成功大學工程科學系

Chapter 6

Arithmetic Instructions and

Programs

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• 6.1Arithmetic Instructions
• 6.2 Signed number concepts and arithmetic
operations
• 6.3 Logic and compare instructions
• 6.4 Rotate instruction and data serialization
• 6.5 BCD, ASCII, and other application programs

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6-1 Arithmetic instructions

• Addition of unsigned numbers
• Addition of individual bytes
• ADDC and addition of 16-bit numbers
• BCD number system
• Unpacked BCD
• Packed BCD
• DA instruction
• Subtraction of unsigned number

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6-1 Arithmetic instructions

• Unsigned multiplication and division
– Multiplication of unsigned numbers
• MUL AB ; A x B, place 16-bit result
– Division of unsigned numbers

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Addition of unsigned numbers

• Unsigned numbers- all bits are used to represent
data, no bits are for the positive or negative sign.
• Operand value: 00H~FFH (8-bit)
– ADD A, source; A= A+ source
– Example 6-1

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Addition of individual bytes

• Carry flag should be checked, if we are to
calculate the sum of any number of operands
• Example6-2

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ADDC and addition of 16-bit numbers

• Add 16-bit numbers – propagation of a carry from
the lower byte to the higher byte.
• Use ADDC (add with carry) instruction
• Example 6-3: 3CE7H + 3B8DH

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BCD (binary coded decimal) number system

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Unpacked BCD
• Lower 4 bits represent the BCD number, the rest
of the bits are 0.
• Ex: unpacked BCD of ‘0000 1001”  BCD 9
• unpacked BCD of ‘0000 0101’ BCD 5

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Packed BCD
• A single byte contains two BCD numbers.
• Ex: packed BCD ‘0101 1001’ is 59H
• Packed BCD is more efficient to store data than
unpacked BCD
• NOTE: There is a problem: after adding packed
BCD numbers, the result is no longer BCD
• EX: MOV A,#17H; 17H + 28H = 3FH
• ADD A,#28H; 3FH is not a BCD
• ; the result should be 45H
• ; in BCD
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Packed BCD
• MOV A,#17H; 17H + 28H = 3FH
• ADD A,#28H; 3FH is not a BCD
• ; the result should be 45H ( in BCD)
• ;  add 6 to the lower digit: 3FH + 6H = 45H
• ;another example of higher digit:
• ;52H + 87H = D9H (52D + 87D = 139D)
• ; add 6 the the higher digit: D9H + 60H = 139H
• ; decimal adjustment

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DA (decimal adjust for addition) instruction

• Add 6 to the lower nibble or higher nibble if needed;
otherwise it will leave the result alone.
• EX: MOV A,#47H ; A=47H first BCD number
• MOV B, #25H; B=25H second BCD number
• ADD A,B; hex(binary) addition (A=6CH)
• DA A ; adjust for BCD addition (A=72H)
• DA instruction works only on A.
• DA must be used after addition of BCD operands and BCD
operands can never have any digit greater than 9
• DA works only after an ADD (ADDC) instruction. It will
not work after the INC instruction.

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Subtraction of unsigned numbers

• SUBB A, source ;A = A – source –CY
• In many microprocessors there are two different
instructions for subtraction: SUB and SUBB
(subtract with borrow).
• In 8051, only SUBB.
• To make SUB out of SUBB, we must make CY=0
prior to the execution of SUBB.
– Two cases for SUBB instruction:
– (1) CY=0
– (2) CY=1

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Subtraction with unsigned numbers

• Assume 8051 executing SUBB with CY=0, the
hardware operations:
– 1.Take the 2’s complement of the subtrahend (source)
– 2.Add it to the minuend (A)
– 3. Invert the carry.
– Example 6-5
– If after the execution of SUBB the CY=0, the result is
positive;
– if CY=1, the result is negative and the destination has
the 2’s complement of the result.
•  use CPL (1’s complement) and INC to get the 2’s
complement. (Example 6-6)

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• 注意: 硬體自動invert CY.

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SUBB with CY=1

• If CY=1 prior to executing the SUBB instruction,
it also subtracts 1 from the result.
• Used for multibyte numbers and will take care of
the borrow of the lower operand.
• Example 6-7

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Unsigned multiplication and division

• Use register A and B only.
• Multiplication of unsigned numbers
– MUL AB ; A x B, place 16-bit result
• Division of unsigned numbers

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Multiplication of unsigned numbers

– MUL AB ; A x B, place 16-bit result in B and A

– ; lower byte in A, higher byte in B
– EX: MOV A, #25H ; 25H x 65 H = E99H
– MOV B,#65H ; where B= 0EH,
– MUL AB ; A=99H

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Division of unsigned numbers

• Byte over byte only
• DIV AB ; divide A by B
• ; quotient in A, Remainder in B
• EX: MOV A,#95 ; Dive 95 by 10
• MOV B, #10 ; the result-A=09 (quotient)
• DIV AB ; B=05 (remainder)
• The instruction always make CY=0 and OV=0 if
the numerator is not 0.
• If the numerator is 0 (B=0), OV=1 indicates an
error, and CY=0. Divide by 0  OV=1
• Example 6-8 and 6-9 (舊版是同一題,新版為兩題)
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6.2 Signed numbers and arithmetic operations

• Concept of signed numbers in computers
• Signed 8-bit operands
• Positive numbers
• Negative numbers
• Overflow problem in signed number operations
• When is the OV flag set?
• Instructions to create 2’s complent

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• Positive numbers:
• Negative numbers: 2’s complement of a positive
number.
– Example 6-9,6-10,6-11

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Exampl 6-10

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Example 6-11

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Example 6-12

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Overflow problem in signed number operations

• Overflow : If the result of an operation on signed
numbers is too large for the register, an overflow
has occurred and the programmer must be notified.
• Overflow  OV flag = 1
• Programmer takes care of the error.
• Example 6-13 (舊版6-12)

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Example 6-13

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When is the OV flag set?

• In 8-bit signed operations, OV is set to 1
– There is a carry from D6 to D7 but no carry out of D7
(CY=0) (正數)
– There is a carry from D7 out (CY=1) but no carry from
D6 to D7 (負數)
–  overflow flag is set to 1 if there is a carry from D6
to D7 or from D7 out, but not both.
– Example 6-14,6-15,6-16.

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Example 6-14

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Example 6-15

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Example 6-16

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• Overflow flag: in any signed number addition, OV

indicates whether the result is valid or not. If
OV=1, the result is errornous; if OV=0, the result
is valid.
• In unsigned number addition, we must monitor the
status of CY. (We can use JC, JNC to branch right
after the addition of unsigned numbers)
• In signed number addition, we must monitor the
OV flag. (no branch instruction over the OV flag.)
But we can use JB PSW.2 or JNB PSW.2

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Instructions to Create 2’s Complement

• CPL A ; 1’s complement
• ADD A, #1 ; add 1 to make 2’s complement

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6-2 ends

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