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Knowledge Digest for IT Community

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0970-647X

Volume No. 41 | Issue No. 9

7 | December
October 2017
2017
0970-647X
ISSN ISSN
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COVER STORY RESEARCH FRONT

Cyber Physical Systems (CPS) and Enterprise Information Security Risk
COVER STORY RESEARCH FRONT
its Implications 8 Management 20
CSI Nihilent eGovernance Awards 7 Remote Monitoring and Localization
using Sensors: Tools for e-Governance 17
ARTICLE
TECHNICAL TRENDS Application Security using Blockchain in
Machine Learning in Physical System 25
Cyber ARTICLE
TECHNICAL TRENDS
Advanced Python 11
Meri Sadak 2.0 : Ontology
SECURITY Modeling in E-Governance for a
CORNER
One step closer to SMART CITY 15 Semantic
Security Digital
Issues in CyberIndia 25 Systems 31
Physical
 CSI  COMMUNICATIONS VOLUME NO. 41 • ISSUE NO. 9 • DECEMBER 2017

Contents
Chief Editor
S S AGRAWAL
KIIT Group, Gurgaon

Editor Cover Story

PRASHANT R. NAIR 8
Cyber Physical Systems (CPS) and its Implications
Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore
S. Suseela and T. Kavitha
Published by
A. K. NAYAK Technical Trends
Hony. Secretary Machine Learning in Advanced Python 11
For Computer Society of India Suchithra M S and Maya L Pai
Blockchain: A Primer 15
Editorial Board: Durgesh Barwal, Rajat Kumar Behera and Abhaya Kumar Sahoo
Arun B Samaddar, NIT, Sikkim
Bhabani Shankar Prasad Mishra, Research Front
KIIT University, Bhubanewar Enterprise Information Security Risk Management 20
Debajyoti Mukhopadhyay, MIT, Pune K. Srujan Raju and M. Varaprasad Rao
J. Yogapriya, Kongunadu Engg. College, Trichy
M Sasikumar, CDAC, Mumbai, Articles
Application Security using Blockchain in Cyber Physical System 25
R Subburaj, SRM University, Chennai Poonam N. Railkar, Sandesh Mahamure and Dr. Parikshit N. Mahalle
R K Samanta, Siliguri Inst. of Tech., West Bengal Cyber Physical Systems and Smart Cities 29
R N Behera, NIC, Bhubaneswar Nishtha Kesswani and Sanjay Kumar
Sudhakar A M, University of Mysore
Security Corner
Sunil Pandey, ITS, Ghaziabad
Security Issues in Cyber Physical Systems 31
Shailesh K Srivastava, NIC, Patna
Swati Maurya and Anurag Jain
Vishal Mehrotra, TCS
Cyber Security and Human Rights 34
Subrata Paul, Anirban Mitra and Brojo Kishore Mishra

Design, Print and Dispatch by Practitioner Workbench

GP OFFSET PVT. LTD. Fun with Digital Image Processing in PHP on Windows and Linux Platform 36
Baisa L. Gunjal

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CSI COMMUNICATIONS | DECEMBER 2017
Editorial
Dear Fellow CSI Members,
The theme for the Computer Society of India (CSI) Communications (The Knowledge Digest for IT
Community) December 2017 issue is Cyber Physical Systems.
“Cyber-Physical Systems or “smart” systems are co-engineered interacting networks of physical and
computational components. These systems will provide the foundation of our critical infrastructure,
form the basis of emerging and future smart services, and improve our quality of life in many areas.”
Prof. (Dr.) S. S. Agrawal Prof. Prashant R. Nair
Chief Editor National Institute of Standard & Technology (NIST), USA Editor

