Effect of Organic Manures, Inorganic Fertilizers and Their Combinations On Growth, Yield and Quality of Radish (Raphanus Sativus L.)

Effect of Organic Manures, Inorganic Fertilizers
and Their Combinations on Growth, Yield and

Quality of Radish (Raphanus sativus L.)
THESIS
Submitted to the
Rajmata Vijayaraje Scindia Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
MASTER OF SCIENCE
In
HORTICULTURE
VEGETABLE SCIENCE
by
LALIT KUSHWAH
Department of Vegetable Science

Rajmata Vijayaraje Scindia Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Gwalior
College of Horticulture, Mandsaur (M.P.)- 458001
2016
1
CERTIFICATE- I
This is to certify that the thesis entitled “Effect of organic manures,

inorganic fertilizers and their combinations on growth, yield and quality
of radish (Raphanus sativus L.)” submitted in partial fulfilment of the
requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in Vegetable
Science of Rajmata Vijayaraje Scindia Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Gwalior is a
record of the bonafide research work carried out by Mr. LALIT KUSHWAH
under my guidance and supervision. The subject of the thesis has been
approved by the Student’s Advisory Committee and the Director of Instruction.
No part of the thesis has been submitted for any other degree or
diploma or has been published. All the assistance and help received during
the course of this investigation has been acknowledged by the scholar.
(Rakesh Kumar Sharma)

Chairman of the Advisory Committee
MEMBERS OF STUDENT’S ADVISORY COMMITTEE
Chairman (Dr. R.K. Sharma): ……………..……………………………
Member (Dr. S.S. Kushwah): ………………….……………………
Member (Dr. O.P. Singh): ………………….………………………….
Member (Dr. G.P.S. Rathore): ………………….……………………
2
CERTIFICATE- II
This is to certify that the thesis entitled “Effect of organic manures,

inorganic fertilizers and their combinations on growth, yield and quality
of radish (Raphanus sativus L.)” submitted by Mr. LALIT KUSHWAH to the
Rajmata Vijayaraje Scindia Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Gwalior in partial
fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in
HORTICULTURE in the Department of Vegetable Science has been
accepted after evaluation by the External Examiner and approved by the
Student’s Advisory Committee after an oral examination on the same.
Place:
Date:
(Rakesh Kumar Sharma)

Chairman of the Advisory Committee
MEMBERS OF THE ADVISORY COMMITTEE
Chairman (Dr. R.K. Sharma) : ……………………………………….
Member (Dr. S.S. Kushwah) : .……………………………................
Member (Dr. O.P. Singh) : …............................................................
Member (Dr. G.P.S. Rathore) : ...…………………………...............
Head of the Department/Section:…………………………………..………….
Dean of the College: ………………………………………………….
Director Instruction: …………………………………………………
3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am grateful to the God for the good health and wellbeing that were necessary
to complete this thesis. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my advisor, Dr.
R. K. Sharma for his excellent guidance, caring, patience, and providing me with an
excellent atmosphere for doing research.
I am gratified to record sincere thanks to the members of the advisory
committee; Dr. S.S. Kushwah, Asst. Prof., Department of Vegetable science, Dr. O.P.
Singh, Asst. Prof., Department of Plant Physiology, Dr. G.P.S. Rathore, Assoc. Prof.,
Department of Agricultural Statistics for their generous gestures and valuable
suggestions in planning and execution of this study.
I am privileged to express sincere and deep sense of gratitude to Dr. A. K.
Singh, Hon’ble Vice Chancellor, R.V.S.K.V.V., Gwalior and Dr. B. S. Baghel, Director
of Instruction, R.V.S.K.V.V., Gwalior. With deepest sense of humility and gratefulness,
I feel myself duly bound to express my heartfelt and sincere thanks to Dr. H. Patidar,
Dean College of Horticulture, Mandsaur for his due attention and encouragement
during the study period and also for providing me the necessary facilities during the
course of study.
Words can hardly register the sincere and heartfelt feeling, which I have for Sh.
B.K. Patidar, Sh. Harish Chandra Bharvey, Om Bhaiya, my senior K.K. sir and Gopal
sir my batch met Veerbhdreshwar H. H., Ajay Punasya, Yogesh Birla Toran Dangi,
Anil Chouhan, Deepika Kumrawat, Satish Sen, Seema Pardhi, Kailash Umrethe,
Nikhil Malviya, Sunil Patidar, Ashok, Yogesh, Rajendra, Ajay, Rahul, Parmanand,
Mukesh, Sangita, Vidhya and juniors Rakesh patel, Manoj, Ajeet, Shiv Kumar, Arvin,
Mukesh, Devesh, Umesh, Mahesh, Rakesh, Ritesh, Vikash, Ajay, Dharmendra for
their kind, co-operation and help as when needed.
Place – Mandsaur
Date - (Lalit Kushawah)
4
Contents
S. No. Title Page range
1. Introduction 1-2
2. Review of Literature 3-16
3. Material and Methods 17-32
4. Results 33-60
5. Discussion 61-68
Summary, Conclusions and Suggestions for

6. 69-71
Further Work
6.1 Summary 69-71
6.2 Conclusion 71
6.3 Suggestions for further work 71
References 72-75
Appendices 76-80
Vita
5
List of Tables
Table Page
Title
Number number
Meteorological parameters recorded during the

1. 18
period of investigation
2. Physico-chemical properties of soil 20
3. Previous year’s crop history of the experimental field 20
4. Treatment details 22
5. Skeleton of analysis of variance 31
Effect of organic manures, inorganic fertilizers and

6. 34
their combinations on plant height (cm) in radish

7. 35
their combinations on number of leaves in radish

8. their combinations on length of leaves (cm) in 38
radish

9. their combinations on fresh weight of shoot (g) in 39
radish

10. their combinations on dry weight of shoot (g) in 41
radish

11 43
their combinations on SPAD value in leaves in radish
6
12 their combinations on root length (cm) and 46
diameter of root (cm) in radish

13 48
their combinations on days to harvest in radish

14 their combinations on weight of root (g) and root 51
yield (q/ha) in radish

15 52
their combinations on harvest index (%) in radish

their combinations on fiber content (mg/100g),
16 55
total soluble solid content (0Brix) and ascorbic
acid (mg/100g) in radish root

17 59
their combinations on economics of radish
7
List of Figures
Figure Page
Title
Number Number
Weekly meteorological observations during study
1 19
period ( December 2015 to February 2016)
2 Plan of the layout of experimental plot 23
3 36
their combinations on plant height (cm)
4 36
their combinations on number of leaves
5 40
their combinations on leaf length (cm)
6 40
their combinations on fresh weight of shoot (g)
7 44
their combinations on dry weight of shoot (g)
8 44
their combinations on SPAD value in leaves
9 47
their combinations on root length (cm)
10 47
their combinations on root diameter (cm)
11 Effect of organic manures, inorganic fertilizers and 49
their combinations on days to harvest
their combinations on root weight (g)
their combinations on root yield (q/ha)
their combinations on harvest index (%)
their combinations on fiber content (mg/100g)
8
their combinations on T.S.S. (oBrix)
their combinations on ascorbic acid (mg/100g)
their combinations on gross income and net income
(Rs./ha)
their combinations on B:C ratio
List of Photo Plates
Plate Between
Title
Number pages
1 Panoramic view of radish experimental field 23-24
2 Effect of various treatments on radish 51-52
9
List of Appendices
Appendix Page
Title
number number
Analysis of variance for plant height (cm) at

I 76
different growth stages
Analysis of variance for number of leaves at

II 76
Analysis of variance for length of leaves (cm) at
III 76
Analysis of variance for fresh weight shoot (g) in
IV 77
radish at different growth stages
Analysis of variance for dry weight (g) in radish at
V 77
Analysis of variance for SPAD value in leaves in
VI 77
radish at different growth stages
Analysis of variance for length of root (cm) and
VII 78
diameter of root (cm )
Analysis of variance for average days to harvest
VIII 78
of radish and harvest index root
Analysis of variance for average fresh weight of
IX 78
root (g) and root yield (q/ha.)
Analysis of variance for fiber content (%), T.S.S.
X 79
(0Brix) and ascorbic acid (mg/100g)
General cost of radish cultivation excluding the
XI 79
cost of treatments (Rs/ha)
XII Total cost of treatment of radish per hectare 80
10
List of Symbols
Symbol Abbreviation Stands for

/ - Per
% - Percentage
0
C - Degree Celsius
& - And
- ANOVA Analysis of variance
- C:B Cost benefit ratio
- CD Critical difference
- cm Centimeter
- CV Coefficient of variance
- cv Cultivar
- DAS Days After Sowing
- Df Degree of freedom
- EC Emulsifiable Concentrate
- eg. For example
- et al. et-alai
- Fig. Figure
- G Gram
- ha Hectare
- i.e. That is
- Kg Kilogram
- m Meter
- m2 Meter square
- Max. Maximum
- mg Milli Gram
- Min. Minimum
- ml Millilitre
- mm Milli Meter
- mT Million Tonne
- NS Non significant
- q Quintal
- Rs. Rupees
- RVSKVV Rajmata Vijayaraje Scindia
Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya
- SEm Standard Error of Mean
- spp. Species
- TSS Total soluble solids
- Viz. Videlicet (Namely)
- VC Vermicompost
FYM Farm yard manure
- PM Poultry manure
11
CHAPTER - I
INTRODUCTION
12
Chapter- I
INTRODUCTION
Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) is a popular root vegetable of

brassicaceae family grown all over world. In India it is widely cultivated in
northern and southern plains, as well as in hills. It can be cultivated under
cover for early production but large scale production in field is more common
in India. Radish is grown for its young tender tuberous root which is
consumed either raw as salad or cooked as a vegetable. Radish has cooling
effect, prevents constipation and increases appetite. It is recommended for
patients suffering from piles, liver troubles and jaundice. The juice of fresh
leaves is used as diuretic and laxative.
Radish is a good source of vitamin- C (ascorbic acid), containing

15-40 mg per 100 g of edible portion and supplies a variety of minerals. Trace
elements in radish include aluminum, barium, lithium, manganese, silicon,
titanium, fluorine and iodine (up to 18 u g/10 g). Beside tender leaves which
are used as greens are rich in vitamin-A and C. roots are also rich in
carbohydrate and protein. Pink skinned radish is generally richer in ascorbic
acid than the white skinned one. The characteristics pungent flavor of radish
is due to the presence of volatile isothiocynates (Bose et al., 2000).
Radish is an annual or biennial herb depending on types. The leaves

are very from 10-15 cm in small – rooted cultivars to as much as 45 cm long
in large rooted cultivars. The edible portion of radish roots develops from both
the primary root and the hypocotyl. Radish roots are varying greatly in size,
shape and other external characters as well as the length of time they remain
edible. The size may vary from 2.5 cm to 90 cm in length depending on
cultivars. The inflorescence of radish is a typical terminal raceme of
cruciferae. The flower is small, white, rose or iliac in colour with purple veins
in bractless raceme. Pods are 3-7 cm long and up to 1.5 cm in diameter with
6-12 seeds and long conical beak. Radish seeds are globose, about 3 mm in
13
diameter. Radish seeds when mature are at first yellowish but turning radish
brown with age.
Chemical fertilizers deteriorate the quality of produce and are

expensive too, leading to reduction in net profit and returns to the farmers.
The integrated nutrient management system approach utilizes a judicious
combination of inorganic fertilizer and organic manure in building soil fertility
and to the increase the production potential of crop (Kumar et al., 2013). In
recent years use of organic manures like FYM, vermicompost and neem cake
for improving the productivity of crop and maintaining soil fertility and
productivity of soil is gaining prominence (Mahokar et al., 2007).
Vermicompost is a rich source of micro and macro nutrients, vitamins, growth
hormones and enzymes. FYM is not a rich source of nutrients, increase
organic carbon content to the soil and improves soil physical properties.
Being a short duration and quick growing crop, the root growth
should be rapid and uninterrupted in radish. Hence, for the production of good
quality radish, optimum nutrition through organic, inorganic and biofertilizers
are essential for sustainable production. Organic agriculture practices rely
upon recycling of crop residues, animal manure, farm organic residues and
wastes etc. In view of higher cost of synthetic fertilizers and its contribution to
poor health of soil and water it becomes imperative to go for alternative and
cheaper source like organic manures (Kumar et al., 2014).
Keeping the above facts in view, an experiment entitled “Effect of

organic manures, inorganic fertilizers and their combinations on growth, yield
and quality of radish (Raphanus sativus L.)” is planned to be conducted at
Research Field, Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture,
Mandsaur (M.P.) with the following objectives:
1. To find out the effect of organic manures, inorganic fertilizers and their
combinations on growth of radish.
2. To evaluate the effect of organic manures, inorganic fertilizers and their

combinations on yield and quality of radish.
3. To work out the economics of different treatments in radish.
14
CHAPTER - II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
15
Chapter – II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
The literature pertinent to the various aspects of the present

investigation entitled “Effect of organic manures, inorganic fertilizers and
their combinations on growth, yield and quality of radish (Raphanus
sativus L.)” is reviewed under the following heads:
1. Effect of inorganic fertilizers

