678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901

678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901
678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901

INDIA -
7 INDUSTRIES, TRANSPOR
TRANSPORTT
AND COMMUNICA
COMMUNICATIONTION

What we have learnt

z The major minerals and ores being mined in India are iron
ore, manganese, limestone, mica, bauxite etc.
z Raw materials for agro-based industries namely sugarcane,
cotton, jute, tobacco, rubber, coffee, tea etc are being
cultivated in India.
z There are several rivers in India which are used for the
generation of hydroelectric power and water transport.
z Another major source of energy being produced in India is
coal.

103
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345
Social Science II
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345

You might have understood that our vast • Agro-based industry

and diverse country is rich in natural resources. • Mineral-based industry
With the help of technology we could Find out more examples of these and add
process these resources into various products them in the boxes below.
in India itself.
This marked the beginning of
industrialization in India. The various → Cotton textile
industry
developments that we see in India today are
mainly due to industrialization. The role played
by industries in leading an agricultural society
like India to progress is crucial. We shall make Agro-based
industries
a survey of the major industries in India and
the role played by geographic factors in their
locational efficiency and development.
Industry
You are already aware of the factors Iron and Steel
influencing production. Certain locational industry
factors are crucial in the beginning of any
industrial enterprise. Let us take a look at the
factors influencing the location of industries. Mineral-based
industry
• The availability of raw materials
• Climate
• The availability of water
• Suitable topography
• Transport and communication facilities. You might have understood about the
• Human resources potential major crops being grown in India. As
agriculture was given considerable importance
• The availability of energy resources
since ancient times, many agro-based
Classification of industries industries came into being in our country.
Industries can be classified into two types, • Which are the agro-based industries in
based on the raw materials used. They are : India?

104
678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901
678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901
678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901
• Which are the agro-based industries in
your locality?
Agro-based industries
There are a number of industries in India
which use agricultural products as raw
materials. Such industries are called agro-
based industries. Let us find out some
important facts about the major agro-based
industries in India.
Cotton textile industries
India has been renowned for cotton cloths
since very old times. Marco Polo, the famed
world traveller who lived during the 13th
century had mentioned in his travel accounts
the quality of cotton cloths of India. It is the
cotton textile industry that laid the foundation
for industrialization in India. Though cotton
textile mills function in various parts of the
country, the majority of them are located in
the states of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu
and West Bengal.
Mumbai is the largest cotton textile
manufacturing centre in India. The reasons for
this are listed below.
• Nearness to cotton growing regions.
• The availability of electricity at cheaper
rates.
• Humid climate
• Availability of fresh water
• Nearness to harbour
• Availabilty of human resources
•
Ahmedabad city which is located in the
centre of the cotton growing region stands
second in the production of cotton textiles.
In West Bengal, cheap thermal power,
abundant fresh water availability and the
proximity to harbour are favouring location
of this industry.
Cotton textiles industry in India
started with the establishment of a
textile mill in 1818 at Fort Glaster
near Kolkata. However, large scale
cotton textiles industry started in
Mumbai in 1854.
Examine the map (figure. 7.1) and
complete the table 7.1.
Important cotton State
textile industrial cities
• Nagpur Maharashtra
•
•
•
•
Table 7.1
Jute Industries
Jute industry holds an important place
among the agro-based industries in India.
Jute thread, gunny bags, bags, clothes,
carpets etc are products made of jute. The
first jute mill was established at a place
called ‘Rishra’ on the banks of the river
Hooghly in 1854. Jute industry is mainly
concentrated in about 98 km stretch on
either banks of the river Hooghly. Let us
analyse the geographic factors that have
influenced the location of these industries.
105
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345
Social Science II
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345

INDIA
Afghanistan Industries
Cotton Textile

Ch
ina
st an Ti
ki be
Pa t
Muradabad Ne
pa
l
Agra Bhutan

Gwalior Kanpur
Bangladesh
Ahmedabad Ujjain Murshidabad
Rajkot Dewas Myanmar
Vadodhara Hooghli Haora
Indore
Porbandar Jalgaon Wardha
Surat

