Sodium bicarbonate

Sodium bicarbonate (IUPAC name: sodium

hydrogen carbonate), commonly known as
baking soda, is a chemical compound with
the formula NaHCO3. It is a salt composed
of sodium ions and bicarbonate ions.
Sodium bicarbonate is a white solid that is
crystalline but often appears as a fine
powder. It has a slightly salty, alkaline
taste resembling that of washing soda
(sodium carbonate). The natural mineral
form is nahcolite. It is a component of the
mineral natron and is found dissolved in
many mineral springs.
 Sodium bicarbonate

Names

IUPAC name
Sodium hydrogen carbonate

Other names
Baking soda, bicarb (laboratory slang),
bicarbonate of soda, nahcolite

Identifiers
CAS Number 144-55-8  

3D model (JSmol) Interactive image

 ( ) g
Beilstein Reference 4153970

ChEBI CHEBI:32139  

ChEMBL ChEMBL1353  

ChemSpider 8609  

DrugBank DB01390  

ECHA InfoCard 100.005.122

EC Number 205-633-8
IUPHAR/BPS 4507

KEGG C12603  

MeSH Sodium+bicarbonate
PubChem CID 516892

RTECS number VZ0950000

UNII 8MDF5V39QO  

InChI
InChI=1S/CH2O3.Na/c2-1(3)4;/h(H2,2,3,4);/q;+1/p-1 
Key: UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 
 InChI=1/CH2O3.Na/c2-1(3)4;/h(H2,2,3,4);/q;+1/p-1
Key: UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-REWHXWOFAQ

SMILES
[Na+].OC([O-])=O

Properties
Chemical formula NaHCO3

Molar mass 84.0066 g mol−1

Appearance White crystals

Odor Odorless

Density 2.20 g/cm3 as solid[1]

1.1 to 1.3 as powder[2]

Melting point (Decomposes to

sodium carbonate
starting at 50 °C[7])
Solubility in water 69 g/L (0 °C)[3]
96 g/L (20 °C)[4]
165 g/L (60 °C)[4]

[3]
 236 g/L (100 °C)[3]

Solubility 0.02 wt% acetone, 2.13

wt% methanol
@22 °C.[5] insoluble in
ethanol

log P −0.82

Acidity (pKa) 10.329[6]

6.351 (carbonic acid)[6]
Refractive index (nD) nα = 1.377 nβ = 1.501
nγ = 1.583

Structure
Crystal structure Monoclinic

Thermochemistry
Specific 87.61 J/mol K
heat capacity (C)
Std molar 102 J/mol K

entropy (So298)
entropy (S 298)

Std enthalpy of −947.7 kJ/mol

formation (ΔfHo298)
Gibbs free energy (ΔfG˚) −851.9 kJ/mol

Pharmacology
ATC code B05CB04 (WHO )
B05XA02 (WHO ),
QG04BQ01 (WHO )
Routes of Intravenous, oral
administration

Hazards

Main hazards Causes serious eye

irritation

Safety data sheet External MSDS

NFPA 704 0
0 1

Flash point Incombustible

Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):

 LD50 (median dose) 4220 mg/kg (rat,
oral)[8]

Related compounds
Other anions Sodium carbonate
Other cations Ammonium
bicarbonate
Potassium bicarbonate
Related compounds Sodium bisulfate
Sodium hydrogen
phosphate
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for
materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F],
100 kPa).

 verify (what is   ?)

Infobox references
Nomenclature
Because it has long been known and is
widely used, the salt has many related
names such as baking soda, bread soda,
cooking soda, and bicarbonate of soda. In
colloquial usage, the names sodium
bicarbonate and bicarbonate of soda are
often truncated; forms such as sodium
bicarb, bicarb soda, bicarbonate, and
bicarb are common. The word saleratus,
from Latin sal æratus meaning "aerated
salt", was widely used in the 19th century
for both sodium bicarbonate and
potassium bicarbonate.
The prefix bi in bicarbonate comes from an
outdated naming system and is based on
the observation that there is twice as
much carbonate (CO3) per sodium in
sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) as there is
in sodium carbonate (Na2CO3). The
modern chemical formulas of these
compounds express their precise
chemical compositions (which were
unknown when the names sodium
carbonate and sodium bicarbonate were
coined) and show the same ratio the other
way around: There is half as much sodium
per carbonate in NaHCO3 as in Na2CO3
(Na versus Na2).
Uses
Sodium bicarbonate has a wide variety of
uses.