2. Effect of organic manures
3. Combined effect of inorganic fertilizers and organic manures
2.1 Effect of inorganic fertilizers
Bilekudari et al. (2005) observed that the higher fertilizer level

(130:55:55 NPK/ha) significantly increased the plant height (124 cm), number
of branches per plant (9.47), seed yield per plant (12.3 g), per hectare (5.13 q)
and test weight (9.9 g) compared to recommended dose of fertilizer in radish.
Hamma et al. (2012) reported that irrigation scheduling at 5 days

interval (I1) and NPK fertilizer at 250 kg ha-1 significantly enhanced the
production of highest values of characters measured compared to the other
treatments and control (I0) and 0 kg ha-1 of NPK fertilizer.
Sumagaysay (2014) revealed the recommended rate T3 (3.15-48-42)

of NPK fertilizer produced the highest yield of radish tubers. Although T 2
(recommended rate 21-32-28) obtained the highest tuber weight and tuber
length but it did not significantly differ from the plant applied with T3 of NPK
fertilizer. Results further stated that there is no significant difference on plant
height; number of leaves and tuber diameter.
Baloch et al. (2014) conducted a field experiment to find out the effect
of nitrogen along with constant doses of phosphorus and potassium on radish
(Raphinus sativus L.) cv. Early Long White). After compiling the results it was
known that an increase in nitrogen levels from 100 to 150 Kg ha positively
affected all growth and yield parameters of radish. Control plots where no
16
fertilizers were applied remained inferior for all characteristics. The root yield
plot-1 (Kg) and root yield (t ha-1) were 73.37, 86.81, 98.45 and 45.64, 64.00,
72.60 obtained at 00, 100 and 150 Kg ha of nitrogen, respectively.
Banjare et al. (2014) investigated the effect of different nitrogen levels

on growth and yield parameters in potato var. Kufri Surya. Growth parameters
like plant height, number of leaves per plant, number of shoot per plant, fresh
and dry weight of shoot per plant and yield attributing parameters like number
of stolen, fresh and dry weight of tuber per plant increased with an increase in
nitrogen levels with maximum values being obtained on application of highest
nitrogen level (375 kg N/ha). However, highest values for number of tuber per
plant and per plot as well as tuber yield per plot and per hectare was recorded
on application of 225 kg N/ha. The highest net returns (Rs. 117323) and
maximum B: C ratio (1.42) was recorded on application of 225 kg N/ha.
2.2 Effect of organic manures
Uddain et al. (2010) studied the effect of different levels of cow dung
manure on growth and yield of radish. Four levels of cow dung manure viz.
M1= control (no organic manure), M2 = cow dung manure (40 t ha-1), M3 =
vermicompost (20 t ha-1) and M4 = poultry manure (25 t ha-1) were used in the
experiment. The maximum values of plants height (59.97 cm), number of
leaves per plant (21.67), leaf size (37.26 cm long & 9.69 cm width), leaves
weight per plant (151.81 g), leaves yield (13.36 t ha-1), root size (22.76cm
long and 5.72cm in diameter), individual root weight (349.75 g), root yield
(31.07 t ha-1), dry matter (11.03 g in leaves and 14.10g in root) were found in
poultry manure application at 75 DAS. On the other hand, the minimum plant
height (39.12cm), number of leaves per plant (13.01), leaf size (29.11 cm long
& 7.19 cm width), leaves weight per plant (62.78 g), leaves yield (5.33 t ha -1),
root size (10.02 cm long and 3.30 cm in diameter), individual root weight
(74.11 g), root yield (6.46 t ha-1), dry matter (4.38 g in leaves and 3.52 g in
root) were recorded from control treatment at 45 DAS.
Amara and Mourad (2013) investigated the effects of natural organic

manure on the growth and productivity of potato (Solanum tuberosum, cv.
17
Spunta) in a Saharian region (El-oued, Algeria). Treatments were applied 2
q/h (15-15-15 NPK) + 25 t/h poultry manure, 50 t/h of poultry manure, of
sheep manure and 50 t/h of mixed manure poultry and sheep 1:1 w/w.
Results showed an increase in the foliage area, plant cover area and the
number of stems per plants by adding poultry manure, mixed manure, more
treatments of mixed manure (poultry and NPK) or sheep manure in
comparison with control (no manure). The treatment by mixed manure
showed significant increase in the number of tubers per plant in comparison
with other treatments, but all the used treatments caused a significant
increase in the tubers weight and the quantity of production and the percent of
standard tubers in comparison with control. The treatments with poultry
manure gave the highest yield in increasing the yield with high significant
difference in comparison to other treatments. Thus the combination of natural
organic manures and low rates of inorganic fertilizers is a promising low cost
option in the production of high yields of potatoes.
Bhattarai and Maharjan (2013) reported that application of

vermicompost @ 1.2 t/ha and FYM @ 3 t/ha was found effective in improving
the growth and yield. The available phosphorus and potassium content was
observed higher in application of poultry manure @ 1 t/ha and compost @ 2
t/ha combination. However, application of vermicompost was found to be the
best treatment for available soil nitrogen content in the field.
Jeptoo et al. (2013a) compared the four levels of decomposed tithonia

manure (0, 1.5, 3.0 and 4.5 t/ha) in carrot. Application of Tithonia diversifolia
manure resulted in increase in total fresh root weight, dry root and shoots
biomass and root volume compared to the control. Total yield of carrots
subjected to 3.0 t/ha increased by 33% and 18% in season 1 and 2
respectively compared to control. The sweetness of carrot was influenced at
the highest level of tithonia.
Jeptoo et al. (2013b) observed that application of 7.8 t/ha of bio-slurry

manure increased leaf numbers, plant height, dry weight of shoot and root,
root volume, root yield and quality in carrot.
18
Ahmed et al. (2014) concluded that application of FYM at 20 t/ha
significantly increased most yield characters and marketable yield at
harvesting in carrot.
Kumar et al. (2014) observed that the plant height was significantly
increased by the application of organic manures and it was maximum under
treatment T9 i.e. vermicompost + poultry manure (50% each). Similarly,
vermicompost + poultry manure 50% each (T 9) recorded highest number of
leaves. Root length and root diameter were significantly influenced by
organics at harvest. Highest root length (18.91 cm) was recorded with
vermicompost (50%) + poultry manure (50%). The treatment was also proved
to be better for fresh and dry weight of plant as well as roots and recorded
highest in vermicompost (50%) + poultry manure (50%) treatment. The study
suggested that application of poultry manure (50%) + vermicompost (50%)
was found more beneficial and significantly improved growth and yield of
radish var. Japanese White.
Umuhoza et al. (2014) found that FYM (20 t/ha) had the positive
effect on B-carotene, vitamin-C of carrot. However, FYM did not influence
significantly total soluble sugar content in carrots. On the basis of the results
of this study, a range of 15-20 t/ha of FYM is therefore recommended because
it improved the nutritional quality of carrots.
Sarma et al. (2015) reported that the combined applications of

azotobacter, farm yard manure (FYM), rock phosphate (RP) and phosphate
solubilizing bacteria (PSB) improved the root yield and other growth traits viz.
root girth, number of functional leaves and stalk weight of carrot. Highest root
yield (19.60 t ha-1) was obtained under this treatment. However, the
application of azotobacter, vermicompost, RP and PSB also improved the
yield.
2.3 Combined effect of inorganic fertilizers and organic manures
Anjaiah and Padmaja (2006) evaluated the effects of potassium (0,

40, 80 and 100 kg K2O/ha) and FYM (0, 5, 10 and 15 t/ha) on the root yield
and quality (total carotenes, total soluble solids and total sugars) of carrot.
Root yield and quality parameters increased with increasing levels of both
19
potassium and FYM. Potassium at 120 kg/ha and FYM at 15 t/ha recorded the
best yield and quality, but potassium at 80 kg/ha and FYM at 15 t/ha was the
most cost-effective.
Asghar et al. (2006) stated that 300 kg/ha enriched compost with
auxin precursor L-tryptophan (@ 6 mg kg-1 compost) + 50% recommended
nitrogen fertilizer (30 kg/ha) produced significantly better results in almost all
the parameters except number of leaves plant -1 and root length in radish.
Other parameters like leaf area, root girth, total biomass plant -1, and yield ha-1
were increased by 82, 68, 132.9 and 167.6 %, respectively compared to
control. Results revealed that enriched compost with 50% recommended
nitrogen fertilizer gave almost same results as the 100% N fertilizer alone,
thus saving half of the Nitrogen.
Rani et al. (2006) opined that among the different integrated nutrient
management practices, application of neem cake and castor cake in
combination with half the recommended dose of NPK recorded higher yield
(14.7 and 15.86 t/ha, respectively) and quality compared to other organic
manures, namely vermicompost and farmyard manure. The gross monetary
returns in general were higher when carrot was intercropped in ber (Rs.
61,761/ha) and underplanted carrot (Rs. 56,872/ha). In general, the benefit
cost ratio was greater than unity in all treatments indicating fairly higher
returns on every rupee invested. The income equivalent ratio in ber-based
cropping system was also greater than unity indicating advantage of either
underplanting or intercropping of carrot with ber over its sole cropping.
Sarkar et al. (2007) studied on the effect of integrated nutrient

management on productivity and quality of potato under irrigated situation.
Different level of chemical fertilizer viz., 0, 50% of recommended dose of
fertilizer (RDF), 100% of RDF and 150% of RDF, organic source viz., pelleted
form of organic manure (Biomax), karanja cake (Enmite) and crop residues
were tested. The dry matter accumulation, tuber dry weight, tuber bulking rate
and tuber yield were significantly higher under 150% RDF. The increase in
tuber yield with 150% RDF over 100% RDF was 2.8%. Increasing level of
chemical fertilizer resulted in an increase in ascorbic acid content and
reduction in reducing sugar content. Introduction of organic manure
20
significantly improved plant growth which was ultimately reflected in tuber
yield and quality. Among the organic sources, performance of pelleted form of
organic manure was better.
Singh et al. (2007) reported that application of 1/2 NPK + green leaf
manure 2.5 t/ha + Azotobacter + PSB 5 kg/ha each resulted in significant
improvement in plant height (61.39 cm), length of leaves (45 cm), number of
leaves per plant (12.08), fresh weight of leave per plant (25.92 gm), root
length (16.37 cm), diameter of root (2.85 cm) and yield (242.85 q/ha). The
cost-benefit ratio (1:1.95) was maximum in this treatment.
Sunandarani and Mallareddy (2007) concluded that although castor

cake @ 4 t/ha+ half RD of NPK (50:30:40 kg/ha N, P 2O5 and K2O,
respectively) recorded higher yield but was on at par with the hundred per
cent recommended dose (100:60:80 kg/ha N, P2O5 and K2O respectively) of
NPK alone. But considering the adverse effects on the soil health, it is not
advisable to use synthetic fertilizers in higher quantities. Instead of using
inorganic fertilizers alone, combined usage of organic manures with inorganic
fertilizers (i.e., INM practices) not only helps to improve the yield and quality of
carrot but also help in conserving the soil health. Hence castor cake at 4 t/ha
+ half the recommended dose of NPK (50:30:40 kg/ha N, P 2O5 and K2O,
respectively) is recommended for carrot for sandy loam soil for obtaining
higher yield.
Hailu et al. (2008) investigated the effect of combined application of

organic-P and inorganic-N fertilizers on yield and yield components of carrot
(Daucus carota L.). The rates of fertilizers used in the experiment were, 309
kg “orga” ha-1 combined with six rates of urea (0, 68.5, 267.2, 274,342.5 and
411 kg urea ha-1). The field experiment was laid out in a randomized complete
block design with seven fertilizer treatments, replicated five times. Yield and
yield components of carrot were significantly influenced by the preharvest
combined application of “orga” and urea treatments. Pre-harvest application of
309 kg “orga” ha-1 combined with 274 kg urea ha-1 increased yield of carrot by
46% compared to the control treatment. The values of yield components of
carrot were also increased in response to the increased rate of combined
“orga” and urea fertilizer application. The result showed that the combined
21
application of 309 kg ha-1 “orga”and 274 kg ha-1 urea resulted in the maximum
yield of carrot.
Bhullar et al. (2010) conducted a field trial to study the effects of

planting density and nitrogen on sugar beet. Three planting densities – 83,333
plants (rows spaced at 60cm and plants at 20cm), 100,000 plants (50 cm x 20
cm) and 1, 11,111 plants (60 cm x 15 cm) ha -1 and five nitrogen levels i.e.
120, 150 and 180 kg N ha-1 alone, 90 kg N ha-1 + 20 t farm yard manure
(FYM) ha-1 and 120 kg N ha-1 + 20 t FYM ha-1 were evaluated. A basal dose
of 60 kg ha-1 each of P and K was applied to all the treatments. On an
average, planting density of 100,000 plants ha-1 produced the highest beet
root and sugar yield. Among nitrogen levels, the response was significant up
to 150 Kg N ha-1. Addition of 20 t FYM ha-1 along with 90 kg N ha-1 produced
similar root and sugar yield to 120 kg N ha -1 alone. The yields were also
similar with 150 kg N ha-1 alone and, 120 kg N ha-1 + 20 t FYM ha-1. Sucrose
content in beet roots did not vary statistically among plant densities and
nitrogen levels, rather addition of FYM revealed higher sucrose content in
roots as compared to without FYM.
Kirad et al. (2010) concluded that the cumulative effect of treatment (½