After a series of thematic issues focusing on ICT in applications such as education, governance,
agriculture and health, CSI Communications is focusing on cyber physical systems in this issue after
an issue on the research topic of machine learning. The next issue is also based on research theme,
Machine Intelligence.
Cyber Physical Systems (CPS) is poised to bring advances in personalized health care, emergency
response, traffic flow management, and electric power generation and delivery. This technology
builds on embedded systems, computers and software embedded in devices whose principle mission
is not computation, such as cars, toys, medical devices, and scientific instruments. CPS integrates
the dynamics of the physical processes with those of the software and networking, providing
abstractions and modeling, design, and analysis techniques for the integrated whole
The Cover story in this issue is “Cyber Physical Systems (CPS) and its Implications” by S. Suseela &
T. Kavitha. In the cover story, the authors have traced the evolution and described the architecture,
applications, platforms and functions of CPS.
The technical trends showcased are “Machine Learning in Advanced Python” by Suchithra M.S. &
Maya L Pai and “Blockchain: A Primer” by Durgesh Barwal Rajat Kumar Behera & Abhaya Kumar
Sahoo
In Research front, we have “Enterprise Information Security Risk Management” by K. Srujan
Raju & M. Varaprasad Rao, who throw light upon current research and approaches for enterprise
information security risk management.
Other articles in this issue on CPS provide us information on its applications in smart cities by
Nishtha Kesswani & Sanjay Kumar and Application Security using Blockchain in CPS by Poonam N.
Railkar Sandesh Mahamure & Parikshit N. Mahalle
The Security Corner has 2 contributions, “Security Issues in Cyber Physical Systems” by Swati
Maurya & Anurag Jain and “Cyber Security and Human Rights” by Subrata Paul, Anirban Mitra &
Brojo Kishore Mishra.
We have revived the Practitioner’s Workbench in this issue with “Fun with Digital Image Processing
in PHP on Windows and Linux Platform” by Baisa L. Gunjal
This issue also contains collage of ICANN 60 participation by CSI, MoU with Cisco, CSI activity reports
from chapters & student branches and calendar of events
We are thankful to entire ExecCom for their continuous support in bringing this issue successfully.
We wish to express our sincere gratitude to the CSI publications committee, editorial board, authors
and reviewers for their contributions and support to this issue.
We look forward to receive constructive feedback and suggestions from our esteemed members
and readers at csic@csi-india.org.

With kind regards,

Prof. (Dr.) S. S. Agrawal, Chief Editor Prof. Prashant R. Nair, Editor

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CSI COMMUNICATIONS | DECEMBER 2017
 TECHNICAL TRENDS

Machine Learning in Advanced Python

Suchithra M S Maya L Pai
School of Arts & Sciences, Amrita University, Kochi, India. School of Arts & Sciences, Amrita University, Kochi, India.
Email: suchithrams194@gmail.com Email: mayalpai@gmail.com

Machine learning is a growing field and a motivated developer can quickly learn it up and start making
very real and useful contributions. Machine learning algorithms are a big part of machine learning.
Machine learning algorithms contain a lot of mathematics and theory. But we do not need to know
about algorithm’s work to be able to implement them and apply them to achieve real and valuable
results. This is achieved through different machine learning tools. In this study, we explain about
machine learning and machine learning algorithms. The usage of machine learning tools like Weka, R
and Python and a review on recent trends of machine learning is also given due attention.

Index Terms - machine learning, algorithms, tools, python.

I. Introduction
A machine learning developer
is a developer that built machine
learning systems. These systems
contain algorithms that could learn
from data. Applied machine learning
can be overwhelming. There are so
many things to try and explore on a
given problem. The developer can use
a structured process, just like using a
structured process to develop software
[1]. The template for a multi-step
process when using machine learning
to address a complex problem is
1. Define the problem.
2. Prepare the data.
3. Spot check various learning
algorithms.
4. Tune well-performing learning
algorithms.
5. Visualize the results.
To speed up the process,
understand the problem a little bit from
many different perspectives.
ƒƒ What is the problem?
ƒƒ Why does the problem need to be
solved?
ƒƒ How would I solve the problem?
This last step helps us to
understand why the problem is complex
and requires a machine learning based
solution. To get the best results, we
must understand how algorithms work.
Mathematics plays an important role in
understanding algorithms. There is a
much easier way by using the language
and methods that developers already
know:
¬¬ Simple and clear algorithm
descriptions.
¬¬ Code examples without libraries.
We can build up functions to
evaluate predictions, estimate the
skill of models and even implement
the learning algorithms themselves.
A machine learning professional uses
machine learning to solve real-world
problems
II. Applied machine learning
Understanding of the following four
areas are needed for designing applied
machine learning projects [2].
1. Data Preparation:
In this method, the developer loads
the data from standard CSV file format
for manipulation and prepares the data
for machine learning algorithms. The
performance of algorithm on testing
data can be estimated using algorithm
evaluation techniques. To evaluate
the efficiency of predictions made on
unseen data the scoring methods are
used. The best worse case results are
analyzed through Baseline Modeling
techniques to improve on a problem.
Once we have a test harness that we
can trust, select and evaluate 5 to
10 standard workhorse algorithms.
This gives us an idea of how difficult
our problem is and which algorithms
might be worth spending some time on
tuning. Test Harness algorithm is used
to evaluate different methodologies on
the same problem by comparing the
results from different techniques.
2. Linear Algorithms:
ƒƒ Simple Linear Regression [3]:
It is used for numerical value
prediction and the dataset contains only
a single input.
ƒƒ Multivariate Linear Regression:
It is also used for numerical value
prediction and the dataset contains
more than one input. It is trained by
using Stochastic Gradient Descent.
ƒƒ Logistic Regression:
This method is used for class value
prediction on two class problems and
it is trained by Stochastic Gradient
Descent.
ƒƒ Perceptron:
The easiest model of neural
network for classification problems is
perceptron and it is trained by using
Stochastic Gradient Descent.
3. Nonlinear Algorithms
ƒƒ Regression and Classification
Trees:
These are decision trees and
that are applied to regression and
classification problems.
ƒƒ Naive Bayes:
It is an application of Bayes’
Theorem for classification problems.