Mumbai Aurangabad
Varangal
Pune
Hyderabad
Bellari Gundoor
Hubli

Bangalore Bay of Bengal

Andam Islands

Mysore Chennai
Arabian Sea
Selam
Coimbatore
an and

Madurai
Lakshadweep
Nicoba

Sri Lanka
r

Cotton Textile
Industries Indian Ocean

figure 7.1
Based upon Survey of India map with the permission of Surveyor General of India. © Government of India, Copyright 2003

106
678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901
678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901
678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901

• Jute is extensively cultivated on the banks
of the rivers Ganga and Brahmaputra.
• Transport facilities along the rivers Ganga
and Brahmaputra
• Rail facilities which helps the transport
of raw materials and finished products.
• Large scale availability of thermal
power owing to proximity of coal
mines.
• Nearness to port facilities.
• Availability of human resources.
• in the field of cloth manufacture. With
• the advent of these fibres we could
Find the location of major jute mills in
India from altas.
Woollen industries
The raw material for woollen products is
wool obtained from sheep. Woollen industrial
units are largely concentrated in the north
Indian states namely Punjab and Haryana. The
major centres of this industry are in Dharival,
Amritsar and Ludhiana.
• Take a look at the map of India (figure
7.2). Find out the location of the
woollen industries in different states
and prepare a table.
Silk industries
Indian silk is world famous. Silk worms
are grown in mulberry plants for the production
of cocoon, the raw material for silk. The major
silk manufacturing states are Karnataka, West
Bengal and Kashmir.
The first modern silk manufacturing
unit was started in Howra in 1832. The
process of growing silk worms and
separating silk from them is called
sericulture.
From the map (figure 7.2) find out the
regions where silk industries are concentrated
in India and prepare a table based on it.
Natural fibres are giving way
The invention of synthetic fibres has
brought about revolutionary changes
manufacture durable and beautiful
cloths. The most popular synthetic
fibres are rayon, nylon, terin and
decron. These threads are produced
by the chemical processing of
petroleum, coal and pulp. By blending
cotton, silk and wool with synthetic
fibres we are able to make better
cloths. Mumbai, Ahmedabad, Surat,
Delhi, Amritsar, Gwalior and Kolkata
are the places where we can find most
of the cloth manufacturing units that
use synthetic fibres.
Sugar industries
Among agro-based industries, sugar holds
the second place. Haven’t you studied about
the regions in India where sugarcane is
cultivated? If sugarcane is kept for a longer
period after their cropping, the content of sugar
(sucrose) in it decreases. Therefore, all sugar
factories have been located near sugar fields.

107
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345
Social Science II
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345

Afghanistan INDIA
Industries
Srinagar Silk and Woollen Textiles
Baramulla
Anantnag
Ch
Amritsar ina
Ludhiyana Ti
a n be
t
ist Panipat
P ak Ne
Gurgaon Shahjahanpur pa
Bikaner l
Bhutan
Jaipur Agra Kanpur
Varanasi
Bangladeshv
Mizapur Murshidabad
Ahmedabad Bankura
Jamnagar Myanmar

Mumbai

Belgaum

Bangalore Kolar

Arabian Sea Mysore Silk Textile Industry

Nicoba
Andam slands

Woollen Textile Industry

rI
an and

Lakshadweep Bay of Bengal

Sri Lanka

Indian Ocean

figure 7.2

Based upon Survey of India map with the permission of Surveyor General of India. © Government of India, Copyright 2003

108
678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901
678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901
678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901