RDF + ½ FYM + rhizosphere bacteria ) associated with higher vegetative
growth, maximum photosynthates production and better establishment of
source sink relationship resulting higher root yield and could result in lowered
levels of chemical fertilizers and enhanced quality traits.
Dawuda et al. (2011) investigated the growth and yield responses of

carrot to different rates of soil amendments and spacing. The five rates of soil
amendments were: (i) 10 t/ha chicken manure (ii) 15 t/ha chicken manure (iii)
20 t/ha chicken manure (iv) 300 kg/ha NPK (15-15-15) and (v) Control (no soil
amendment). The two spacing were: (i) 30 cm x 5 cm and (ii) 20 cm x 5 cm.
The application of 15 t/ha and 20 t/ha decomposed chicken manure improved
vegetative growth, increased root yield and gave more income. More plants
were however, infected by Sclerotium rolfsii by the application of the 20 t/ha
chicken manure. Soil amendment rates did not suppress nematode
populations but the highest root galling index was recorded on the control
plants. The wider spacing of 30 cm x 5 cm promoted vegetative growth and
22
increased root length of carrot but planting at closer spacing of 20 cm x 5 cm
resulted in higher total and marketable yields and also increased income and
profit.
Islam et al. (2011) reported that maximum radish yield was recorded
with 100% RDF treatment (T7) which was identical with the yield obtained with
(T5) and (T6). The highest NPK and S uptake by radish was observed in T 7
treatment soil properties been improved by the lowest bulk density in both T 1
and T3 treatments. The highest amount of organic carbon (1.0%) was found is
T2 treatment. The maximum availability of N, P, K and S in soil was found in
T4 treatment. So, the two treatment poultry manure 2.5 t ha -1 + reduced dose
of recommended fertilizer and house hold waste 5 t ha -1 + reduced dose of
recommended fertilizers can ensure satisfactory vegetable crop cultivation
without attesting soil health at homestead area.
Jatav et al. (2011) studied the role of FYM on phosphorus and

potassium economy in potato-radish crop sequence under rainfed conditions.
Eight manurial treatments consisted of different combinations of FYM and
inorganic sources of phosphorus and potassium to potato crop whereas,
succeeding radish crop received only N. The application of recommended
dose of N along with 50% PK from inorganic fertilizers and rest from FYM (on
K basis) in potato resulted in the highest concentration of nitrogen,
phosphorus and potassium in leaves which consequently enhanced yields of
potato (319 q/ha). This treatment also gave highest yield of following crop
radish (192.9 q/ha). Therefore, for the higher productivity and better return of
the potato-radish system, 25 to 50% of the recommended dose of P and K
fertilizers can be replaced with FYM in the mid hills soils of Himachal Pradesh.
Kumar et al. (2012) conducted field experiment to study the effect of

integrated nutrient management on soil health and productivity of potato
(Solanum tuberosum L.) under rainfed condition. The experiment was laid out
in a split plot design with eight nutrient management practices (combinations
of organic manures viz, farm yard manure (FYM), poultry manure (PM),
vermicompost (VC) and inorganic fertilizers in main plots and seed tuber
treatment with three biofertilizers (Azotobactor, phosphorus solubilizing
bacteria (PSB) and Azotobactor + PSB) in sub plots. The results showed that
23
50 % of the recommended dose of NPK through inorganic + 50%
recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN) through organic manures (FYM, PM or
VC) or 100% recommended dose of NPK through inorganic fertilizers alone
favorably influenced the tuber yield, nutrient uptake, soil fertility and paid
higher returns compared to other treatments. Seed treatment with
Azotobactor + PSB proved better in tuber yield, nutrient uptake and recorded
higher returns as compared to sole treatment of either Azotobactor or PSB.
Three years pooled result revealed that integrated application of 50 % of
recommended NPK through inorganic and 50 % RDN through PM recorded
significantly highest tuber yield (22.73 t/ha) closely followed by 100 %
recommended NPK through inorganic (22.20 t/ha) which were 228 % and 223
% respectively, higher than control. Integrated application of inorganic and
organic fertilizers and seed treatment with Azotobactor + PSB biofertilizers
improved tuber yield, nutrient uptake, and gave higher return as compared to
other treatment combinations. Total organic carbon (TOC), soil microbial
biomass carbon (SMBC), available N, P, and K status of the soil after 3 years
were maximum when 50 % recommended dose of NPK were applied through
inorganic and remaining 50 % RDN through PM.
Mehedi et al. (2012) revealed that the application of 150 kg N ha -1 as

urea was found suitable for maximum gross and marketable yield (47.35 t ha-1
and 39.0 t ha-1, respectively), while 15 t cow dung ha-1 showed better gross
and marketable yield (38.13 t ha-1 and 30.42 t ha-1, respectively). Regarding
the combined effect, the combination of 150 kg N ha -1 and 15 t cow dung ha-1
resulted in the best performance in gross and marketable yields (51.22 t ha -1
and 43.41 t ha-1, respectively). The net return (TK. 211142 ha-1) and benefit
cost ratio (4.61) was maximum in the treatment combination of 150 kg N ha -1
in the form of urea and 15 t cow dung ha.-1
Sarker et al. (2012) investigated the influence of city finished compost

(CFC) and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK) fertilizer on the yield,
nutrient uptake and nutrient use efficiency of radish (Raphanus sativus L.). Air
dried sandy loam soil was mixed with five rates of CFC equivalent to 0, 5, 10,
20, 40 ton ha-1 and three rates of NPK fertilizer equivalent to 50, 100 and
150% (N-P-K = 137-32-70 kg ha-1). The dry matter yield of leaves and bulbs,
24
N and K concentrations, their uptake by radish increased with the rates of
CFC and NPK fertilizer amendments. Among the treatments, growth
performance of radish was better with the highest rate of 40 t ha -1 CFC
treatments. Uptake of N and K by plant showed very strong and positive
correlation (P<0.001) with total dry matter yield. Agronomic and physiological
use efficiency of N and K of radish decreased with increasing the rates of
CFC and NPK fertilizer treatments. The performance of agronomic efficiency
of added nutrients by radish was better with the application of CFC at 5 and
10 ton ha-1 and of NPK fertilizer at 50 and 100% rates. Results of the present
study indicated that 10 ton ha-1 CFC could be used instead of 100% NPK
fertilizer to obtain similar yield and nutrient use efficiency.
Vijayakumari et al. (2012) conducted an experiment to analyze the

effect of farm yard manure (FYM), phosphobacteria, Azospirillum,
vermicompost, humic acid and NPK on growth and yield of radish. The best
germination percentage was observed in NPK treatment. The tuber weight
and tuber length were maximum in vermicompost treated plants. Tuber
diameter was maximum in NPK treated plants. From this investigation it is
inferred that the potting mixture containing, farmyard manure, vermicompost,
humic acid and NPK could be ideal and suitable for better production of
radish.
Zakir et al. (2012) obtained the maximum gross yield (29.27 t ha-1) of
carrot from T4 treatment [recommended dose of inorganic fertilizers (RDIF) +
½ recommended dose of Biomeal (RDB)], while the second lowest gross yield
(18.73 t ha-1) was recorded in alone RDB (6 t ha-1) treatment. Carrot plants
treated with RDIF showed the highest values for fresh weight of individual root
(67.13 g), marketable yield (18.74 t ha-1), shoot length (47.87 cm), individual
root diameter (10.91 mm) and nitrogen content in carrot (2.48%). Among the
biochemical properties, the maximum amount of reducing sugar and total
sugar (5.15 and 10.51%, respectively) were obtained from T 7 treatment (RDIF
+ RDB). In context of carotene, the highest amount (4.92%) was found in T 4
treatment (RDIF + ½ RDB). Considering major nutrients and biochemical
properties of carrot, it can be inferred that Biomeal alone is not sufficient
25
enough but it has positive influence when it is applied in combination with
inorganic fertilizers.
Baishya et al. (2013) reported that the application of 75%

recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF) through chemical fertilizers along with
25% recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN) through farm yard manure (FYM)
and/or 100% RDF through chemical fertilizers recorded higher values plant
height, stem number and stem girth, LAI, DMA, TBR and produced higher
tuber yield (26.0 and 25.6 t ha-1) than other treatments. Replacement of 50,
75 and 100% RDN through FYM decreased tuber yield by 9.1, 12.6 and
25.6% respectively. Plant height, number of stems m -2, stem girth and LAI
showed positive relationships with tuber yield. LAI, DMA, TBR, tuber yield and
gross and net returns differed significantly due to interaction effect of variety
and nutrient management. Kufri Megha with 75% RDF through chemical
fertilizers and 25% RDN through FYM or 100% RDF through chemical
fertilizers enhanced LAI, DMA and TBR that ultimately produced the highest
tuber yield (27.3 t ha-1) with maximum gross and net returns over others. Both
the treatment combinations resulted in 74.6% increase in tuber yield over
Kufri Jyoti (15.6 t ha-1) at control. The results suggest growing of Kufri Megha
with 75% RDF through chemical fertilizers and 25% RDN through FYM or with
100% RDF through chemical fertilizers for better growth, greater tuber yield
and higher profit from potato in the north eastern hill region of India.
Joanna et al. (2013) investigated the effect of various compositions

of organic, inorganic fertilizers and their interactions on the growth of white
radish plant. Four unique combinations of organic and inorganic fertilizers
were applied for each replicate. The parameters measured to study the
growth are weight, number of leaves and the length of the bulb. The study
reveals that inorganic fertilizer had significant impact on the weight and
number of leaves but not on the length of the bulb of the radish plant. The
interaction of the fertilizers had a significant effect on the length of the bulb of
the radish plant.
Kezia and David (2013) found that inorganic fertilizer had significant
impact on the weight and number of leaves but not on the length of the bulb of
26
the radish plant. The interaction of the organic and inorganic fertilizers had a
significant effect on the length of the bulb of the radish plant.
Kumar et al. (2013) concluded that treatment T14 (vermicompost 40q/h

+ biovita liquid (2ml/L) + 75% recommended dose of NPK (150:60:54 kg/ha)
was rated as the best treatment for seed yield and yield contributing
characters. Foliar spray of biovita liquid contains essential nutrients, beneficial
elements, growth regulators, protein and amino acids enhance seed yield and
its contributing characters.
Singh et al. (2013) studied lower doses of FYM (2, 4 and 6 tonnes
FYM/ha) in combination with three NPK levels (180:34.9:100, 270:52.4:150
and 360:69.8:200 kg/ha) for potato at CPRI Station, Gwalior, Madhya
Pradesh. Sesame was grown on residual fertility in sequence. Integrated use
of NPK 270:52.4:150 kg/ha along with 2 tonnes of FYM/ha recorded highest
benefit: cost ratio (2.2). Increasing application of NPK (180:34.9:100 to
270:52.4:150 kg/ha) increased large-sized tuber yield (7.5 - 8.5 tones/ha and
total tuber yield (28.4 - 32.4 tonnes/ha), however application of 2, 4 or 6
tonnes FYM/ha did not show any significant increase in total tuber yield.
Increasing NPK levels increased potato equivalent yield from 32.2 to 37.3
tonnes/ha. Higher net return of Rs 85600/ha was obtained with 2 tonnes
FYM/ha compared to 4 and 6 tonnes FYM/ha.
Vithwel and Kanaujia (2013) concluded that integrated application of

