TEACHING MATERIALS

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Growth
Growth is the addition of irreversible mass resulting from the propagation and cell enlargement.
Growth is a process that is irreversible volume increase (irreversible) because of the mitotic or cell
enlargement, can be caused by both. Growth can be measured and expressed as quantitative, for
example, the growth of the plant stem. While it is the development of cells into structures and
specific functions. The development can not be stated with the changes in the form and level of
maturity. The early development of a plant broadly through three stages of cell division,
morphogenesis, and cell differentiation.
1. Zygote cell division in plant seeds undergo mitotic cell division to form embryonic tissue.
2. Morphogenesis (development of form) that formed the embryo in the seed cotyledons and
roots and shoots Rudimental. After the seeds germinate, the roots and shoots of Rudimental
will be developed to form a system of roots and shoots of plants.
3. Cellular differentiation, differentiation is the process that makes the cells have chemical
functions and specific morphological previously did not have.
Plant growth phase
 Germination
Germination is the release of the radicle penetrates the seed coat. The process of
germination is influenced by environmental factors and circumstances seeds.
Environmental factors, there are the availability of adequate water, appropriate
temperature, and oxygen availability, and also the condition of the seed.
 Various germination
1. Epigeal, a epigeal germination occurs because hypocotyl elongation that causes the
cotyledons carried out of the ground. For example in germination green beans.
2. Hypogeal, a hypogeal germination occurs because epicotyl extension, while the
cotyledons remain in the soil. An example is the germination of the corn.
Growth in plants can be divided into two, namely the growth of primary and secondary growth.
1. Primary growth occurs in the embryo, the tip of the root and stem ends. Zygote as a result of
fertilization of an egg by the male cells will grow and develop into an embryo. Collection of
 cells that make up the embryo is called embryonic tissue or meristem tissue. Primary growth
is growth which first occurred in plants. The growth is due to the activity of apical meristems
and sometimes as a result of the activity of intercalary meristem. Primary growth is a type of
growth in plants monocots.

2. The secondary growth took place on perennials, woody plants that are dicotyledonous plants.
Dicotyledonous plants also have a secondary meristem tissue in the form of cambium. This
secondary activity meristem tissue causing secondary growth, which increases the size of the
organs of plants such as increased stem diameter. Secondary meristems are divided into two
types, namely as follows:
a. Vascular cambium, which plays a role in the growth of carrier or vascular tissue.
b. Cork cambium or felogen, whose role is replacing the damaged epidermis because the
plants grow.

Fig. circles year

because the activity of the secondary xylem
 Fig. Wedge transverse rod hibiscus
Factors that influence growth and development in plants
1. Internal factors
a. Gene
The genes contained in the nature of heredity factors which can be derived on the
descendants. Besides that the gene also have functions to control chemical reactions in the
cell, such as protein synthesis. The formation of proteins that constitute the basic
constituent parts of the plant body, controlled by genes directly. Genes can regulate growth
pattern through an inherited trait and syntheses were wearing.
b. Hormone
Growth hormone is very essential regulator made at a temperature of parts of plants, while
the growth response to growth hormone occurs other section, for example in roots, stems
and leaves. Plant hormone known as follows:
 Auxin
Natural auxin hormone commonly found in plants is Indole Acetic Acid (IAA). Auxin
is produced in the apical meristem, but it is also found in young leaves, flowers, and
fruit. Auxin stimulate growth through cell elongation. Auxin contained in the apical
meristem stem can inhibit the growth of lateral buds and cause apical dominance.
Auxin is produced by causing seed ripening fruit. Auxin also stimulates cell elongation
in the transport tissue, so that the resulting of new xylem and phloem tissue.
 Gibberellin
Gibberellin discovered in 1926 by Ewiti Kurosoma. Gibberellin is a hormone that can
stimulate growth through the stem elongation and cell division. Gibberellin produced
 by several different organs such as leaves easily, embryos and roots Gibberellin also
stimulate germination and seedling development. In addition, gibberellin also affect the
increase fruit size, stimulates the inflorescence, and stimulates pollen tube formation.
 Cytokinin
Cytokinin has function to stimulate cell division and differentiation. Cytokinins
produced in the roots and transported through the xylem to the upper side of the plant.
Cytokinins have the opposite effect with auxin. Cytokinins stimulate the growth of
lateral shoots. Cytokines also have the effect of slowing down the aging organ or tissue.
For example, on leaves, cytokinins slow the aging leaf chlorophyll to make reforms.
On flowers and fruit, aging is slowed by increasing the speed of nutrient transport.
 Abscisic Acid (ABA)
Abscisic acid is also called the stress hormone. The hormone has the opposite work
with other hormones-hormones, which reduces the speed of cell division and
elongation. Thus, ABA can cause seeds and buds are in a dormant state. In addition
ABA also led to the closure somata. It helps the plant in the face of unfavorable
environmental conditions.
 Ethylene Gas
Function of ethylene gas is stimulates fruit ripening by increasing the activity of
enzymes that help soften the fruit. Ripe fruit will further produce ethylene gas. Ethylene
gas also serves to stimulate the thickening of the stem as to response to unfavorable
environmental.
2. External factors
a. Water and minerals
Effect the growth of 2 canopy on root. Differentiation one or more nutrients will inhibit or
cause abnormal growth. Water have functions to photosynthesis, activate the enzymatic
reaction, keep moisture, and helps seed germination
b. The temperature of which affect the action of the enzyme
The ideal temperature required for growth of most good is the optimum temperature, which
is different for each type of plant. The lowest temperature that still allows the plants to
grow is called the minimum temperatures, while the highest temperature that still allows
 the plants to grow is called the maximum temperature. If the temperature is too high or too
low, the enzyme will be low.
c. Light
Light affects photosynthesis. In general, an inhibiting factor. Etiolation is growing very
fast in the dark. Besides the light will affect the direction of growth of the sprouts, this
phenomenon is called phototropism. Light also stimulates certain flowering plants. There
are plants that flower in short days (the length of solar radiation shorter than the time
darkness). There is also a plant that is flowering in long days (duration of irradiation is
longer than the time the dark). It is nothing to do with the activity of phytochrome in the
plant hormone.
d. Humidity
The humidity or water is very important in the germination. Starting from the beginning of
germination of the seeds swelling due to the influx of water that will dissolve, activates the
enzyme, hydrolyze, and transport the metabolism towards centers of growth.
e. Gravitation
When the light will affect the direction of growth of shoots, the influence of the earth will
affect root growth towards the center of the earth. Roots movement direction toward the
earth is called geotropism.
Hormone function in plants
Hormone Functions Faund in
Auxin Stimulates stem elongation, root Seed embryos, apical
growth, branching, fruit meristem and young
development, and apical dominance leaves
Cytokinin Affect root growth and Root
differentiation, stimulate
germination, and slow aging.
Gibberellin Stimulate stem growth, germination, The apical meristem of
flowering and pollen tube formation. shoots and roots, and
embryo
 Abscisic acid Inhibits growth, closing the stomata Leaves, stems, and
during plant water shortages, and green fruit
trigger dormancy
Ethylene Help ripening fruit as well as help or Tissue fruits mature and
hinder the growth and development old leaves
of roots, leaves, and flowers
depending on the species.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Kaseng, Ernawati,. Adnan,. Saputra, Iwan. 2006. Biologi. Jakarta: Widya Utama.
Srikini, dkk. 2006. Biologi. Jakarta: Erlangga.