About 60 % of the sugar being manufactured
in India is from the states of Uttar Pradesh
and Bihar. Which are the other sugar producing
states in India? Study the map (figure 7.3)
and find out.
Paper Industry
The industry where bamboo, bagasse and
softwood like eucalyptus are used as raw
materials in the paper industry.
Similarly, there are more such agro-based
industries is our country. Find them out and
complete table 7.2.
Industry Raw materials State
• • • z
• • • z
• • • z
Table 7.2
• Mark the locations of various agro-
based industries using different
symbols in the outline map of India
given at the end of the textbook.
Mineral-based industries
Haven’t you understood about the
various agro-based industries and the
locational factors that are necessary for them.
A large number of machines are needed for
the functioning of each of these industries.
These machines are the products of certain
other industries. Minerals are the raw materials
for these industries. Why not have a survey
of the major mineral-based industries of our
country?
Iron and steel industries
You know that the base for progress we
witness today in our country is the result of
the development of iron and steel industries.
Iron and steel are the essential constituents of
railway lines, engines, ships, motor vehicles and
machines. Similarly, they are essential for the
construction of bridges and buildings.
Iron ore, coal, manganese and limestone
are the essential raw materials for the iron and
steel industry.
Won’t you try to gather some information
about the important iron and steel industries
from table 7.3
Besides these, three steel plants have
been established in the public sector. Their
locations are :
Bailadila ˛ Orissa
Vijayanagar ˛ Andra Pradesh
Salem ˛ Tamil Nadu
z Prepare a note on the topic “the major
iron and steel industries in India”
Aluminium Industries
z What are the purposes for which
aluminium is used?
The ore of aluminium is bauxite. The
characteristics of this durable metal are low
weight, strength, resistance to alteration and
electrical conductivity. Aluminium processing
industries are mainly located in the states of
Orissa, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh,
Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu,
Karnataka and Kerala.
z Refer the atlas and prepare a table of
the state wise distribution of different
aluminium processing industries in
India.

109
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345
Social Science II
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345

INDIA
Afghanistan
Industries
Sugar, Paper

Ch
ina
Ti
n be
sta t
ki Ne
Pa pa
l
Bhutan

Bangladesh

Myanmar

Andam Islands

Arabian Sea
an and

Bay of Bengal
Lakshadweep
Nicoba

Sri Lanka
r

Sugar Industry
Paper Industry Indian Ocean

figure 7.3

Based upon Survey of India map with the permission of Surveyor General of India. © Government of India, Copyright 2003

110
678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901
678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901
678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901

INDIA
Afghanistan
Industries
Iron and Steel

Ch
ina

n Ti
a be
k ist t
Pa Ne
pa
l
Bhutan

Bokaro Bangladesh

Burnpur Durgapur
Myanmar
Jamshedpur
Raurkela
Bhilai

Vishakhapatnam

Vijaynagar
Andam Islands

Bhadravati
Arabian Sea
an and

Selam

Bay of Bengal
Nicoba

Lakshadweep

Sri Lanka
r

Indian Ocean

figure- 7.4

Based upon Survey of India map with the permission of Surveyor General of India. © Government of India, Copyright 2003

111
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345
Social Science II
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345

Iron and Steel Year of State in Other information

Factory establishment which located
Tata Iron and 1907 Jharkhand z Shri. Jamshedji Tata, "the Father of
Steel factory (Jamshedpur) modern industry", started this industry

z A public sector enterprise

Visveswarayya 1923 Karnataka
z Known earlier as the Mysore Iron and
Iron and steel (Shimoga
Steel Factory
factory Limited district)
z Located along the banks of the river
(VISL)
Bhadravathi

Bhilai 1959 Chhattisgarh z A public sector enterprise

Steel Plant (Durg z Established with the financial help
district) from the erstwhile Soviet Union
z Started during the second Five year
plan period

Durgapur 1959 West Bengal z A public sector enterprise

Steel Plant (Burdwan) z Established with the financial help
from Britain and Soviet Union

z A public sector enterprise

Raurkela 1959 Orissa z Established with the financial help
Steel Plant (Sundergarh from Germany
district) z Raourkela is situated near the Kolkata
Mumbai Rail route
z A public sector enterprise
z Established with the financial help
Bokaro 1972 Jharkhand
from the erstwhile Soviet Union
Steel Plant (Hazaribagh)
z Situated at the confluence point of the
rivers Damodar and Bokaro

Indian Iron and 1919 West Bengal z Established in private sector

Steel Company (Baranpur) z This factory has one workshop each
at Kulti and Bulhanpur