50% NPK + 50% FYM + Biofertilizers was found optimum for getting
maximum productivity of carrot without reducing fertility status of soil. This
treatment reduced 50% chemical fertilizers without any compromise on yield
of carrot and fertility of soil.
Ahmad et al. (2014) investigated that the integration of farmyard

manure (FYM), leaf manures (LF), poultry manure (PM) and chemical
fertilizers have pronounced effect on carrot growth and yield. In this study, 14
treatment combinations of FYM, LF, PM and urea based on the total nitrogen
requirement was tested for two carrot cultivars (T-29 and Oranza). Result
indicated that cultivar T-29 performed better than Oranza for different
27
productive and qualitative traits while among different treatment combination
of FYM, LM, PM, and Urea, combination of half poultry manure + half FYM
was the best one for better yield and quality of carrots.
Barman et al. (2014) conducted a field experiment in order to explore

the possibility of improving, growth and tuber yield of potato by the use of
integrated nutrient management. Results obtained after the successful
conduct of the experiment and statistical analysis of data revealed that the
height of plant, number of compound leaves / hill, number of haulms / hill,
yield attributes and yield. Further number of A, B, C and D grade tubers / plot,
percent of A, B, C and D grade tubers / plot, yield of A, B, C and D grade
tubers / plot (kg), total number of tubers / plot, total weight of tubers per plot
(kg) and tuber yield (t/ha) showed the beneficial response by the use of
integrated levels of NPK, FYM, Vermicompost and Neem Cake, however, on
the basis of pooled data it was also further observed that the application of
150:100:120 kg NPK, 20t FYM, 5 ton Vermicompost and 3 ton Neem Cake /
ha brought paramount of improvement in growth and tuber yield of potato.
Bashir and Qureshi (2014) carried out a study on the effect of

nitrogen fertilizers and farmyard manure on yield, nutrient content and quality
of potato (Solanum tuberosum L).The yield and quality of potato tubers were
influenced by the rate of nitrogen and farmyard manure. Application of 180 kg
N ha-1 along with 24 t FYM ha-1 gave significantly higher yield. The
concentration of N, P and K in tubers increased with increasing levels of N
and FYM. Addition of N and FYM significantly enhanced the quality of potato.
Maximum carbohydrate, crude protein and ascorbic acid was recorded in the
treatment combination of N180 F24.
Kumar et al. (2014) studied the effect of organic and inorganic nutrient
sources on carrot growth under irrigated conditions and revealed that the
application of 25% NPK through fertilizer + 25% N through VC or compost
enhanced productivity of carrot as well as improving in carrot quality attributes
significantly.
Narayan et al. (2014) found that application of 75% of full

recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF) (120:75:75 NPK/ha) + 8 t/ha
28
vermicompost + pre-sowing tuber treatment with Azotobacter and
phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria proved significantly superior in terms of
number of tubers hill, harvest index, tuber yield (32.7 t/ha) and benefit: cost
ratio (1.75) of potato.
Yadav et al. (2014) studied that the integrated use of synthetic

fertilizers and organic manures showed the significant impact on growth and
yield attributes of potato. Highest average number of tuber (984.2 × 10 3/ha)
and yield of tubers (12.4 t/ha) were recorded with application of 75% RDF
through fertilizers and 25% RDN through FYM in potato.
Khalid et al. (2015) studied on the effect of integrated nutrient
management on growth and yield attributes of radish (Raphanus sativus L.).
The combination of inorganic, organic and bio-fertilizer had given good
results. It attributed to the increase in the height of plant, number of leaves,
length of leaves, leaves size, fresh weight of leaves, length of root, and
diameter/thickness of main root, leaf: root length ratio, leaf: root weight ratio,
fresh weight of root, and ultimately yield in radish. Thus, it can be concluded
that the application of integrated nutrient like inorganic (NPK @ 80:60:60
kg/ha), organic (FYM@ 20 tones/ha) and biofertilizers (Azotobacter, 5kg/ha) +
phosphate solubilizing bacteria, (5kg/ha) may be adopted for commercial
utilization of radish, thus T8 (NPK + FYM + PSB @ 80:60:60 kg/ha + 10 t/ha +
5 kg/ha) proved to best treatment.
Zeid et al. (2015) concluded that the use of both organic materials i.e.
chicken manure and inorganic fertilizers (at 50% of the recommended doses)
gained the highest values of most plant growth characteristics and nutrient
contents of radish plants. Also, chicken manure caused in an increase in soil
available Fe, Mn and Zn compared with other treatments. Improvement in
radish growth was principally due to increase in nutrients availability in soil.
Hence integrated use of organic materials with inorganic fertilizers would be a
better and practical approach to sustain soil fertility and productivity.
29
CHAPTER - III
MATERIAL AND
METHODS
30
Chapter - III
MATERIAL AND METHODS
This chapter comprises the details about the materials used and the
method adopted during the course of present investigation entitled “Effect of
organic manures, inorganic fertilizers and th
eir combinations on growth, yield and quality of radish (Raphanus
sativus L.)” was carried out in Rabi season during the year 2015-16.
3.1 Experimental site
The experiment was conducted during Rabi season of 2015-16 at

Vegetable Farm, College of Horticulture, Mandsaur, Madhya Pradesh.
Mandsaur is situated in western part of Madhya Pradesh, between latitude of
o o o o
23 45’ to 24 13’ North, longitude of 74 44’ to 75 18’ East and at an altitude of
435.20 m above mean sea level. This region lies under Malwa Plateau, the
10th agro climatic zone of the state. The topography of the experimental field
was plain with good irrigation facilities.
3.2 Climatic conditions

Mandsaur has sub-tropical and semi-arid climatic conditions with a
temperature range of 50C minimum and 440C maximum in winter and summer
respectively. In this region maximum rainfall is received during mid June to
September. The average annual rainfall is 544.05 mm. South - West monsoon
is responsible for major part of annual precipitation. Meteorological data
recorded during the period of investigation are presented in Table 1 and
depicted through Figure 1.
31
Table 1 Weekly meteorological observation during the study
period (December - 2015 to February - 2016)
Average weekly Relative Weekly
Standard metrological
temperature Humidity rainfall
week no. 0 0
Min. ( C) Max. ( C) (%) (mm)
49 15.8 29.5 29.5 -
50 11.9 26.7 26.7 -
51 8.8 23.4 23.4 -
52 8.9 22.8 22.8 -
1 127 29.2 29.2 -
2 10.4 29.1 29.1 1
3 10.6 27.9 27.9 -
4 8.7 26.0 26.0 -
5 11.9 28.8 28.8 -
6 12.8 29.9 29.9 -
7 14.1 30.1 30.1 -
8 17.0 31.7 31.7 -
Source: Meteorological observatory of the College of Horticulture,

Mandsaur (M.P.)
3.3 Soil
The soil of the experimental field was medium black (Vertisols) clay in
texture with uniform topography. Soil samples were collected randomly up to
a depth of 20 cm from the experimental field with the help of soil auger before
sowing of seeds. All the soil samples were mixed to prepare a homogeneous
sample, which was then oven dried, sieved through 2 mm sieve and finally
used for physical and chemical analysis. The results are presented in Table 2.
32
33
Table 2: Physico-chemical properties of soil
S.N. Composition Content Category Methods
By Bouyoucos
(i) Sand 55 % -
Hydrometer
By Bouyoucos
(ii) Silt 35 % -
Hydrometer
By Bouyoucos
(iii) Clay 10 % -
Hydrometer
Glass electrode pH
(iv) Soil pH 7.2 Neutral
meter
Electrical By conductivity bridge at

(v) -1
0.46 Normal
Conductivity (dSm ) 25oC
Available Nitrogen Rapid titration method

(vi) 144.0 Low
(Kg/ha) (Walkley & Black ,1934)
Olson’s extraction
Available
(vii) 33.40 Medium method (Olson et al.,
Phosphorus (Kg/ha)
1954)
Available Potassium Flame photometer
(viii) 419 High
(Kg/ha) (Ghose et al.1981)
Table 3: Previous year’s crop history of the experimental field

Year Kharif Rabi
2013-14 Fallow Beet root
2014-15 Fallow Onion
3.4 Experimental details
3.4.1 Experimental design and layout
1. Name of crop : Radish (Raphanus sativus L.)
2. Design of experiment : Randomized Block Design
3. Number of replication : 3
4. Variety : Japanese White
5. Treatments : 10
6. Total number of plots : 30
7. Spacing : Row to Row - 30 cm

Plant to plant - 10 cm
8. Plot Size Gross : 1.8 × 1.5 m = 2.7 m2
Net : 1.2 × 1. 3 m = 1.56 m2
9. Distance between treatments : 0.5 m

10. Distance between replications : 0.75 m
11. Gross area of the experiment : 134.5 m2
12. Season : Rabi, 2015 - 2016
13. Date of sowing : 15th, December 2015
14. Duration of harvesting : 5th to 19th February 2016
Table 4: Treatment details
Treatment symbol Treatment details
Control-Recommended dose of fertilizer(100 Kg N, 80

T1
Kg P2O5 and 50 Kg K 2O /ha)
T2 100% N through FYM
T3 100% N through Vermicompost
T4 100% N through Poultry manure
T5
75 % NPK + 25% N through FYM
T6 75 % NPK + 25% N through Vermicompost
T7 75 % NPK + 25% N through Poultry manure
T8 50 % NPK + 50% N through FYM
T9 50 % NPK + 50% N through Vermicompost
T10 50 % NPK + 50% N through Poultry manure

N
E W
Poly house
6.9 m
S
T2 T1 T10
T1 T10 T9
T10 T9 T8
T9 T8 T7
College building
T8 T7 T6
Aonla field
19.5 m
T7 T6 T5
T6 T5 T4
0.5m
T5 T4 T3
T4 T3 T2
1.5
m
0.75
m
mmm 1.8
T3 mmm T2 mT1
mmm
mmm
R-I
mm R-II R-III
Herbal garden
Fig. 2: Plan of the layout of experimental field of radish

3.5 Experimental operations
3.5.1 Field preparation
The field was ploughed with tractor drawn mould board plough.
Thereafter cross harrowing was done followed by planking to make the field
levelled. Plots are prepared according to layout plan.
3.5.2 Seed rate and sowing
The pure, healthy, disease and insect free vigorous and good quality
seed of radish variety Japanese white was used for sowing. Seed was treated
with mancozeb 2 g+ Carbendazim 1 g per Kg seed using the seed rate of 10
kg ha-1. Seed was sown by hand dibbling method maintain row to row
distance of 30 cm and plant to plant distance 10 cm. The seed sowing was
done 1.25 cm deep. its facilitate good root production.
3.5.3 Thinning and gap filling
After complete germination, gap filling was done to maintain desired

plant population. When the re-sowing seeds were germinated, thinning was
done to maintain proper spacing and to facilitate the development of roots.
3.5.4 Irrigation
Optimum soil moisture was maintained in the field by regular

irrigation as given below:
Irrigation Date
First 15th December, 2015
Second 25th December, 2015
Third 10st January, 2016
Fourth 25th January, 2016
Fifth 4th February, 2016

Sixth 15thFebruary, 2016
3.5.5 Weeding and intercultural operation:
Two weeding were done by manual i.e. first after 15 days and second
30 days after germination.
3.5.6 Nutrient management
I. Fertilizer: Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium were provided through urea,

DAP and muriate of potash according to the treatment. Full quantity of
phosphorus, potash and 1/3 of nitrogen was applied at basal at the time of
sowing while the remaining was applied 15 and 30 days after sowing.
II. Organic manures: Organic manures viz., FYM, vermicompost and poultry
manure were incorporated as per treatment to respective plots prior to sowing
on the basis of nitrogen percentage. The nitrogen content in FYM,
vermicompost, and poultry manure was 0.5%, 1.5 % and 2 % respectively.
3.5.7 Plant protection measures
Plant protection measures were followed regularly to control pest and

diseases. Soil with copper fungicide (mancozeb) @ 3 g per litter of water was
drenched to protect the seedling from fungal infection. Spray of insecticide
chloropyrifos @ 2.5 ml/L, dimethoate @ 1.5 ml/L and imidacloprid @ 0.3 ml/L
of water was done for control of pests during crop growth period.
3.5.8 Harvesting
Harvesting of radish was done on 5th to 19th February, 2016. The roots
were pulled out with the help of khurpi. All possible cares were taken, while
pulling out the radish root to avoid damage. The soil was washed out from
roots with fresh water.
3.6. Observations recorded
Observations were recorded at successive growth stages. The details

of the observations recorded during the course of investigation are given
below:-
3.6.1 Growth parameter
(i) Plant height (cm)
The plant height was measured from soil surface up to the tip of leaves
with the help of measuring scale and average was worked out. Height of the
five randomly selected and tagged plant was measured at 30, 45 days after
sowing and at harvesting stage.
(ii) Number of leaves of plant
The number of leaves from five randomly selected plants of each plot
was counted at 30 and 45 days after sowing and at harvesting stage. The
average was computed and expressed as number of leaves per plant.
(iii) Leaf length (cm)
The length of leaves from five randomly selected plants of each plot
was measured by scale at 30 and 45 days after sowing and at harvesting
stage. The average was computed and expressed in centimeters.
(iv) Dry weight (g) of shoot
After taking fresh weight plants were dried in sun for 2 days and then
in hot air oven at 65o C temperature till constant weight. The weight of such
dried plant was recorded at 30, 45 days and at harvest.
(v) Fresh weight (g) of shoot
Three randomly selected plants from each plot were weighed at 30

and 45 days after sowing and at harvesting stage and their average was
worked out and expressed as fresh weight of plant in gram.
(vi) SPAD value in leaves
SPAD value in leaves of five randomly selected plants was

estimated by using instrument SPAD chlorophyll meter by simple
clamping the device over leaf tissue at 30 and 45 days after sowing
and at harvesting stage.
3.6.2 Yield parameter
(i) Root length (cm)
The length of five randomly selected roots from each plot was
measured by using meter scale at harvesting stage and the means were
worked out and expressed in centimeter.
(ii) Root diameter (cm)

The diameter of five roots from each plot was measured by using
vernier caliper at harvesting stage and the means were worked out and
expressed in centimeter.
(iii) Days to harvest
Radish is a cool- season root crop that matures to marketable size in first
harvesting 45 days and second 60 days after sowing.
(iv) Fresh root weight (g/plant)
Five randomly selected roots were weighed at harvesting stage and

their average was calculated and expressed in grams.
(v) Root yield per hectare (q)
After cutting the leaves, roots were weighed on digital balance and
root yield per net plot was recorded in kilogram which was converted
into quintal per hectare as given below:
Root yield (kg/plot) x 10,000

Root yield (q/ha) =
Net area of plot (m2) x 100
(vi) Harvest index (%)

The harvest index was obtained by the economic yield (seed yield) from
total biological yield and expressed as percentage
Economic yield
X 100
Harvest index (%) =
Biological yield
3.6.3 Quality parameter
(i) Fiber content (mg/100g)
Took 2 g radish sample and grinded using pestle and mortar.