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CSI COMMUNICATIONS | DECEMBER 2017
 TECHNICAL TRENDS
The theory of probability is the base for
Naïve Bayes.
ƒƒ Backpropagation:
The commonly used method of
artificial neural network and it is widely
applicable to supervised learning or
classification that roots the broader
field of deep learning.
ƒƒ k-Nearest Neighbors (KNN):
These algorithms are used for
predicting categorical or numerical
outputs directly from the training data.
ƒƒ Learning Vector Quantization
(LVQ):
A widely used method of neural
network is LVQ which is more efficient
than KNN.
4. Ensemble Algorithms
ƒƒ Bootstrap Aggregation:
It involves an ensemble of decision
trees and also known as bagging.
ƒƒ Random Forest:
This is an extension of bagging
which results in faster training and
better performance.
ƒƒ Stacked Aggregation:
This method learns how to combine
the predictions from multiple models in
an efficient method. It is an ensemble
method and also known as blending or
stacking.
Many complex machine learning
problems can be reduced to one of
four core problem types: Classification,
Regression, Clustering and Rule
extraction. If we can map everyday
problems to one of these problems,
we can then find and start testing
algorithms that can address those
problems. Examples of machine
learning problems:
1. Spam Detection: To identify the
given email message in a mail
inbox as spam or not.
2. Credit Card Fraud Detection: To
identify the credit card transactions
that were not made by the customer
by the giving the transactions for a
customer in a month.
3. Digit Recognition: To identify
the digit for each handwritten
character by giving the handwritten
zip codes on envelopes.
4. Speech Understanding: To identify
the specific request made by the
CSI COMMUNICATIONS | DECEMBER 2017
user. That is by giving an utterance
from a user, it identifies the specific
request made.
IV. Machine learning algorithms
Machine learning is closely related
to many fields, i.e., it is a multidisciplinary
field. It is very difficult to differentiate
machine learning from related fields.
Machine Learning is built on the field
of Computer Science and mathematics.
Knowing these foundational fields
can help us to understand why certain
mathematical language is used when
describing algorithms, such as vectors,
matrices, functions and distributions.
Three specific foundational fields
include:
ƒƒ Probability: It is the study of
characterizing the possibility of
random events.
ƒƒ Statistics: It is the study of
processes to collect, analyzes,
explain and present data.
ƒƒ Artificial Intelligence: It is
the construction and study of
computational intelligent systems.
Machine learning also has sibling
fields that sit alongside. These special
fields give context to machine learning
algorithms. These include:
ƒƒ Computational Intelligence: It
is the study and construction of
complex systems.
ƒƒ Data Mining: It is the construction
and study of computational systems
that discover useful relationships
and patterns from large data sets.
A useful way to group algorithms
is by their similarity in structure or
learning style [4]. The five classes of
machine learning algorithm that can be
used to group algorithms by structure
and learning style are:
1. Regression: linear regression,
logistic regression and stepwise
regression.
2. I n s t a n c e - b a s e d   M e t h o d s :
k-nearest neighbor, learning vector
quantization and self-organizing
map.
3. Decision Tree Learning: C4.5, CART
and ID3.
4. Kernel Methods: support vector
machine, radial basis network and
linear discriminant analysis.
5. Artificial Neural Networks:
Perceptron, Hopfield and back-
12
propagation.
Our goal is to effectively use time
to process algorithms. That is to build
a robust test harness so that we can
throw algorithms in and very quickly
learn what works and what doesn’t.
There are 2 concerns when building
a test harness:
ƒƒ What is the performance measures
used to evaluate algorithms?
ƒƒ What data to use to train and test
our algorithm?
ƒƒ Once we have a test harness that
we can trust, select and evaluate
5-to-10 standard workhorse
algorithms. This gives us an idea
of how difficult our problem is and
which algorithms might be worth
spending some time on tuning. This
technique is called spot-checking.
There are two main tactics that
we can use to get the most out
of machine learning algorithms:
Algorithm tuning and Ensembles.
Generally, machine learning
algorithms can be explained as
learning a output function (f) that
perfectly maps input variables (P)
to an output variable (Q).
Q = f (P)
Our goal in evaluating different
algorithms and even different
configurations of an algorithm is to find
a good approximation for the output
function (f) to get really good predictions
(Q) [5].
We can often get a boost in
performance by combining the
predictions from multiple well
performing models. These techniques
are called ensemble machine learning
algorithms and are often internally
simpler than we first think. When
investigating how machine learning
algorithms work, there are two
ensemble methods I would recommend
looking into:
1. Bagging (e.g.: Random forest)
2. Boosting (e.g.: Adaboost)
These are two very simple
foundations of very powerful ensemble
machine learning algorithms [6].
V. Machine Learning Tools
1. Weka Tool
The best machine learning tool for
beginners is Weka. There are three main
reasons to use Weka for beginners:
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 TECHNICAL TRENDS
ƒƒ It has a graphical interface,
which means that there is no
programming.
ƒƒ It offers a suite of state-of-the-
art machine learning algorithms,