Table 7.3

112
678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901
678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901
678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901
Cement Industries
Along with iron and steel, cement is an
important material for constructional activities.
The raw materials for cement manufacture
include limestone, silica, gypsum, dolomite and
clay. Besides these, the availability of electric
power is also vital. The first cement
manufacturing unit was started in Chennai in
1904.
z From the map (figure 7.5) find out the
location of the cement industries in
India and prepare a table out of it.
Other Industries
Apart from these, there are a number of
industries in our country related to the
manufacture of chemical substances, chemical
fertilizers, glass, plastics, paint, leather,
vehicles, electrical appliances, rubber etc. Find
out their locations and complete table 7.4.
Industry Location
z Glass Ferozabad, Mumbai, Kalyan
z Chemical Sindri, Sangal, Trombay,
Fertilisers Haldia, Chennai, Raurkela,
Korba
z
Table 7.4
The electronic industry has been
considerably developing in the 21st century. It
holds further development possibilities. With
the introduction of modern technology, several
sophisticated equipments have become quite
common. The manufacture of the components
of these equipments, computer hardware,
software and other related equipments is being
done widely in our country. The cities of
Hyderabad, Delhi, Bangalore, Kolkata and
Chennai are the centres of such industries.
Besides thes, software technology parks are
functioning in several parts of the country. The
technopark at Thiruvananthapuram is an
example.
z On the outline of India given at the end
of the text book, mark the location of
mineral-based industries using different
symbols.
Transportation
Travel by man is as old as himself. Initially,
he used to travel in search of food, work and
for exchanging things. The discovery of wheels
paved the way for various means of
transportation. They helped him in reaching
distant places at faster speeds. Today a large
number of people travel to distant parts of
the world.
The emergence of modern transport and
communication facilities has helped to bring
people of different parts of the country closer
together. This has greatly helped in cultural
exchanges and above all for national
integration.
This change in the transport sector has
resulted in revolutionary changes in the
communication sector too. Communication has
become indispensable to man’s everyday life.
Today we have many modern communication
facilities. Transport and communication have
conquered distance and made the world a
single village. Let us now try to understand
about the different transport and
communication facilities and their role in public
travel and exchange of commodities and
services.
113
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345
Social Science II
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345

Afghanistan INDIA
Industries - Cement
Wuyan

Ch
ina
Bhupendra
st an Ti
be
i t
P ak
Ne
Dalmia Dadri pa
l
Sawai Madhopur Chun Bhutan
Chittogarh Dalla Siju
Banmur Dalmia nagar
Abu road Lakkari Chopan Chacha
Nimbad Churkh Bangladesh
Udhipur Satna Japla sindhri
Kalari
DwarakaSikka Sevolia Kimoor Chibas Purulia
Porbandar Vadodara Rajgampur Myanmar
Bhavanagar Durg
Jamul Bara
Veraval MandharChandrapur
Manjeril

Shahabad Karimnagar
Vijayawada
Battamanjerila Macherila
Krishna
Bagalkot Panyam
Bhadravathi Eragundla
Arabian Sea Bangalore
Andam Islands

Ammasundra
Sankardurg
Makkaral Dalmiapuram
an and

Thulukapetti
Srivilliputhur
Kottayam Sankar nagar
Lakshadweep Bay of Bengal
Nicoba

Sri Lanka
r

Indian Ocean

figure 7.5
Based upon Survey of India map with the permission of Surveyor General of India. © Government of India, Copyright 2003

114
678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901
678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901
678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901

The various transport routes of the Railway

country are
• Roads
• mode of transport for large scale goods
Road transportation
India is one of the countries of the world
having the largest road network. We have an
extensive road network that links the different
parts of the country. The influence of
topography in road construction is noticeable.
The regions with the largest road network
include:
• The Gangetic plains
• The Damodar valley
• The Punjab-Haryana plains
• The south Indian states such as Tamil
Nadu, Karnataka and Kerala
India is the country with the largest railway
network in Asia. This is the most convenient
movement as well as for long distance travel.
Based on the spacing between rails, railways
are classified into broad gauge (1.69 m), metre
gauge (1.0m) and narrow gauge (0.762 m).
Won’t you enquire about and find out
the type of gauges of the railway lines of Kerala.
For administrative convenience there are fifteen
zones in the Indian Railways.
Region Head quarters
1. Central Railway Mumbai (Sivaji
Terminal)
2. Western Railway Mumbai
Church gate