Thereafter, the sample was boiled with 200 ml of sulphuric acid (0.255 N) for
30 minutes with bumping chips. Then, filtered the sample through muslin cloth
and washed with boiling water until washing are no longer acidic. Again boil
the sample with 200 ml of sodium hydroxide (0.313 N) for 30 minutes. Filter
through muslin cloth again and wash with boiling water. Dried the residue and
note the weight of sample for estimation of fiber content (Saini, 2006).
(ii) Total soluble solids (0Brix):
All the fruits of each plant were crushed to form a homogenized

sample and than the juice were extracted through muslin cloth. The
0
extract was used for determination of T.S.S. in Brix by hand
refractometer. Few drops of juice were placed on the surface of prism.
The hinged part was placed back. The refractometer was then placed
against the sun. The reading was noted by revolving the eyepiece at
room temperature (A.O.A.C., 1970).
(iii) Ascorbic acid content (mg/100g pulp):

Assay method was followed given by Ranganna (1977).
(a) Preparation of 3 per cent Meta phosphoric acid (HPO 3): For
preparing the 3% Meta phosphoric acid (HPO3) solution, dissolve the 3
gm sticks or pellets of (HPO3) in 100 ml distilled water.
(b) Preparation of standard ascorbic acid solution: 100 mg of l-
Ascorbic acid was weighted and made up to 100 ml with 3% (HPO 3).
One ml of this solution was diluted to 10 ml by adding 3% HPO3 (1 ml =
0.1 mg ascorbic acid).
(c) Preparation of dye solution: 52 mg of sodium salt of 2,6-di
chlorophenol indophenol was dissolved in 150 ml of hot distilled water
containing 42 mg sodium bicarbonate after cooling, it was diluted with
200 ml distilled water and stored in refrigerator and standardized every
day.
(d) Standardization of dye: In 5 ml of standard ascorbic acid solution
5 ml of HPO3 micro burette was filled with the dye solution. Standard
Ascorbic acid was filtrated against dye solution to a pink colour, which
persisted for 15 seconds. One milligram of ascorbic acid was used per
ml of dye to determine the dye factor as follows:
Dye factor = 0.5/Titre value
(e) Preparation of sample: 10 gram of sample was blended with 100
ml of 3% HPO3 after that it was filtered.
(f) Assay of ascorbic acid: An aliquot (10 ml) of the sample was taken
and titrated against the standard dye to a pink colour end point, which
persisted for 15 seconds. The ascorbic acid content of the sample was
calculated using the following formula:
Ascorbic acid = Titre × dye factor × volume made up ×100

(mg / 100 g pulp) Aliquot extract taken for estimation ×
weight of sample taken for estimation
3.7 Economic of treatments:

Economic evaluation of different treatments was done on the basis of
existing price of input and output.
3.8 Statistical analysis
The data obtained from set of observation for each character were
subjected to “Analysis of Variance” as advocated by Panse and Sukhatme
(1984). The Skeleton of ANOVA as per design is as given in Table 3.
Table 6: Skeleton of analysis of variance
The data have been presented in the form of summary tables with
mean values of the characters and C.D. at 5% level of probability. All data
have also been given as appendices.
Table 5: Skeleton of analysis of variance (ANOVA)
“F” value
Mean “F” value
Source of Degree of Sum of (Table) at
sum of (Calculat
Variation freedom Square 5% level of
Squares ed)
(S.V.) (df) (SS) significance
(MSS) (Fcal)
(Ftab)
Replication MSR/
(r) (r-1)=2 SSR MSR MSE 3.55
Treatment MSW/
(t) (t-1)=9 SSW MSW MSE 2.45
(r-1) (t-1)
Error = 18 SSE MSE
Total (nr-1)=29 SST
The significance of the treatment difference was judged by using critical

difference (C.D.), which was calculated by using formula given by Panse and
Sukhatme (1984).
(i)Standard error of mean (SEm ):
S.Em. = EMS
No. of replication
(ii) Critical difference (CD)
(a) CD = SEm  x 2 x t5% (edf)
Where,
EMS = Error mean sum of squares
R = Replications
t5% (edf) = Table value at error degree of freedom
S.Em.  = Standard error of mean
CD = Critical differences
CHAPTER - IV
RESULTS
Chapter- IV
RESULTS
The observations recorded under the investigation entitled “Effect of

and quality of radish (Raphanus sativus L.)” were subjected to statistical
analysis and interpreted as follows:
4.1 Growth parameters
Growth of radish was studied with respect to plant height,

number of leaves per plant, length of leaves, fresh weight of shoot, dry
weight of shoot and SPAD value in leaves were recorded at 30 , 45
DAS and at the harvesting stage.
4.1.1 Plant height (cm)

Plant height was recorded at 30, 45 DAS and at harvesting
stage. Perusal of data presented in Table 6 and Fig.3 revealed
significant effect of organic manures, inorganic fertilizers and their
combinations on plant height of radish at all the stages of growth in
radish (DAS).
In general there was increase in plant height up to harvesting

stage. Among different treatments, treatment T6 (75 % NPK + 25% N
through vermicompost) recorded maximum plant height of 14.43, 32.37
and 35.37 cm at 30, 45 DAS and at harvesting stage, respectively. It
was followed by T7 (75 % NPK + 25% N through poultry manure) with
a plant height of 13.07, 29.53 and 32.53 cm at 30, 45 DAS and at
harvesting stage, respectively. While minimum plant height of 9.13,
22.83 and 25.90 cm was found under T2 (100% N through FYM) at 30
and 45 DAS and at harvesting stage, respectively.
Table 6: Effect of organic manures, inorganic fertilizers and their
combinations on plant height (cm) of radish
Plant height (cm)

Treatments At harvesting
30 DAS 45 DAS
(DAS)
T1 10.47 25.73 27.73
T2 9.13 22.83 25.90
T3 10.20 24.97 26.93
T4 9.80 23.77 26.07
T5 11.90 27.30 29.67
T6 14.43 32.37 35.23
T7 13.07 29.53 32.53
T8 10.63 25.83 27.90
T9 11.63 26.97 29.10
T10 10.97 26.70 28.20
SEm± 0.45 0.94 0.89
CD at 5% 1.34 2.81 2.65
4.1.2 Number of leaves per plant

Number of leaves per plant was recorded in radish at 30, 45
DAS and at harvesting stage. Perusal of data presented in Table 7 and
Fig.4 exhibited significant effect of organic manures, inorganic fertilizers
and their combinations on number of leaves per plant at all the stages.
Number of leaves per plant was affected significantly with

different treatments at all stages of growth under study. Treatment T6
(75 % NPK + 25% N through vermicompost) recorded significantly higher
number of leaves per plant i.e. 6.53, 11.03 and 13.50 at 30 and 45
DAS and at harvesting stage, respectively as compared to other
treatments. It was followed by T7 (5.87, 10.07 and 12.47), T5, T9, T10, T8
T1, T3 and T4 in descending order at all the stages of growth. While
minimum number of leaves i.e. 4.60, 7.87 and 10.83 per plant were
observed under the treatment T2 (100% N through FYM) at 30, 45 DAS
and at harvesting stage, respectively.
combinations on number of leaves per plant of radish
Treatments Number of leaves per plant
30 DAS 45 DAS At harvesting

(DAS)
T1 4.87 8.63 11.13
T2 4.60 7.87 10.83
T3 4.77 8.23 10.93
T4 4.63 8.10 10.97
T5 5.27 9.03 11.43
T6 6.53 11.03 13.50
T7 5.87 10.07 12.47
T8 4.97 8.70 11.23
T9 5.20 8.80 11.37
T10 5.10 8.77 11.30
SEm± 0.18 0.32 0.34
CD at 5% 0.54 0.96 1.02

4.1.3 Length of leaves (cm)
Length of leaves was noted at 30, 45 DAS and at harvesting

stage. Data presented in Table 8 and Fig. 5 revealed significant effect
of organic manures, inorganic fertilizers and their combinations on length of
leaves of radish at all the stages of growth.
There was increase in length of leaves with advancement of

growth stage up to harvesting stage. Length of leaves of radish
recorded at 30, 45 DAS and at harvesting stage was significantly
affected with different treatments. Maximum length of leaves recorded
at 30, 45 DAS and at harvesting stage was 11.33, 27.03 and 29.97 cm,
respectively under the treatment T6 (75 % NPK + 25% N through
vermicompost) which was statically superior than other treatments. It
was followed by T7 (75 % NPK + 25% N through poultry manure) which
had recorded 10.17, 24.33 and 27.49 cm length of leaves at 30, 45
DAS and at harvesting stage, respectively. While minimum length of
leaves i.e. 6.83, 18.43 and 21.83 cm were observed under the
treatment T2 (100% N through FYM) at 30, 45 DAS at harvesting stage,
respectively.
4.1.4 Fresh weight of shoot (g)

Fresh weight of shoot (g) was recorded at 30, 45 DAS and at
harvesting stage. The data presented in Table 9 and Fig. 6 showed
combinations on fresh weight of shoot (g) at all the stages.
Maximum fresh weight of shoot i.e. 12.73, 83.67 and 91.50 g

was recorded at 30, 45 DAS and at harvesting stage, respectively
under the treatment T6 (75 % NPK + 25% N through vermicompost). It was
followed by T7>T5>T9>T10>T8>T1>T3>T4 at all the growth stages under
study. While minimum fresh weight of shoot i.e. 8.03, 59.67 and 74.07
g was observed under the treatment T2 (100% N through FYM) at 30, 45
DAS and at harvesting stage, respectively.
combinations on length of leaves (cm) of radish
Length of leaves (cm)
Treatment 30 DAS 45 DAS At harvesting

(DAS)
T1 8.63 20.77 24.27
T2 6.83 18.43 21.83
T3 7.80 20.03 23.19
T4 7.67 19.69 23.01
T5 9.10 22.25 25.21
T6 11.33 27.03 29.97
T7 10.17 24.33 27.49
T8 8.70 21.70 24.45
T9 9.07 22.01 25.20
T10 8.80 21.95 24.56
SEm± 0.37 0.90 0.77
CD at 5% 1.12 2.69 2.30

combinations on fresh weight of shoot (g) of radish
Fresh weight of shoot (g)
Treatments
(DAS)
T1 9.03 63.50 77.03
T2 8.03 59.67 74.07
T3 8.63 61.07 76.67
T4 8.57 60.33 75.90
T5 10.43 71.33 80.33
T6 12.73 83.67 91.50
T7 11.50 77.37 85.87
T8 9.40 65.17 77.18
T9 10.37 70.83 80.30
T10 9.67 70.00 79.33
SEm± 0.41 2.12 1.85
CD at 5% 1.22 6.31 5.50
4.1.5 Dry weight of shoot (g)
Dry weight of shoot (g) was recorded at 30, 45 DAS and at

harvesting stage. Perusal of data presented in Table 10 and Fig. 7
revealed significant effect of organic manures, inorganic fertilizers and their
combinations on dry weight of shoot (g) at all the stages.
Treatments had exerted significant influence on dry weight of
shoot in radish at all the stages under study. Treatment T 6 (75 % NPK +
25% N through vermicompost) recorded maximum dry weight i.e. 1.24,
8.21 and 9.20 g at 30, 45 DAS and at harvesting stage, respectively. It
was significantly superior over all other treatments. Rest of treatments
were in
the order of T7>T5>T9>T10>T8>T1>T3>T4. While minimum dry weight of
plant i.e. 0.80, 5.57 and 7.27 g was observed under the treatment T2
(100% N through FYM) at 30, 45 DAS and at harvesting stage.
respectively.

combinations on dry weight of shoot (g) of radish
Dry weight of shoot (g)
Treatments 30 DAS 45 DAS At harvesting

(DAS)
T1 0.90 6.28 7.64
T2 0.80 5.57 7.27
T3 0.85 5.91 7.43
T4 0.86 5.87 7.41
T5 1.00 6.80 7.87
T6 1.24 8.21 9.20
T7 1.11 7.50 8.47
T8 0.92 6.51 7.67
T9 1.00 6.61 7.77
T10 0.93 6.73 7.73
SEm± 0.04 0.24 0.24
CD at 5% 0.12 0.71 0.72