including ensemble methods.
ƒƒ It is free and open source software.
Weka platform allows us to quickly
design and run experiments. We must
experiment to discover how to get good
results. The Weka experimenter allows
us to do this.
1. Start Weka
2. Design a new experiment
ƒƒ Select a Dataset
ƒƒ Select one or more algorithms
or algorithm configurations
3. Run the experiment
4.  Review the results and use
statistics to check for significance
With a few clicks we can quickly
design experiments to test our ideas
and intuitions on our problem. It is a
very powerful feature that few machine
learning platforms offer.
2. R Tool
R is a platform that is used by
some of the best data scientists in the
world. The reason is not the strange
scripting language. It is because of the
vast number of techniques available.
Academics that develop new machine
learning algorithms use R, meaning
that often new algorithms appear
on R platform before any other. With
packages like caret, we can access
hundreds of the top machine learning
algorithms in R through a consistent
interface, ideal for spot checking
techniques on our dataset.
1. Python
Python cannot be ignored in
machine learning. It is rapidly catching
up to platforms like R in terms of
capability and adoption. The cause is the
scikit-learn Python library for machine
learning that is built on top of the SciPy
stack, harnessing the speed and power
of Python libraries such as Numpy for
fast data manipulation at C-like speeds.
The scikit-learn library is fully featured,
offering a suite of algorithms to choose
from as well as data preparation
scheme and clever Pipelines that allow
us to design how data flows from one
element to the next.
Python is the fastest-growing
platform for applied machine learning
CSI COMMUNICATIONS | DECEMBER 2017
among experts of data scientists.
We cannot get started with machine
learning in Python until we have access
to the platform. We must download
and install the Python 2.7 platform on
our computer. We also need to install
the SciPy platform and the scikit-
learn library. We can install everything
at once with Anaconda. Anaconda is
recommended for beginners. We can
load our own data from CSV files.
The general structure for working
through a machine learning problem
in Python with Pandas and scikit-learn
can be divided into 6 steps:
1. Install the Python and SciPy
platform.
2. Load a standard dataset.
3. Summarize the data using
statistical functions in Pandas.
4. Visualize the data using plotting
function in Pandas.
5. Evaluate machine learning
algorithms in scikit-learn.
6. Develop a final model and make
some predictions on new data.
The better we can understand our
data, the better and more accurate the
models that we can build. The first step
to understanding our data is to use
descriptive statistics. To learn how to
use descriptive statistics to understand
our data, the helper functions provided
on the Pandas Data Frame. A second
way to improve our understanding of
our data is by using data visualization
techniques (e.g. plotting). We can
use plotting in Python to understand
attributes alone and their interactions.
Data visualization is the fastest way to
learn more about our data. Pandas in
Python use number of ways to effectively
understand our machine learning data.
The different types of methods used to
plot our data in Python is as follows:
ƒƒ Box and Whisker Plots
ƒƒ Histograms
ƒƒ Correlation Matrix Plot
ƒƒ Density Plots
ƒƒ Scatterplot Matrix
The consistent interface in Python
uses Scikit-learn to provide a range
of supervised and unsupervised
learning algorithms. The library must
be installed before we can use scikit-
learn [9]. The Library is built upon the
Scientific Python (SciPy). This library
stack includes:
13
ƒƒ SciPy: The basic library for
scientific computations
ƒƒ NumPy: It is based on
n-dimensional array package.
ƒƒ Matplotlib: It is used for complete
2D/3D plotting
ƒƒ Pandas: It can be used as an
effective data analysis and
structuring tool.
ƒƒ Sympy: The symbolic mathematics
is represented by this method.
ƒƒ IPython: It is an enhanced
interactive console used in
computing environment
The modules or extensions for
SciPy are commonly named as SciKits.
A Python library called Theano is used
for fast numerical computation and
it helps in the development of deep
learning models [8]. Theano library
is used in Python as a compiler for
mathematical expressions. Another
Python library called TensorFlow [10]
is also used to develop deep learning
models. It is a platform that cannot be
ignore by machine learning experts. It is
used by the Google DeepMind research
group. It is used in some of Google’s
production systems with the backing
of Google. The capability to run on
CPUs, GPUs and large clusters is the
advantage of Tensor Flow. Because of
this it does have more of a production
focus. The necessity to take a lot of
code to develop even very easy neural
network models is the difficulty of both
Theano and TensorFlow. This problem
is addressed by the Keras library and it
is concerns with providing a package for
both Theano and TensorFlow. To define
and evaluate deep learning models
in just a few lines of code is possible
with clean and simple API provided by
Keras library., it dominances the power
of Theano and TensorFlow because
of the ease of use. For applied deep
learning, Keras is quickly becoming the
prominent library. The life-cycle of a
model can be summarized as follows:
1. Define our Sequential model
2. Add configured layers.
3. Compile our model.
4. Fit our model.
5. Make predictions.
V. Conclusion
From this paper, we will be able
to understand the machine learning
 TECHNICAL TRENDS

