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Article history: The design of efficient fins for reducing cost, space, materials and the energy consumption for heat re-
Received 3 August 2017 moval and refrigeration applications is a great challenge. In this paper, consideration is given to the con-
Revised 6 November 2017
structal (optimal) design of multi-scale annular fins that are attached to a pin fin. The geometrical scales
Accepted 25 November 2017
of the assembly are relaxed to reach the maximal heat transfer removed by the assembly of the fins,
Available online 5 December 2017
subject to the space and materials constraints. Based on a one-dimensional model, analytical solution is
Keywords: performed to deliver the amount of heat transfer density. The direct search method and the Genetic Al-
Annular fin gorithm (GA) are used to optimize the geometric configuration of the assembly. The optimization results
Pin fin indicate that the increment in the number of geometrical variables of the assembly remarkably enhances
Constructal design the thermal performance of the assembly, however, it imposes excess complexity in the optimization pro-
Optimization cess. The design guidelines for the design of multi-scale fins provided after optimizations, can be useful
Thermal performance
in the design of variant cooling devices in practical engineering applications.
© 2017 Elsevier Ltd and IIR. All rights reserved.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2017.11.032
0140-7007/© 2017 Elsevier Ltd and IIR. All rights reserved.
M.R. Hajmohammadi / International Journal of Refrigeration 88 (2018) 16–23 17
−1
3. Model and solution √ − 1 tˆ1
+ cosh 2Dˆ 0 2 a(Lˆ1 + ) (8)
2
The one-dimensional model uses the thermal resistance in each
part of the assembly (pin part and the annular part) and invokes Eq. (8) provides the relation between the optimization objec-
the continuity of temperature and heat current at the junction of
tive, qˆ f , and the design parameters, Dˆ 0 , Dˆ 1 , tˆ1 and Lˆ1 . Only two of
the two parts. According the previously mentioned assumptions,
the heat current in the two elemental parts follows the below clas- the foregoing design parameters are free to vary, because of the
sical relation, volume and materials (weight) constraints, respectively expressed
1
as follows,
qˆan = Dˆ 0 tˆ12 aTˆ1 π ˆ2 ˆ ˆ
D1 ( L1 + t1 ) = 1 (9)
−1 −1 −1 −1 4
(
K1 12 Dˆ 0 tˆ1 2 a )I1 1
2 ( )
Dˆ 1 + tˆ1 Lˆ1 2 a − (
I1 12 Dˆ 0 tˆ1 2 a )K1 1
2 ( )
Dˆ 1 + tˆ1 tˆ1 2 a
× π ˆ2ˆ
−1 −1 −1 −1 (D0 L1 + Dˆ 21tˆ1 ) = ϕ (10)
(
K0 12 Dˆ 0 tˆ1 2 a )I1 1
2 (Dˆ 1 + tˆ1 )tˆ1 2 a − (
I0 12 Dˆ 0 tˆ1 2 a )K1 1
2 (Dˆ 1 + tˆ1 )tˆ1 2 a 4
where, φ , is the fins assembly volume fraction.
(5) A same procedure could be repeated to establish a relation be-
tween qˆ f , and the design parameters in a multi-scale assembly of
3 √ −1 tˆ1 fins consisting of n annular fins shown in Fig. 2. The result can be
1 ˆ2
√ D a 1 − Tˆ1 cosh 2Dˆ 0 2 a(Lˆ1 + 2 )
2 2 0
expressed as a recursive equation,
qˆ pn = (6)
√ −1 tˆ1
sinh 2Dˆ 0 2 a(Lˆ1 + ) B2n
2
qˆ f,n = An − (11)
An + Cn + qˆ f,n−1
where qˆan is the (on-dimensional) heat current entering the annular part,
and qˆ pn is the heat current leaving the pin part, Tˆ1 is the non-dimensional where, qˆ f,n is defined as the total (non-dimensional) heat current
temperature at the junction (shown in Fig. 1), Im and Km are the modified removed from the root section of the fins assembly consisting of n
Bessel functions of the first and second kind, respectively of order m. The annular fins such that it can be obtained by Eq. (8). In addition,
remaining equations accounts for the heat current continuity at the junction, 3
1 ˆ2
√ D a
qˆan = qˆ pn (7) An = √ 2 2 0
1
(12)
− tˆn +tˆn+1
Combining the Eqs. (5)–(7) delivers the non-dimensional tem- tanh 2Dˆ 0 2 a Lˆn + 2
perature at the junction, Tˆ1 , as a function of the geometrical
M.R. Hajmohammadi / International Journal of Refrigeration 88 (2018) 16–23 19
Lˆ1
Fig. 4. First level of optimization results. (a) Optimal values of and (b) the cor-
Dˆ 1
responding dimensionless heat transfer.