4.1.6 SPAD value in leaves
SPAD Value in leaves was recorded at 30, 45 DAS and at

harvesting stage. Perusal of data presented in Table 11 and Fig. 8
revealed significant effect of organic manures, inorganic fertilizers and their
combination on SPAD value in leaves at all the stages.
Treatments had exerted significant influence on SPAD value in

leaves in radish at all the stages under study. Maximum SPAD value in
leaves i.e. 59.75, 60.04 and 57.49 was recorded at 30, 45 DAS and at
harvesting stage, respectively under the treatment T6 (75 % NPK + 25%
N through vermicompost). It was significantly superior over all other
treatment. Rest of treatments were in the order of
T7>T5>T9>T10>T8>T1>T3>T4. While, minimum SPAD value in leaves i.e.
50.45, 51.21 and 48.71 was observed under the treatment T2 (100% N
through FYM) at 30, 45 DAS and at harvesting stage, respectively.
combinations on SPAD value in leaves of radish
Treatments SPAD value in leaves

(DAS)
T1 53.12 52.31 49.81
T2 50.45 51.21 48.71
T3 52.93 52.13 49.63
T4 50.48 51.33 48.83
T5 55.63 56.02 53.52
T6 59.75 60.05 57.49
T7 56.42 56.54 54.04
T8 53.25 52.63 50.13
T9 55.47 55.44 52.94
T10 53.27 53.52 51.02
SEm± 1.04 0.97 0.97
CD at 5% 3.09 2.86 2.90
4.2 Yield Parameters and Yield
Effect of different organic manures, inorganic fertilizers and their

combinations on radish was studied with respect to yield parameters
viz., length of root (cm), diameter of root (cm), fresh weight of root,
days to harvest and yield of root (q/ha).
4.2.1 Length of root (cm)
Length of root (cm) in radish was observed at harvesting stage.

The data presented in Table 12 and in Fig. 9 exhibited significant
influence of effect of organic manures, inorganic fertilizers and their
combinations on length of root in radish.
Length of root in radish was significantly affected with different

treatments. Maximum length of root (19.97 cm) was observed under
the treatment T6 (75 % NPK + 25% N through vermicompost). It was
significantly superior over other treatments. Rest of the treatments
were in a order of T7>T5>T9>T10>T8>T1>T3>T4. While minimum length
of root i.e. 15.80 cm was observed under the treatment T2 (100% N
through FYM) after harvesting.
4.2.2 Diameter of root (cm)

Diameter of root (cm) in radish was recorded at harvesting
stage. Perusal of data presented in Table 12 and Fig.10 exhibited
significant influence of organic manures, inorganic fertilizers and their
combinations on diameter of root in radish.
Diameter of root in radish was significantly affected with different
treatments. Maximum diameter of root (3.84cm) was observed under
the treatment T6 (75 % NPK + 25% N through vermicompost) which was
followed by T7>T5>T9>T10>T8>T1>T3>T4 in descending order. Minimum
diameter of root (2.74 cm) was recorded under the treatment T2 (100%
N through FYM).
combinations on length of root (cm) and diameter of root
(cm) of radish
Treatments Length of root (cm) Diameter of root (cm)
T1 17.07 2.88
T2 15.80 2.74
T3 16.97 2.81
T4 16.89 2.80
T5 17.83 3.11
T6 19.97 3.84
T7 18.30 3.48
T8 17.30 2.96
T9 17.83 3.03
T10 17.67 2.99
SEm± 0.55 0.12
CD at 5% 1.65 0.36
4.2.3 Day to harvest
Perusal of data presented in Table 13 and Fig. 11 indicated

combinations in radish.
Treatment of T2 (100% N through FYM) had taken maximum (60.33)
days to attain marketable size root. It was followed by
T4>T3>T1>T10>T9>T1>T5>T7 descending order. Minimum (51.57) days
to attain marketable size of root taken by T6 (75 % NPK + 25% N through
Vermicompost) treatment with significant difference from other treatments.
combinations on days to harvest of radish
Treatments Day to harvest
T1 59.00
T2 60.33
T3 59.17
T4 59.67
T5 57.10
T6 51.57
T7 54.67
T8 58.33
T9 57.87
T10 58.00
SEm± 1.04
CD at 5% 3.09
4.2.4 Average weight of root (g)
Presented is average weight of root (g) was recorded after

harvesting. Perusal of data presented in Table 14 and Fig. 12 exhibited
combinations on average weight of root in radish.
Weight of root in radish was significantly affected with different
treatments. Maximum average weight of root (117.86 g) was noted
under the treatment T6 (75 % NPK + 25% N through vermicompost) which
was significantly superior over all other treatments. It was followed by
T7>T5>T9>T10>T8>T1>T3>T4 in descending order. Minimum average
weight of root (81.48 g) was observed under the treatment T2 (100% N
through FYM).
4.2.5 Root yield (q/ha)
Yield of root (q/ha) was recorded after harvesting. The data

presented in Table 14 and Fig. 13 exhibited significant influence of
organic manures, inorganic fertilizers and their combinations on root yield in
radish.
Treatments showed significant influence on root yield (q/ha) in

radish. Highest root yield (392.83 q/ha) was recorded under the
treatment T6 (75 % NPK + 25% N through vermicompost) which was
significantly superior over all other treatments under study. It was
followed by T7>T5>T9>T10>T8>T1>T3>T4 in descending order. While
lowest root yield of (271.57 q/ha) was observed under the treatment T2
(100% N through FYM).
combinations on weight of root (g) and root yield (q/ha) of radish
Average weight of root Root yield

Treatments
(g) (q/ha)
T1 91.20 303.97
T2 81.48 271.57
T3 90.03 300.08
T4 83.10 276.97
T5 101.07 336.88
T6 117.86 392.83
T7 101.21 337.34
T8 93.53 311.75
T9 98.80 329.30
T10 93.58 311.89
SEm± 3.33 11.11
CD at 5% 9.90 33.01
4.2.6 Harvest index

The data presented in Table 15 and Fig. 14 at indicated
combinations on harvesting index.
Application of treatment T6 (75 % NPK + 25% N through

vermicompost) recorded highest harvest index (56.80) which was significantly
superior over other treatments. It was followed
T7>T5>T9>T10>T8>T1>T3>T4 descending order. While minimum harvest
index (52.28) was observed under the treatment T 2 (100% N through
FYM)
combinations on harvest index (%) of radish
Treatments Harvest index (%)
T1 55.45
T2 52.28
T3 53.99
T4 52.38
T5 54.56
T6 56.80
T7 54.53
T8 54.15
T9 54.53
T10 54.18
SEm± 0.76
CD at 5% 2.25
4.3. Quality parameter
Quality parameter of the radish root was studied with respect to

fiber content (mg/100g edible portion), T.S.S, ( 0Brix) and ascorbic acid
content (mg/100g edible portion) after harvesting.
4.3.1. Fiber content (mg/100g)
Fiber content (mg/100g) in root was recorded after harvesting.

The data presented in Table 16 Fig. 15 revealed significant influences
of organic manures, inorganic fertilizers and their combinations on fiber
content in radish.
Treatments had significant influence on fiber content in root after

harvest. Highest fiber content (763.67 mg/100g edible portion) was
determined with T6 (75 % NPK + 25% N through vermicompost) treatment.
Lowest Fiber content (505.33 mg/100g edible portion) noted in case of
T2 (100% N through FYM) treatment.
4.3.2 Total soluble solids ( 0Brix)

Total soluble solids content in radish root was recorded after
harvesting. The data presented in Table 16 and fig. 16 revealed
combinations on total soluble solids content in roots of radish.
Highest total soluble solid content (50Brix) was determined with

T6 (75 % NPK + 25% N through vermicompost) treatment with significant
difference than other treatments. Rest of treatments has total soluble
solids in descending order T7>T5>T9>T10>T8>T1>T3>T4. Minimum total
soluble solid content (3.810Brix) was found in treatment T2 (100% N
through FYM).
4.3.3 Ascorbic acid (mg/100g edible portion)
Ascorbic acid (mg/100) content in roots was recorded after

harvesting. The data presented in Table 16 and fig 17 revealed
significant influences of organic manures, inorganic fertilizers and their
combinations on ascorbic acid.
Treatments had significant influence on ascorbic acid (mg/100)

in root after harvest. Highest Ascorbic acid (37.17 mg/100g) was
determined with T6 (75 % NPK + 25% N through vermicompost) treatment
which was significantly superior over other treatments. Lowest
Ascorbic acid content (27.00mg/100g) was found in T2 (100% N through
FYM).
combinations on fiber content (mg/100g), total soluble
solids (0Brix) and ascorbic acid (mg/100g) of radish
Fiber Content Ascorbic acid

Treatments TSS (0Brix)
(mg/100g) (mg/100g)
T1 549.67 4.13 32.33
T2 505.33 3.81 27.00
T3 544.00 4.05 31.33
T4 516.00 4.03 30.67
T5 640.00 4.47 33.67
T6 763.67 5.00 37.17
T7 675.33 4.55 34.33
T8 584.67 4.15 32.33
T9 608.67 4.37 33.00
T10 596.00 4.25 32.67
SEm± 27.18 0.128 0.96
CD at 5% 80.75 0.380 2.87
ssss4.4 Economics of the different treatments for radish production
The data pertaining to cost of cultivation for different treatments

have been presented in Table 17 Fig. 18 and 19 and Appendix Xll. A perusal
of the data recorded that highest gross income per hectare amounting to Rs.
196415 was obtained in treatment T6 (75 % NPK + 25% N through
vermicompost) followed by Rs. 168670.0 in treatment T7 (75 % NPK + 25% N
through poultry manure). Were as lowest grows income per hectare
(Rs.135786.4) was calculated in T2 (100% N through FYM). On the other
hand, the highest total cost of cultivation per hectare (Rs. 58430) was incurred
in treatment T3 (100% N through vermicompost) followed by Rs. 45101 in
treatment T9 (50 % NPK + 50% N through vermicompost). The lowest cost of
cultivation of Rs. 31772 was obtained in treatment T1 (100% NPK). Net
retunes per hectare were however highest (Rs. 157979) in treatment T6 (75 %
NPK + 25% N through vermicompost) followed by Rs. 134816.0 in treatment
T7 (75 % NPK + 25% N through poultry manure). Whereas lowest net retunes
(Rs. 90686.42) was calculated in treatment T 2 (100% N through FYM).
Maximum B:C ratio ( 1:4.11) was observed in treatment T 6 (75 % NPK + 25%
N through vermicompost) followed by (1:3.98 ) treatment T7 (75 % NPK +
25% N through poultry manure) were as minimum B:C ratio of 1:1.57 was
observed in treatment T3 (100% N through vermicompost).
combinations on economics of different treatments
Treatme Common Treatment Total Yield Gross Net B:C

nts cost (Rs) cost (Rs) cost (Rs) q/ha income income ratio
T1 25100 6,672 31772 303.97 151985.0 120212.8 1:3.78
T2 25100 20,000 45100 271.57 135786.4 90686.4 1:2.01
T3 25100 33,330 58430 300.08 150040.6 91610.6 1:1.57
T4 25100 15,000 40100 276.97 138486.2 98386.2 1:2.45
T5 25100 10,004 35104 336.88 168438.7 133335.0 1:3.80
T6 25100 13,336 38436 392.83 196415.0 157979.0 1:4.11
T7 25100 8,754 33854 337.34 168670.0 134816.0 1:3.98
T8 25100 13,336 38436 311.75 155873.3 117437.3 1:3.06
T9 25100 20,001 45101 329.30 164650.2 119549.2 1:2.65
T10 25100 10,836 35936 311.89 155945.5 120009.5 1:3.34

