Professional Documents
Culture Documents
E X E R C I S E
7
Respiratory System Mechanics
Advance Preparation/Comments
1. Demonstrate the mechanics of the lungs during respiration if a bell jar and balloon lungs are available.
2. Prior to the lab, suggest to the students that they become familiar with the exercise before coming to class.
If students have a home computer, or access to a computer on campus, they can become familiar with the
general operation of the simulations before coming to class. In particular, they should understand the lung
volumes.
3. A short introductory presentation with the following elements is often helpful:
• Review the basics of respiratory anatomy, particularly the inspiratory and expiratory sequence.
• Reinforce the fact that there are no fibrous or muscular connections between the lungs and the thoracic
wall when doing the bell jar demonstration. Students often remember this demonstration more than
most others.
• Mention that normal inspiration requires muscle action but that normal expiration is passive.
• If a demonstration computer and bell jar lungs are available, compare the operation of the onscreen
lungs with the balloon lungs in the bell jar.
• A pair of microscope slides with a thin film of water between makes an excellent demonstration of the
concept of water tension.
• Briefly explain the idea of carbon dioxide retention in the blood during hypoventilation and its removal
from the blood by hyperventilation.
• Review Boyle’s Law.
• h. Remind students that the respiratory center in the brain is more sensitive to PCO than to PO .
2 2
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Activity Questions:
1. Residual volume is the air remaining in the airways and the lungs which prevents the alveoli from
collapsing.
2. The helium dilution method is used to calculate the residual volume.
3. Prior to a cough, the respiratory rate will be regular on the spirogram. During a cough, the respiratory rate
becomes irregular and there are more pronounced expiratory events.
390 Exercise 7
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Activity Questions:
1. With emphysema the lungs lose their elasticity resulting in more air remaining in the alveoli which
increases the residual volume.
2. During an acute asthma attack, bronchiole smooth muscle spasms and, thus, the airways become restricted.
The medication in the inhaler will partially dilate the airways, but the underlying cause for the asthma is
still present.
3. The breathing rate and increase in tidal volume are more pronounced in the heavy exerciser than in the
moderate exerciser.
Activity Questions:
1. Premature infants have difficulty with normal breathing because they lack sufficient surfactant which
decreases the surface tension in the alveoli.
2. The presence of air in the pleural cavity is referred to as a pneumothorax. When air is present in the
pleural cavity, it can lead to the collapse of a lung, atelectasis.
Exercise 7 391
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7
R E V I E W S H E E T
NAME ____________________________________
EXERCISE
LAB TIME/DATE _______________________
1. What would be an example of an everyday respiratory event the ERV button simulates? The ERV button simulates a
___________________________
forced expiration.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
4. What happened to the FEV1 (%) as the radius of the airways decreased? How well did the results compare with your prediction?
5. Explain why the results from the experiment suggest that there is an obstructive, rather than a restrictive, pulmonary problem.
The FEV1 (%) decreased proportionally as the radius decreased which is characteristic of an obstructive pulmonary problem.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
A C T I V I T Y 2 Comparative Spirometry
1. What lung values changed (from those of the normal patient) in the spirogram when the patient with emphysema was
selected? Why did these values change as they did? How well did the results compare with your prediction? The values that
___________
change for the patient with emphysema are ERV, IRV, RV, FVC, FEV1 and the FEV1 (%). These changes are due to the loss of elastic recoil.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
significantly more than the FVC for the patient with emphysema.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. What lung values changed (from those of the normal patient) in the spirogram when the patient experiencing an acute asthma
attack was selected? Why did these values change as they did? How well did the results compare with your prediction?
The values that changed for the patient with the acute asthma attack are TV, ERV, IRV, RV, FVC, FEV1 and the FEV1 (%). These
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
obstructive diseases characterized by increased airway resistance. It is more difficult to exhale with emphysema than with asthma.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
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5. Describe the effect that the inhaler medication had on the asthmatic patient. Did all the spirogram values return to “normal”?
Why do you think some values did not return all the way to normal? How well did the results compare with your prediction?
The values that returned to normal were TV, ERV, FEV1 (%). The smooth muscles in the bronchioles didn’t return to normal plus
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
6. How much of an increase in FEV1 do you think is required for it to be considered significantly improved by the medication?
A significant improvement would be at least 10–15% improvement. Student answers will vary on this response.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
7. With moderate aerobic exercise, which changed more from normal breathing, the ERV or the IRV? How well did the results
The lung value that changed more with moderate exercise was IRV.
compare with your prediction? ________________________________________________________________________
with moderate and heavy exercise. A greater increase in breathing rate was seen with heavy exercise.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. What effect does the addition of surfactant have on the airflow? How well did the results compare with your prediction?
The surfactant addition further increased airflow because the surface tension in the alveoli decreased allowing the alveoli to
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expand more.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Why does surfactant affect airflow in this manner? Surfactant serves to decrease the surface tension.
________________________________________________________
3. What effect did opening the valve have on the left lung? Why does this happen?
It caused the lung to collapse because the pressure in the pleural cavity is less than the intrapulmonary pressure. Air flows from the
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
4. What effect on the collapsed lung in the left side of the glass bell jar did you observe when you closed the valve? How well
The lung did remain collapsed and did not reinflate after the valve was closed.
did the results compare with your prediction? _____________________________________________________________
5. What emergency medical condition does opening the left valve simulate?
6. In the last part of this activity, you clicked the Reset button to draw the air out of the intrapleural space and return the lung
to its normal resting condition. What emergency procedure would be used to achieve this result if these were the lungs in a
Emergency professionals will insert a chest tube to pull a partial vacuum out of the intrapleural space to return it to a
living person? ______________________________________________________________________________________
7. What do you think would happen when the valve is opened if the two lungs were in a single large cavity rather than sepa-
Both lungs would collapse if the lungs were not separated. Breathing would stop and the person would die.
rate cavities? _______________________________________________________________________________________