Cooking

In cooking, sodium bicarbonate, referred to

as baking soda, is primarily used in baking
as a leavening agent. It reacts with acidic
components in batters, releasing carbon
dioxide, which causes expansion of the
batter and forms the characteristic texture
and grain in pancakes, cakes, quick
breads, soda bread, and other baked and
fried foods. Acidic compounds that induce
this reaction include phosphates, cream of
tartar, lemon juice, yogurt, buttermilk,
cocoa and vinegar. Baking soda may be
used together with sourdough, which is
acidic, making a lighter product with a less
acid taste.[9]

Heat can also by itself cause sodium

bicarbonate to act as a raising agent in
baking because of thermal decomposition,
releasing carbon dioxide. When used this
way on its own, without the presence of an
acidic component (whether in the batter or
by the use of a baking powder containing
acid), only half the available CO2 is
released. Additionally, in the absence of
acid, thermal decomposition of sodium
bicarbonate also produces sodium
carbonate, which is strongly alkaline and
gives the baked product a bitter, "soapy"
taste and a yellow color. To avoid an over-
acidic taste from added acid, non-acid
ingredients such as whole milk or Dutch-
processed cocoa are often added to baked
foods.[10]

Carbon dioxide production from exposure

to heat starts at temperatures above 80 °C
(180 °F).[11]

2 NaHCO3 → Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2

Since the reaction occurs slowly at room

temperature, mixtures (cake batter, etc.)
can be allowed to stand without rising until
they are heated in the oven.

Sodium bicarbonate was sometimes used

in cooking green vegetables, as it gives
them a bright green colour—which has
been described as artificial-looking—due
to its reacting with chlorophyll to produce
chlorophyllin.[12] However, this tends to
affect taste, texture and nutritional
content, and is no longer common.[13]
Baking soda is still used, though, in the
traditional British mushy peas recipe for
soaking the peas. It is also used in Asian
and Latin American cuisine to tenderize
meats. Baking soda may react with acids
in food, including vitamin C (L-ascorbic
acid). It is also used in breading, such as
for fried foods, to enhance crispness and
allow passages for steam to escape, so
the breading is not blown off during
cooking.

Baking powder

Baking powder, also sold for cooking,

contains around 30% of bicarbonate, and
various acidic ingredients which are
activated by the addition of water, without
the need for additional acids in the
cooking medium.[14][15][16]
Many forms of baking powder contain
sodium bicarbonate combined with
calcium acid phosphate, sodium
aluminium phosphate or cream of
tartar.[17] Baking soda is alkaline; the acid
used in baking powder avoids a metallic
taste when the chemical change during
baking creates sodium carbonate.

Pest control

Sodium bicarbonate can be used to kill

cockroaches. Once consumed, it causes
internal organs of cockroaches to burst
due to gas collection.[18]
Sodium bicarbonate can be an effective
way of controlling fungal growth,[19] and in
the United States is registered by the
Environmental Protection Agency as a
biopesticide.[20]

Alkalinity/pH increase

Sodium bicarbonate can be administered

to pools, spas, and garden ponds to raise
the total alkalinity. This will also raise the
pH level and make maintaining proper pH
easier. In the event that the pH is high,
sodium bicarbonate should not be used to
adjust the pH.[21]
Pyrotechnics

Sodium bicarbonate is one of the main

components of the common "black snake"
firework. The effect is caused by the
thermal decomposition, which produces
carbon dioxide gas to produce a long
snake-like ash as a combustion product of
the other main component, sucrose.

Mild disinfectant

It has weak disinfectant properties,[22][23]

and it may be an effective fungicide
against some organisms.[24] Because
baking soda will absorb musty smells, it
has become a reliable method for used-
book sellers when making books less
malodorous.[25]

Fire extinguisher

Sodium bicarbonate can be used to

extinguish small grease or electrical fires
by being thrown over the fire, as heating of
sodium bicarbonate releases carbon
dioxide.[26] However, it should not be
applied to fires in deep fryers; the sudden
release of gas may cause the grease to
splatter.[26] Sodium bicarbonate is used in
BC dry chemical fire extinguishers as an
alternative to the more corrosive
diammonium phosphate in ABC
extinguishers. The alkaline nature of
sodium bicarbonate makes it the only dry
chemical agent, besides Purple-K, that was
used in large-scale fire suppression
systems installed in commercial kitchens.
Because it can act as an alkali, the agent
has a mild saponification effect on hot
grease, which forms a smothering, soapy
foam.

Neutralization of acids and

bases

Sodium bicarbonate is amphoteric,

reacting with acids and bases. It reacts
violently with acids, releasing CO2 gas as a
reaction product. It is commonly used to
neutralize unwanted acid solutions or acid
spills in chemical laboratories.