Do you know why road transportation 3. Eastern Railway Kolkata

developed to this extent in the above 4. Northern Railway New Delhi
mentioned regions.? 5. North-eastern Railway Gorakhpur
Roads in India can be classified as shown 6. Southern Railway Chennai
below.
7. South-central Railway Secunderabad
• National Highways
8. North-eastern border
• State Highways Railway Maligavu
• District roads
9. South-eastern border
• Village roads Railway Kolkota
From the map (figure 7.6) find out the 10. North-central Border Allahabad
various national highways and the states they Railway
pass through and complete the table 7.5. 11. North-west Border Jaipur
Railway
National States
12. South-western Railway Bangalore
Highway
13. East-central Railway Hajipur
• NH 47 Tamil Nadu, Kerala
14. West-central Railway Jabalpur
•
• 15. East-coast Railway Bhubaneswar

Table 7.5 Table 7.6

115
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345
Social Science II
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345

Afghanistan

Srinagar INDIA
Jammu
National Highways
Manali Ch
Amritsar ina
n Chandigarh Shimla Ti
a be
ist Ambala t
P ak Ne
Bikaner Delhi Bareilly pa
l Gangtok
Jaipur Gorakhpur Bhutan
Lucknow
Ajmer Gwalior Kohima
Siliguri
Udaipur Allahabad Varanasi Bangladesh Imphal
Jhansi Dhanbad
Ahmedabad Ranchi Agartala
Kandla Kolkata
Lakhnadon Myanmar
Porbandar Raipur
Dhule Baleshwar
Nagpur
Thane Bhubaneswar
Mumbai Panavel
Pune Paradip
Solapur Jagadarpur
Hydrabad
Vijayawada
Belgaum
Panaji
Chitradurga
Arabian Sea
Andam Islands

Mangalore Bangalore Chennai

Krishnagiri
Selam
an and

Thrissur Dindigul
Lakshadweep Madurai Bay of Bengal
Nicoba

Rameswaram
Thiruvananthapuram
Tirunelveli
Kanyakumari
r

Sri Lanka

National Indian Ocean

Highway

figure- 7.6

Based upon Survey of India map with the permission of Surveyor General of India. © Government of India, Copyright 2003

116
678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901
678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901
678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901

Afghanistan
INDIA
Rail Transport

Jammu Town Ch
Pathankot in
Amritsar a
Jalandhar
an Ludhiana Ti
st Firozpur Ambala be
ki Saharanpur t
Pa Dangan
Moradabad Ne
Bikaner Delhi pa Dibrugarh
l Trisukia
Pokaran Agra Lucknow Bhutan
Jodhpur Jaipur Kanpur Siliguri
Ajmer Patna Guwahati
Gwalior Varanasi
Marwar Jhansi Allahabad Kalihar
Udaipuri Mughalsaral Bangladesh
Bina Gaya Asansol
Kandla Kumarghat
Rajkot Katni Myanmar
Rattam Bhopal
Ahmedabad Kolkata
Itarasi Raurkela
Vadodara Bilaspur
Porbandar Kharagpur
Surat Bhusawal Nagpur New Moore
Raipur Cuttack
Manmad Wardha Bhubneshwar
Mubai
Pune
Daud Warangal
Wadi Dyderabad Vishakhapatnam
Vijayawada
Marmagoa Hubli
Guntekal
Andam Islands

Bangalore
Arabian Sea Mangalore
Chennai
Mysore
an and

Selam
Tiruchchirappalli
Shoranur Bay of Bengal
Nicoba

Lakshadweep Madurai
Rameswaram
Thiruvananthapuram
r

Kanyakumari
Sri Lanka
Railway Station
Railway Line
Indian Ocean

figure- 7.7
Based upon Survey of India map with the permission of Surveyor General of India. © Government of India, Copyright 2003