concepts and different types of machine 50%

learning algorithms. This paper
concludes how can we select machine 42% 41%
learning algorithms based on the 40%
problems and will be able to understand 36%
how python helps to solve machine 34%
learning problems. The impressive
growth of python is illustrated in figure 30%
1. It highlights the most advanced
techniques in python to support
machine learning. 20%
References
[1] Brownlee, Jason. “Machine 16%
learning mastery.” URL: http:// 12%
10% 11%
machinelearningmastery. com/
discover-feature-engineering-how- 8.5%
toengineer-features-and-how-to-get-
good-at-it (2014). 0%
[2] Brownlee, Jason. “A tour of machine Share in 2016 Share in 2017
learning algorithms.” Machine Learning
Mastery (2013). Fig. 1 : Share of Python, R, Both, or Other platforms usage for Analytics, Data Science,
[3] Brownlee, J. “Linear Regression for Machine Learning, 2016 vs 2017 [7]
Machine Learning-Machine Learning
Mastery.” Machine Learning Mastery
(2017). Unsupervised Machine Learning mathematical expressions.” arXiv
[4] Brownlee, Jason. “How to Prepare Algorithms.” Machine Learning Mastery preprint (2016).
Data for Machine Learning.” Machine (2016). [9] Raschka, Sebastian. Python machine
Learning Mastery 25 (2013). [7] https://www.kdnuggets.com/2017/08/ learning. Packt Publishing Ltd, 2015.
[5] Brownlee, J. “Machine Learning python-overtakes-r-leader-analytics- [10] Abadi, Martín, et al. “TensorFlow:
Algorithms.” Machine Learning Mastery data-science.html A System for Large-Scale Machine
(2015). [8] Al-Rfou, Rami, et al. “Theano: A Python Learning.” OSDI. Vol. 16. 2016
[6] Brownlee, Jason. “Supervised and framework for fast computation of n

About the Authors

Dr. Maya L Pai born on July 21, 1961. She received the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees from Cochin University of
Science and Technology (CUSAT), Kerala, India in 1983 and 2016, respectively.
In 2000, she joined the Amrita Institute of Computer Technology, Kochi, India, as a Senior Lecturer. In 2003,
Amrita Institute of Computer Technology became Amrita University. Now she is working at Amrita University
as Assistant Professor (Senior Grade) and HOD, Department of Computer Science and IT. She has published
papers in referred national and international journals. Her research interests include Data Mining, Machine
Learning and Discrete mathematics.
Suchithra M S born on March 20, 1989. She received the M.E degree in Computer Science and Engineering from
Anna University, Chennai, India in 2013.
She has worked as Assistant Professor in Computer Science and Engineering from 2014 to 2016 in colleges
under Calicut University. In 2016, she joined the School of Arts and Sciences, Amrita University, Kochi, India,
as a Research Scholar. She has published papers in referred national and international journals. Her research
interests include Data Mining, Machine Learning and Soil Science.

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