CHAPTER - V
DISCUSSION
Chapter- V
DISCUSSION
The findings of the investigation entitled “Effect of organic manures,

inorganic fertilizers and their combinations on growth, yield and quality of
radish (Raphanus sativus L.)” has been described and explained with
support of relevant research work published by earlier workers on the
subject as follows:
5.1 Growth parameters
The findings pertaining to growth parameters viz., plant height, number

of leaves per plant, leaf length, fresh weight of shoot, dry weight of shoot and
SPAD value in leaves were observed at 30, 45 days after sowing and at the
harvesting stage. There was significant effect of organic manures, inorganic
fertilizers and their combinations on all the growth parameters.
Among the treatments, T6 (75 % NPK + 25 % N through

vermicompost) recorded the maximum value of plant height during the
different stages followed by T7 (75 % NPK + 25 % N through poultry
manure), T5 (75 % NPK + 25 % N through FYM), T9 (50 % NPK + 50 %
N through vermicompost), T10 (50 % NPK + 50 % N through poultry
manure), T8 (50 % NPK + 50 % N through FYM), T1 (100 % NPK), T3 (100
% N through vermicompost) as well as T4 (100 % N through poultry manure).
While the minimum value of plant height was observed with T2 (100 % N
through FYM) at all the stages of crop growth. T6 (50 % NPK + 50 % N
through vermicompost) significantly improved the plant height. The increase
in height of plant by the use of vermicompost with integration of NPK may be
due to beneficial influence of nitrification inhibition properties of vermicompost
in the soil. Besides, it may also be due to rapid elongation and multiplication
of cell in the presence of adequate quantity of nitrogen (Barman et al., 2014).
Similar results were reported by Mahokar et al. (2007) and Kumar et al.
(2014) in radish and Bhattarai and Maharjan (2013) in carrot.
Application of nutrients resulted in significant variation among different
treatments for number of leaves per plant during all the growth stage. Highest
number of leaves were observed with T6 (75 % NPK + 25 % N through
vermicompost) followed by T7 (75 % NPK + 25 % N through poultry
manure), T5 (75 % NPK + 25 % N through FYM), T9 (50 % NPK + 50 %
N through vermicompost), T10 (50 % NPK + 50 % N through poultry
manure), T8 (50 % NPK + 50 % N through FYM), T1 (100 % NPK) T3 (100
% N through vermicompost) as well as T4 (100 % N through poultry manure)
while the lowest number of leaves was observed with T2 (100 % N through
FYM) at all the stages of crop growth. Present studies clearly indicated that
vermicompost in combination with 75% recommended dose of fertilizers
played significant role in increasing the growth and ultimately number of
leaves in radish. Highest number of leaves in T6 (75 % NPK + 25 % N
through vermicompost) due to slow release of nutrients through
vermicompost thus enriching available nutrient pool of the soil that resulting in
more number of leaves per plant (Bhattarai and Maharjan, 2013). Similar
findings have been reported by Mahokar et al. (2007), Kumar et al. (2014)
and Khalid et al. (2015) in radish.
Among treatments, maximum length of leaves per plant was

recorded with the treatment T6 (75 % NPK + 25 % N through
vermicompost) which was followed by T7 (75 % NPK + 25 % N through
poultry manure ). While, minimum length of leaves per plant was
observed under nutrient treatment T2 (100 % N through FYM). Highest
length of leaves in T6 (75 % NPK + 25 % N through vermicompost) due
to vermicompost provide the micronutrients such as zinc, copper, iron
and manganese etc. in the adequate amount to the plant (Bhattarai
and Maharjan, 2014). Similar findings have been reported by Kumar et al.
(2014) in radish and Rao et al. (2010) in onion.
Treatments indicated significant effect on fresh weight of shoot at all

the growth stages. Maximum fresh weight of shoot was observed with
T6 (75 % NPK + 25 % N through vermicompost) followed by T7 (75 %
NPK + 25 % N through poultry manure), T5 (75 % NPK + 25 % N
through FYM), T9 (50 % NPK + 50 % N through vermicompost), T10 (50
% NPK + 50 % N through poultry manure), T8 (50 % NPK + 50 % N
through FYM), T1 (100 % NPK) T3 (100 % N through vermicompost) as well
as T4 (100 % N through poultry manure). While the minimum fresh weight of
shoot was observed with T2 (100 % N through FYM) at all the stages of crop
growth. It was recorded that weight of shoot increased with the increased in
days after sowing. The increase in fresh weight of leaves may be due to
higher level of nitrogen. The nitrogen is also synthesized in to amino acids
which are built in to complex protein and help in promising the luxurious
growth of crop (Kumar et al., 2014). Similar findings have been reported by
Uddain et al. (2010) in radish and Singh et al. (2007) in carrot.
The maximum dry weight of shoot was recorded with treatment

T6 (75 % NPK + 25 % N through vermicompost) which was followed by
T7, T5, T9, T10, T8, T1, T3 and T4 in descending order. While the
minimum dry weight of shoot was recorded in case of treatment T2 (100 %
N through FYM). Similar findings have been reported by Uddain et al. (2010)
and Kumar et al. (2014) in radish.
Among the treatments, T6 (75 % NPK + 25 % N through

vermicompost) recorded the maximum SPAD value during the different
stages followed by T7 (75 % NPK + 25 % N through poultry manure), T5
(75 % NPK + 25 % N through FYM), T9 (50 % NPK + 50 % N through
vermicompost), T10 (50 % NPK + 50 % N through poultry manure), T8
(50 % NPK + 50 % N through FYM), T1 (100 % NPK) T3 (100 % N through
vermicompost) as well as T4 (100 % N through poultry manure). While the
minimum SPAD value was observed with T2 (100 % N through FYM) at all the
stages of crop growth. T6 (75 % NPK + 25 % N through vermicompost)
significantly improved the SPAD value. This might be due to efficient
absorption and assimilation of nitrogen from the manure by the plant
which serves as a constituent of chlorophyll which has been reported
to by directly proportional to photosynthetic potential and yield of any
give plant (Zeid et al., 2015).
5.2 Yield parameters and Yield
Yield parameters of the radish viz., length of root (cm), diameter

of root (cm), weight of root (g) per plant, days to harvest, harvest index
and yield of root (q/ha) were studied to evaluate the impact of effect of
organic manures, inorganic fertilizers and their combinations on all the
yield parameters and yield.
Maximum length of root recorded under the treatment T6 (75 %

NPK + 25 % N through vermicompost) and it was followed by T7 (75 %
NPK + 25 % N through poultry manure). While minimum length of root
was observed under the treatment T2 (100 % N through FYM). The
beneficial effect of combined application of organic manure
(vermicompost or compost) and fertilizer might be attributed to the
increased efficacy of inorganic fertilizers and supply of all the essential
nutrients in a balanced amount owing to their control release coinciding
with the stage of root growth (Kumar et al., 2014). Similar findings have
been reported by Sunandarani and Malareddy (2007) and Kumar et al. (2014)
in carrot.
Treatments recorded significant effect on diameter of root.

Maximum diameter of root was found under the treatment T6 (75 %
NPK + 25 % N through vermicompost) followed by T7 (75 % NPK + 25
% N through poultry manure), T5 (75 % NPK + 25 % N through FYM),
T9 (50 % NPK + 50 % N through vermicompost), T10 (50 % NPK + 50
T1 (100 % NPK) T3 (100 % N through vermicompost) as well as T4 (100 % N
through poultry manure). While the minimum diameter of root radish was
observed with T2 (100 % N through FYM). These findings are in agreement
with those reported by Kumar et al. (2009), Uddain et al. (2010) and
Kumar et al. (2014) in radish and Kumar et al. (2014) in carrot.
Treatments recorded significant effect on days to harvest.

Maximum days to harvest was found under the treatment T2 (100 % N
through FYM) followed by T4 (100% N through poultry manure), T3 (100
% N through vermicompost), T1 (100 % NPK), T9 (50 % NPK + 50 % N
through vermicompost), T10 (50 % NPK + 50 % N through poultry
manure), T8 (50 % NPK + 50 % N through FYM) T5 (75 % NPK + 25 % N
through FYM) as well as T7 (75 % NPK + 25 % N through poultry manure).
While the minimum days to harvest was observed with T6 (75 % NPK + 25
% N through vermicompost). These findings are in agreement with
those reported by Malik and Kumar (2009) in tomato.
Treatments indicated significant effect on fresh weight of root.

Maximum fresh weight of root was observed with treatment T6 (75 %
T1 (100 % NPK), T3 (100 % N through vermicompost) as well as T4 (100 % N
through poultry manure). While the minimum fresh weight of root was
observed with T2 (100 % N through FYM). This was attributed due to
solubilizing effect of plant nutrients by the addition of vermicompost leading to
increased uptake of NPK. Organic manure plays a direct role in plant growth
as a source of all necessary macro and micro-nutrients in available forms
during mineralization, improving physical and physiological properties of soil.
Similar findings have been reported by Kumar et al. (2014) in radish and
Kumar et al. (2014) in carrot.
Yield of root of radish significantly affected by treatments. The

maximum yield of root recorded under the treatment T6 (75 % NPK +
25 % N through vermicompost) followed by T7 (75 % NPK + 25 % N
through poultry manure), T5 (75 % NPK + 25 % N through FYM), T9 (50
% NPK + 50 % N through vermicompost), T10 (50 % NPK + 50 % N
through poultry manure), T8 (50 % NPK + 50 % N through FYM), T1 (100
% NPK) T3 (100 % N through vermicompost) as well as T4 (100 % N through
poultry manure). While the minimum yield of root was observed with T2 (100
% N through FYM). An important feature of vermicompost is that during the
processing of the various organic wastes by earthworm, many of the nutrients
that it contents are changed to forms that are more readily taken by plants
(Degwale, 2016). Similar findings have been reported by Mahokar et al.
(2007) and Kumar et al. (2014) in radish, Kumar et al. (2014) in carrot, Rao et
al. (2009) in onion, Barman et al. (2014) and Narayan et al. (2014) in potato.
Harvesting index of radish significantly affected by treatments.

The maximum Harvesting index recorded under the treatment T6 (75 %
T1 (100 % NPK) T3 (100 % N through vermicompost) as well as T4 (100 % N
through poultry manure). While the minimum harvesting index was observed
with T2 (100 % N through FYM). The response of vermicompost might be due
to insufficient amount of organic matter to amend physical and chemical
properties of soil at the soil at the experiment site (Degwale, 2016). Similar
findings have been reported Shrinivas and Naik (1990) and Narayan et al.
(2014) in potato.
5.3 Quality parameters
Quality parameters viz, total soluble solids, ascorbic acid and fiber
content in root were recorded to study the effect of organic manures and
inorganic fertilizers and their combinations on radish.
Treatments had exhibited significant effect on total soluble solid

content. Highest total soluble solids content was found with treatment T6 (75
% NPK + 25 % N through vermicompost) followed by T7>T5>T9>T10>
T8>T1>T3 and T4 in descending order. Minimum total soluble solid content
was observed in case of treatment T2 (100% N through FYM). It might be
due to accumulation of more reserve substances in root. Similar results have
been also reported by Sunandarani and Mallareddy (2007) and Kumar et al.
(2014) in carrot and Degwale (2016) in garlic.
Treatments had also exhibited significant effect on ascorbic acid

content in radish. Highest ascorbic acid content was recorded with T6 (75 %
NPK + 25 % N through vermicompost) followed by treatment T7 (75 %
NPK + 25 % N through poultry manure). Minimum ascorbic acid content
was revealed under T2 (100% N through FYM). Kumar et al. (2014) reported
that organically fertilized soils generally produce plants with lower amount of
nitrogen than chemically fertilized once because of which it would be
expected that organic crops would be have more vitamin-C and higher
chemical quality than conventional crops.
There was significant effect of treatments on fiber content. Treatment

T6 (75 % NPK + 25 % N through vermicompost) had showed maximum
fiber content followed by T7>T5>T9>T10> T8>T1>T3 and T4 in descending
order. Minimum fiber content was observed in treatment T 2 (100% N through
FYM)
5.4 Economic evaluation of treatments
The data pertaining to benefit: cost ratio revealed that maximum benefit:
cost ratio was obtained in that treatments, which fetched highest gross
returns.
Treatments indicated significant effect on gross income, net income and

B : C ratio. Highest gross income, net income and B : C ratio was found with
T6 (75 % NPK + 25 % N through vermicompost) which was significantly
superior over all other treatments. Where as minimum benefit : cost ratio was
obtained in the treatment T3 (100 % N through vermicompost) due to lesser
yield, ultimately lesser gross income and higher cost of vermicompost. Taking
in to consideration all aspect, it can be concluded that application of organic
manures and inorganic fertilizers in combinations given higher benefit: cost
ratio as compare to sole application of different nutrient sources. Therefore,
balance nutrition is integration in essential to enhance the benefit: cost ratio in
radish. The result obtained with respect to benefit: cost ratio is in line with the
findings of Sunandarani and Mallareddy (2007), Vithwel and Kanaujia (2013)
and Sharma et al. (2015) in carrot and Narayan et al. (2014) in potato.
CHAPTER - VI
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION
AND SUGGESTIONS FOR
FURTHER WORK
Chapter-VI
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION FOR FURTHER WORK
6.1 Summary
A field experiment entitled “Effect of organic manures, inorganic

fertilizers and their combinations on growth, yield and quality of radish
(Raphanus sativus L.)” consisting of ten treatments, replicated thrice,
was carried out at Vegetable Research Field, College of Horticulture,
Mandsaur during Rabi season, 2015-16. The findings of the
experiment have been summarized as follows:
6.1.1 Growth parameters
The results of the experiment with respect to growth parameters of

radish crop revealed significant effect of treatments. Maximum plant
height, number of leaves per plant, length of leaves, fresh weight of
shoot, dry weight of shoot as well as SPAD value in leaves was
recorded with the treatment T6 (75 % NPK + 25 % N through
vermicompost) which was followed by T7 (50 % NPK + 50 % N through
poultry manure) with significant difference. While, minimum plant
height, number of leaves per plant, length of leaves per plant, fresh
weight of shoot, dry weight of shoot as well as SPAD value in leaves
was observed under T2 (100 % N through FYM).
6.1.2 Yield parameters and yield
Yield parameters and yield of the radish were studied with

respect to root length, root diameter, days to harvest, root weight
(g/plant), root yield (q/ha) and harvest index showed significant effect
of treatments.
Maximum root length were observed with T6 (75 % NPK + 25 %