117
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345
Social Science II
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345

Do you know ? Find out the location of major ports in India

• Rail traffic started in India in 1854 from the map (figure 7.8) and complete the
between Mumbai and Thane. table 7.7.
• At present there are 6853 railway Harbour State Coast
stations in India .
• The total length of the railway line in Mumbai Maharashtra Western
India is 1,08,706 km, within a distance coast
of 862813km. Kandla
• The Himasagar Express, which runs Kolkata
between Kanyakumari and Jammu-
Paradip
Tawi is the train that covers the longest
distance in the country. Marmagoa

Water transportation Vishakhapatnam

Our country with a long coast line and a Kochi

large number of rivers holds vast potential for
water transportation. This mode of
transportation with its relatively little cost, less
noise and very little air pollution is best suited
for large scale commodity movement. Still it
has significant importance in goods
transportation. Water transportation has been
classified into inland transportation and ocean
water transportation. Let us take a look at the
major waterways of inland water
transportation in India.
• Ganga and Brahmaputra rivers and their
tributaries.
• Godavari and Krishna rivers and their
canals.
• Buckingham canal in Andhra Pradesh and
Tamil Nadu.
• Mandovi and Suvari rivers in Goa.
• Backwaters and canals of Kerala.
India holds the second place in Asia in
terms of ship ownership. Today, India operates
shipping services along almost all ship routes.
Mangalapuram
Tuticorin
Chennai
Table 7.7
Air transportation
It is possible to travel longer distances at
faster speeds by air. In regions of rugged
topography where road and rail transportation
are difficult, this is the single transportation
mode that can be relied upon. Hence, domestic
air transportation has considerable importance
in the North eastern states of India. Air
transportation in India is mainly controlled by
Air India and the Indian Airlines Corporation.
While Air India deals with international traffic,
Indian Airlines handles domestic traffic.
Besides these, private as well as international
agencies also operate air services in India.
The map (figure 7.9) depicts air transportation
in India. Find out the national and international
airports from the map (figure 7.9) and prepare
a table out of it.

118
678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901
678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901
678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901

Afghanistan
INDIA
Ports

Ch
ina
Ti
be
an t
ist Ne
P ak pa
l
Bhutan

Bangladeshv
Kandla
Kolkata
Myanmar
Haldia

Paradip
Mumbai
Jawaharlal Nehru

Vishakhapatnam

Marmagao

Ennore
Arabian Sea
Mangalore Chennai
Andam Islands
an and

Kochi Bay of Bengal

Lakshadweep
Nicoba

Tuticorin
r

Sri Lanka
Ports
Indian Ocean

figure- 7.8
Based upon Survey of India map with the permission of Surveyor General of India. © Government of India, Copyright 2003

119
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345
Social Science II
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345

Afghanistan

INDIA
Kabul
Air Routes
Srinagar Leh
La
ho
re Jammu Ch
Kullu ina
Amritsar

st an Chandigargh Ti
be
ki t Daporjio
Pa Delhi Ne
pa Ziro Along
Dibrugarh
l Kathmandu
Tezpur Lilabari
Jaipur Agra Lucknow Gorakhpur Bhutan Jorhat
hi Jodhpur Bagdogra Guwahati
arac Gwalior Kanpur Patna Dimapur
To K Shillong
Allahabad Imphal
Varanasi Bangladesh Agartala
Udaipur Khajuraho Dhaka Aizwal
Bhuj
Ranchi
JamnagarAhmedabad Bhopal
Jabalpur Chittagong
Vadodara Kolkata Myanmar
Indore
Porbandar
Bhavnagar Raipur New Moore Island
Aurangabad Nagpur Bhubaneshawar
To
Mumbai Pune To
ky
To Gulf/
o
SA Vishakhapatanam
Europe/U
Hyderabad
Belgaum
Panaji