An
Bn = √ 1
(13)
− tˆn +tˆn+1
cosh 2Dˆ 0 2 a Lˆn + 2
1 −1 1 −1
αn = aDˆ 0 tˆn 2 , βn = atˆn 2 (Dˆ n + tˆn ),
2 2
√ −1 ˆ
t + tˆn−1
γ = 2Dˆ 0 2 a Lˆn +
n
(15)
2
π
n
max (Dˆ 1 , Dˆ 2 , . . . , Dˆ n )2 (Lˆ j + tˆ1 ) = 1 (16)
4
j=1
Lˆ1
Fig. 3. Effects of on the dimensionless heat transfer removed by the fin for sev-
Dˆ 1
π
n
eral Dˆ 1
. (Dˆ 20 Lˆ j + Dˆ 2j tˆj ) = φ (17)
Dˆ 0 4
j=1
20 M.R. Hajmohammadi / International Journal of Refrigeration 88 (2018) 16–23
Fig. 5. Second (final) level of optimization results for a wide range of fins volume Fig. 6. Second (final) level of optimization results for a wide range of the physical
fraction, φ . (a) and (b) Optimal geometrical parameters and (c) maximized dimen- parameter, a defined in Eq. (4). (a) and (b) Optimal geometrical parameters and (c)
sionless heat transfer. maximized dimensionless heat transfer.
It is worthy to note that the one-dimensional model used (Ahn, 2006) by means of MATLAB Optimization Toolbox (“MATLAB
in this study is valid when the Biot number criterion is (20 0 0), User’s Guide, Version 6.0.088, Release 12, The Mathworks
satisfied (Bejan, 1993), Inc., Natick, MA.,” n.d.) is applied to deliver the optimization re-
sults. The GA algorithm applies the principles of genetics and nat-
a dˆ << 1; dˆ = max(tˆ1 , Dˆ 0 ) (18) ural selection, and is useful for multivariable problems. It requires
the definition of the objective function, the number of degrees of
In the optimization process for a single annular fin assembly freedoms used in the problem, the variables and the constraints.
(n = 1) shown in Fig. 1, the two independent design parameters Further, the algorithm parameters such as the crossover rate, mu-
Lˆ1 Dˆ 1
are considered as and . In this case, an exhaustive search tation rate, stopping conditions and the initial population with a
Dˆ 1 Dˆ 0
method is applied to deliver the optimization results. To accom- defined size must be determined. In this study, the GA parameters
plish this, optimization is performed at two levels. In the first are determined based on De Jong (1990) settings, that are standard
Lˆ1 for the vast majority of GA applications.
level, the heat current, qˆ f is maximized with respect to for
Dˆ 1 The results are presented in the next section for a wide range
a wide range of
Dˆ 1
. In the second level, the heat current, qˆ f is of a and φ values, that are consistent with practical values. For
Dˆ 0
instance, h is in order of magnitude 100 W/m2 K, λ is in or-
Lˆ1 Dˆ 1 1
maximized twice, i.e., with respect to and , to give a config- der of magnitude 100 W/m K for fins materials and V 3 is about
Dˆ 1 Dˆ 0
uration closest to the optimal situation. Following a step-by-step 1 cm, that implied the parameter ‘a’ is in order of magnitude
procedure describe above, provides a big picture of how the fins 0.1. The selected value is based on the dimensional values used
assembly evolves to become better and better. However, for the in the previous similar works, e.g. by Almogbel and Bejan (20 0 0)
multi-structure assembly shown in Fig. 2 (n > 1), the number of and Almogbel (2005). In general, the (forced or natural) convection
design parameters grows up and therefore, Genetic Algorithm (GA) heat transfer coefficient (for gases or liquids), h, ranges from 2 to
M.R. Hajmohammadi / International Journal of Refrigeration 88 (2018) 16–23 21
Fig. 7. Some optimal configurations obtained in Figs. 5 and 7, when the number of annular fins, n = 1.
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