N through vermicompost), which was followed by T7 (50 % NPK + 50
% N through poultry manure) with significant difference with significant
difference. Lowest root length of were measured in case of T 2 (100 % N
through FYM). Maximum root diameter were observed with T 6 (75 %
NPK + 25 % N through vermicompost), which was followed by T7 (50
% NPK + 50 % N through poultry manure) with significant difference.
Lowest root diameter of were measured in case of T 2 (100 % N through
FYM). Minimum days to harvest were observed with T 6 (75 % NPK +
25 % N through vermicompost), which was followed by T7 (50 % NPK
+ 50 % N through poultry manure) with significant difference. Maximum
days to harvest were observed with T 2 (100 % N through FYM).
Maximum root weight (g/plant) were observed with T 6 (75 % NPK + 25
% N through vermicompost), which was followed by T7 (50 % NPK +
50 % N through poultry manure) with significant difference. Lowest root
weight (g/plant) was measured in case of T 2 (100 % N through FYM).
Maximum root yield (q/ha) were observed with T 6 (75 % NPK + 25 % N
through vermicompost), which was followed by T7 (50 % NPK + 50 %
N through poultry manure) with significant difference. Lowest root yield
(q/ha) of were measured in case of T 2 (100 % N through FYM). Maximum
harvest index were observed with T 6 (75 % NPK + 25 % N through
vermicompost), which was followed by T7 (50 % NPK + 50 % N
through poultry manure) with significant difference. Lowest harvest
index were measured in case of T 2 (100 % N through FYM).
6.1.3 Quality parameters
Quality parameters like fiber content (mg/100), T.S.S. ( 0Brix) and

ascorbic acid (mg/100g edible portion) revealed significant influence of
treatments. Maximum fiber content was measured in case of T 6 (75 %
NPK + 25 % N through vermicompost), which was followed by T7 (50
% NPK + 50 % N through poultry manure). Minimum fiber content was
recorded with T2 (100 % N through FYM). Highest T.S.S. content in root
was determined in case of T6 (75 % NPK + 25 % N through
through poultry manure). Lowest T.S.S. in radish was observed under
T2 (100 % N through FYM). Maximum ascorbic acid (mg/100g edible
portion) was measured in case of T6 (75 % NPK + 25 % N through
through poultry manure). Minimum ascorbic acid was recorded with T 2
(100 % N through FYM).
6.1.4 Economics of treatments
Maximum benefit: cost ratio was registered by treatment T6 (75

% NPK + 25 % N through vermicompost) followed by T7 (50 % NPK +
50 % N through poultry manure) and minimum B:C ratio was found in
T3 (100 % N through vermicompost)
6.2 Conclusion
It may be concluded from the finding of the present study that among
the different treatments, T6 (75 % NPK + 25 % N through vermicompost)
showed in the highest growth, yield and quality parameters and yield of
radish. Further this treatment also gave highest benefit: cost ratio (1:4.11) and
it is closely followed by treatment T7 (50 % NPK + 50 % N through poultry
manure), for the characters like growth, yield and quality parameters and
yield of radish.
6.3 Suggestion for further work
 Since the findings are based on one year trial hence the investigation
should be repeated for 2-3 years more to draw the final conclusion.
 More Integrated nutrient management practices may be included in

future research work.
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APPENDICES
APPENDICES
APPENDIX - I: Analysis of variance for plant height (cm) at different
growth stages
Mean Sum of Square
Source of variation D.F. Plant height (cm)
30 DAS 45 DAS At harvest
Replication (R) 2 0.78 1.95 5.42
Treatment (T) 9 7.58 22.90 25.89
Error 18 0.61 2.68 2.39
CV 7.01 6.16 5.34
APPENDIX- II: Analysis of Variance for number of leaves at different

growth stages
Mean Sum of Square
Source of variation D.F. Number of leaves
Replication (R) 2 12 0.17 0.12
Treatment (T) 9 1.08 2.73 2.08
Error 18 0.10 0.31 0.35
CV 6.15 6.33 5.16
APPENDIX- III: Analysis of variance for length of leaves (cm) at different

growth stages
Mean Sum of Square
Source of variation D.F. Length of leaves (cm)
Replication (R) 2 0.37 0.73 1.43
Treatment (T) 9 4.87 18.0 16.40
Error 18 0.43 2.4 1.79
CV 7.40 7.19 5.38
APPENDIX- IV: Analysis of variance for shoot fresh weight (g) at
Mean Sum of Square
Source of variation D.F. Fresh weight of shoot (g)
Replication (R) 2 0.59 21.0 0.67
Treatment (T) 9 6.32 186.6 82.28
Error 18 0.50 13.5 10.28
CV 7.23 5.3 4.01
APPENDIX- V: Analysis of variance for shoot dry weight (g) at different

growth stages
Mean Sum of Square
Source of variation D.F. Dry weight (g)
Replication (R) 2 0.00 0.13 0.018
Treatment (T) 9 0.05 1.87 1.00
Error 18 0.005 0.17 0.17
CV 7.44 6.30 5.35
APPENDIX- Vl: Analysis of variance for SPAD value in leaves at different

growth stages
Mean Sum of Square
Source of variation D.F. SPAD value
Replication (R) 2 4.74 2.43 16.18
Treatment (T) 9 23.09 24.15 215.18
Error 18 3.25 2.78 51.45
CV 3.33 3.08 3.27
APPENDIX- VIl: Analysis of variance for length of root (cm), diameter of
root (cm).
Mean Sum of Square
Source of variation D.F. length of root Diameter of root
(cm) (cm )
Replication (R) 2 0.79 0.01
Treatment (T) 9 3.56 0.35
Error 18 0.93 0.04
CV 5.5 7.03
APPENDIX- VIIl: Analysis of variance for average days to harvest of

radish and harvest index root
Mean Sum of Square
Source of variation D.F.
Days to harvest Harvest index

Treatment (T) 9 20.7 5.22
Error 18 3.26 1.73
CV 3.13 2.42
APPENDIX- lX: Analysis of variance for fresh weight of root (g) and root
yield (q/ha)
Mean Sum of Square
Source of variation D.F. Average weight
Root yield (q/ha.)
of root (g)
Treatment (T) 9 326.62 3628.41
Error 18 33.35 370.52
CV 6.06 6.06
APPENDIX- X: Analysis of variance for fiber content (%), T.S.S. (0Brix)
and ascorbic acid (mg/100g)
Mean Sum of Square

Source of variation D.F. Fiber content T.S.S. Ascorbic acid
0
(mg/100g) ( Brix) (mg/100g)
Replication (R) 2 4800.83 0.001 1.57
Treatment (T) 9 18682.5 0.33 20.59
Error 18 2216.35 0.04 2.81
CV 7.86 5.18 5.17
APPENDIX- Xl: General cost of radish cultivation excluding the cost of

treatments (Rs/ha)
Sr. Inputs and cultural practices Cost ha-1 (Rs)
No.
1 Seed (6 kg) 1500
2 Field preparation 1000
3 Bed preparation 2000
4 Sowing 3000
5 Thinning 3000
6 Insecticide+ Fungicide 1200
7 Irrigation 1400
8 Harvesting 12000
Total 25100
Common Cost of cultivation 25100

APPENDIX- Xll: Cost of treatments
Treatment Amount
T1 Control-Recommended dose of fertilizer (100 Kg N,

6,672
80 Kg P2O5 and 50 Kg K 2O /ha)
T2 100% N through FYM 20,000
T3 100% N through Vermicompost 33,330
T4 100% N through Poultry manure 15,000
T5 75% NPK + 25% N through FYM 10,004
T6 75 % NPK + 25% N through Vermicompost 13,336
T7 75 % NPK + 25% N through Poultry manure 8,754
T8 50 % NPK + 50% N through FYM 13,336
T9 50 % NPK + 50% N through Vermicompost 20,001
T10 50 % NPK + 50% N through Poultry manure 10,836
Cost of produce
Sale price of radish: Rs. 500 per quintal.
VITA
VITA
The author of this thesis, Mr. Lalit Kushwah s/o Shri Dwarka Prashad
Kushwah and Smt Durga Kushwah was born on the 30th day of October 1992
at Dhar in Madhya Pradesh. He passed his higher secondary school
examination from Govt. Boys Higher Secondary School, Dhamnod (M.P.) with
69.4 % in the year 2009.
In 2010 he joined RVSKVV, College of Horticulture, Mandsaur (M.P.)
and successfully completed the degree of B.Sc. (Horticulture) during the year
20014-15 with 1st division securing an OGPA of 7.3 on 10.00 point scale.
After graduation, he joined M.Sc. (Horticulture) course in the 1 st
semester, 2014-15 at college of Horticulture, Mandsaure to specialize in
“Vegetable Science”. He has completed the entire course requirement for
above said Master’s Degree in the year 2015-2016 with an OGPA of 7.42 on
a 10 point scale.
He was allotted an interesting research problem entitled “Effect of
and quality of radish (Raphanus sativus L.)” of his choice for thesis work,
which has been duly completed by his and presented in the form of this
thesis.
Permanent Address:
Lalit Kushwah
S/O Dwarka Prashad Kushwah
Vill.& Post- Semalda
Teh. Dharampuri, Dist.-Dhar(M.P. ) 454552
Email id- ldk301092@gmail.com
Mobile no.- 9753238203 . (Lalit Kushwah)

Effect of Organic Manures, Inorganic Fertilizers and Their Combinations On Growth, Yield and Quality of Radish (Raphanus Sativus L.)

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Effect of Organic Manures, Inorganic Fertilizers and Their Combinations On Growth, Yield and Quality of Radish (Raphanus Sativus L.)

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Effect of Organic Manures, Inorganic Fertilizers

and Their Combinations on Growth, Yield and

Rajmata Vijayaraje Scindia Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

Department of Vegetable Science

This is to certify that the thesis entitled “Effect of organic manures,

(Rakesh Kumar Sharma)

MEMBERS OF STUDENT’S ADVISORY COMMITTEE

Chairman (Dr. R.K. Sharma): ……………..……………………………

Member (Dr. S.S. Kushwah): ………………….……………………

Member (Dr. O.P. Singh): ………………….………………………….

Member (Dr. G.P.S. Rathore): ………………….……………………

This is to certify that the thesis entitled “Effect of organic manures,

(Rakesh Kumar Sharma)

MEMBERS OF THE ADVISORY COMMITTEE

Chairman (Dr. R.K. Sharma) : ……………………………………….

Member (Dr. S.S. Kushwah) : .……………………………................

Member (Dr. O.P. Singh) : …............................................................

Member (Dr. G.P.S. Rathore) : ...…………………………...............

Head of the Department/Section:…………………………………..………….

Dean of the College: ………………………………………………….

Director Instruction: …………………………………………………

S. No. Title Page range

2. Review of Literature 3-16

3. Material and Methods 17-32

Summary, Conclusions and Suggestions for

6.1 Summary 69-71

6.3 Suggestions for further work 71

Meteorological parameters recorded during the

2. Physico-chemical properties of soil 20

3. Previous year’s crop history of the experimental field 20

5. Skeleton of analysis of variance 31

Effect of organic manures, inorganic fertilizers and

Effect of organic manures, inorganic fertilizers and

Effect of organic manures, inorganic fertilizers and

Effect of organic manures, inorganic fertilizers and

Effect of organic manures, inorganic fertilizers and

Effect of organic manures, inorganic fertilizers and

Effect of organic manures, inorganic fertilizers and

Effect of organic manures, inorganic fertilizers and

Effect of organic manures, inorganic fertilizers and

Effect of organic manures, inorganic fertilizers and

Effect of organic manures, inorganic fertilizers and

List of Photo Plates

2 Effect of various treatments on radish 51-52

Analysis of variance for plant height (cm) at

Analysis of variance for number of leaves at

XII Total cost of treatment of radish per hectare 80

Symbol Abbreviation Stands for

Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) is a popular root vegetable of

Radish is a good source of vitamin- C (ascorbic acid), containing

Radish is an annual or biennial herb depending on types. The leaves

Chemical fertilizers deteriorate the quality of produce and are

Keeping the above facts in view, an experiment entitled “Effect of

2. To evaluate the effect of organic manures, inorganic fertilizers and their

3. To work out the economics of different treatments in radish.

The literature pertinent to the various aspects of the present

1. Effect of inorganic fertilizers

2.1 Effect of inorganic fertilizers

Bilekudari et al. (2005) observed that the higher fertilizer level

Hamma et al. (2012) reported that irrigation scheduling at 5 days

Sumagaysay (2014) revealed the recommended rate T3 (3.15-48-42)

Banjare et al. (2014) investigated the effect of different nitrogen levels