Mangalore
Andam Islands

Bangalore
Chennai
Arabian Sea
Coimbatore Pondicherry
an and

Karippur
ius

Tiruchchirapalli To
Nedumbasseri Sin
ourit

Kochi Madurai gap

Lakshadweep ore
To M

Nicoba

&S
Thiruvananthapuram ydn
ey
Bay of Bengal
r

Sri Lanka
Air Routes - Indian Airlines
Air Routes - Air India
National Airport
International Airport

Indian Ocean

figure- 7.9

Based upon Survey of India map with the permission of Surveyor General of India. © Government of India, Copyright 2003

120
678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901
678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901
678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901

Communication With the help of this, you can receive money

Communication of ideas is a common
characteristic of all animals. If gestures and
simple sounds were used for communication
during the initial days, later on they were
replaced by more complex languages. This
resulted in more clarity for expression of
ideas.
What are the devices that we use today
for passing on communication?
from friends or relatives abroad within a short
time. This is a safe, legally valid, reliable and
faster means of transferring money. This mode
of sending money is available in most foreign
countries. This is being facilitated by the global
network of computers. By this facility an
addressee can receive money within minutes
of its sending.
Telephone

• Newspaper India has the largest telephone network

•
• important telephone service provider of the
Postal communication
India has the largest postal network in the
world. There are about 1.5 lakh post offices
in the country. Of these, 89 % are in the rural
region and 11 % in the urban region. The postal
department offers different postal services
including the speed post. Besides, the postal
department has introduced recently certain
services for people that will soon spread to
the villages also. These are :
• E – post
• Money transfer
• and in strengthening the nationalist feeling is
• unforgettable. Newspapers and periodicals
E – post is a facility offered by the postal
department of India. Using this facility one can
send an e-mail to the post office of the
addressee. A copy of the information received
in the computer of the post office is delivered
to the addressee by the postman. Similarly,
another facility introduced by the postal
department is ‘International money transfer’.
in Asia. There are about 32,000 telephone
exchanges in our country today. The most
country is BSNL, a public sector company.
The introduction of mobile phones has
brought in revolutionary changes in the
communication sector. Apart from B.S.N.L.
there are several other mobile phone
companies of private sectors in our country.
Won’t you try to find out the details?
Newspapers and periodicals
News papers and periodicals had been
in existence in our country even before
independence. The role played by newspapers
in giving vigor to the Indian Freedom Struggle
published in various languages still continue to
be the most preferred news media of the
common man. The Press Information Bureau
is the central government agency that provides
the media with the information about the
policies adopted by the government. Won’t
you find out the newspapers and periodicals
in circulation in your place?

121
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345
Social Science II
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345

Radio and television
Radio and television are the media which
are used to disseminate instantaneous news
to people over a considerable distance. Hence
these are termed as the popular news media.
In India the responsibility of radio broadcasting
rests with the All India Radio and the telecasting
of programmes with the Doordarshan.
You know that besides these, there are
several private television channels and radio
working in the field.
The internet exerts considerable influence
in the field of communication. With the help of
web cameras people can see face to face and
exchange information.
z Organise a seminar based on the topic
‘Communication in India’

122
678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901
678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901
678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901

SUMMARY

z Geographical factors have considerable influence upon the location of

industries.
z Industries where agricultural crops are used as raw materials are called
agro-based industries.
z Important agro-based industrial products are sugar, wool, silk and jute.
z Industries based on mineral resources are called mineral-based industries
z The production of iron and steel, aluminium, cement and glass comes under
mineral-based industries.
z Transport and communication plays a vital role in the development of any
nation.
z In India the land, water and air routes are used for transportation.
z The important communication facilities in India are post, telephones, radio,
television, internet etc.

QUESTIONS
1. What are the conclusions to be drawn on the analysis of the location of the
agro-based industries in relation to the agricultural regions.
2. Iron and steel industry is mostly concentrated in the eastern states of India.
What could be the reason?
3. What is the role of water transportation in the development of mineral-
based industries in India ?
4. Find out the geographical reason
z Woolen industry is mainly concentrated in northern India.
z Ahmedabad has developed as an important centre of cotton textile industry.
5. Transportation and communication can be considered the lifeline of a
country. Why ?

123