected if student continuously late to the class. From this question
231(66%) people have agree while 41(11.7%) people don’t care about this and 78(22.3%)
people disagree to this question.
Question 15 : Student that always come late to class may have bad result?

Chart 33: Amount of responses

Chart 34: Percentage of responses

From the analysis, there are the data of question which is student that always come late to
class may have bad result. So around 148(42.3%) student have agree while 58(16.6%) student
don’t care and 144(41.1%) student disagree about this question.
Question 15 : Lecturer should give more attention to student that come late to class?

Chart 35: Amount of responses

Chart 36: Percentage of responses

From the analysis, there are the data of question which is lecturer should give more attention
to student that come late to class. 113(33.2%) student agree about this question while
67(19.7%) don’t care about this and 160(47.1%) student disagree about this question.
FISHBONE DIAGRAM

What Action Plan Responsible

Method Improve sleep habit to Student
overcome sleepy
Need to follow rule and Student, Lecturer
improve rule
Take care of health Student
Environment Prepare early to class Student
(distance of house)
Prepare for a rainy day Student
Prepare early to class Student
(Heavy Traffic)
Material Interesting method on Lecturer
teaching subject
Provide enough parking UTeM
Give correct information Student, Lecturer
Machine Check clock function or not Student
Double check vehicle before Student
use
Check air conditioning UTeM
services