Medical uses and health

Sodium bicarbonate mixed with water can

be used as an antacid to treat acid
indigestion and heartburn.[27] Its reaction
with stomach acid produces salt, water,
and carbon dioxide:

NaHCO3 + HCl → NaCl + H2O + CO2(g)

Intravenous sodium bicarbonate is an

aqueous solution that is sometimes used
for cases of acidosis, or when insufficient
sodium or bicarbonate ions are in the
blood.[28] In cases of respiratory acidosis,
the infused bicarbonate ion drives the
carbonic acid/bicarbonate buffer of
plasma to the left and, thus, raises the pH.
It is for this reason that sodium
bicarbonate is used in medically
supervised cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
Infusion of bicarbonate is indicated only
when the blood pH is markedly (<7.1–7.0)
low.[29]

HCO3 is used for treatment of

hyperkalemia, as it will drive K+ back into
cells during periods of acidosis.[30] Since
sodium bicarbonate can cause alkalosis, it
is sometimes used to treat aspirin
overdoses. Aspirin requires an acidic
environment for proper absorption, and the
basic environment diminishes aspirin
absorption in the case of an overdose.[31]
Sodium bicarbonate has also been used in
the treatment of tricyclic antidepressant
overdose.[32] It can also be applied
topically as a paste, with three parts
baking soda to one part water, to relieve
some kinds of insect bites and stings (as
well as accompanying swelling).[33]

Sodium bicarbonate has been found to

have no effect on the blood pressure of
several types of rat models susceptible to
salt-sensitive hypertension, in contrast
with sodium chloride. This was ascribed to
the high concentration of chloride, rather
than the sodium content in dietary
salts.[34]

Sodium bicarbonate can be used to treat

an allergic reaction to plants such as
poison ivy, poison oak, or poison sumac to
relieve some of the associated itching.[35]

Bicarbonate of soda can also be useful in

removing splinters from the skin.[36]

Some alternative practitioners, such as

Tullio Simoncini, have promoted baking
soda as a cancer cure, which the American
Cancer Society has warned against due to
both its unproven effectiveness and
potential danger in use.[37]

Sodium bicarbonate can be added to local

anaesthetics, to speed up the onset of
their effects and make their injection less
painful.[38] It is also a component of
Moffett's solution, used in nasal surgery.

It was discovered as early as the 1920s

that bicarbonate caused increase in bone
strength in patients who were losing
calcium in their urine. In 1968 it was
suggested that diets producing too much
acid might put bones at risk.[39]
Experiments by Anthony Sebastian of the
University of California, San Francisco
starting in the late twentieth century found
that the body was breaking down bones
and muscles to release carbonates,
phosphates and ammonia, which
neutralize acid. Adding bicarbonate to the
diet (he used potassium bicarbonate)
reduced loss of calcium in post-
menopausal women, amounting to the
equivalent of "an arm-and-a-leg's worth" of
bone if this continued for two decades.

A wide variety of applications follows from

its neutralization properties, including
reducing the spread of white phosphorus
from incendiary bullets inside an afflicted
soldier's wounds.[40]

Antacid (such as baking soda) solutions

have been prepared and used by
protesters to alleviate the effects of
exposure to tear gas during protests.[41][42]

Personal hygiene

Toothpaste containing sodium

bicarbonate has in several studies been
shown to have a better
whitening[43][43][44][45] and plaque removal
effect[46][47] than toothpastes without it.
Sodium bicarbonate is also used as an
ingredient in some mouthwashes. It has
anticaries and abrasive properties.[48] It
works as a mechanical cleanser on the
teeth and gums, neutralizes the production
of acid in the mouth, and also acts as an
antiseptic to help prevent infections.

Sodium bicarbonate in combination with

other ingredients can be used to make a
dry or wet deodorant.[49][50]

Sodium bicarbonate may be used as a

buffering agent, combined with table salt,
when creating a solution for nasal
irrigation.[51]
It is used in eye hygiene to treat
blepharitis. This is done by addition of a
teaspoon of sodium bicarbonate to cool
water that was recently boiled, followed by
gentle scrubbing of the eyelash base with
a cotton swab dipped in the solution.[52]

Veterinary uses

Sodium bicarbonate is used as a cattle

feed supplement, in particular as a
buffering agent for the rumen.[53]

In sports
Small amounts of sodium bicarbonate
have been shown to be useful as a
supplement for athletes in speed-based
events, such as middle-distance running,
lasting from about one to seven
minutes.[54][55] However, overdose is a
serious risk because sodium bicarbonate
is slightly toxic;[56] and gastrointestinal
irritation is of particular concern.[55]
Additionally, this practice causes a
significant increase in dietary sodium.

Cleaning agent

Sodium bicarbonate is used in a process

for removing paint and corrosion called
sodablasting; the process is particularly
suitable for cleaning aluminium panels
which can be distorted by other types of
abrasives.

A paste made from baking soda with

minimal water is recommended by a
manufacturer as a gentle scouring
powder,[26] and is useful in removing
surface rust, as the rust forms a water-
soluble compound when in a concentrated
alkaline solution;[57] cold water should be
used, as hot water solutions can corrode
steel. [58] Sodium bicarbonate attacks the
thin unreactive protective oxide layer that
forms on aluminium, making it unsuitable
for cleaning this otherwise very reactive
metal.[59] A solution in warm water will
remove the tarnish from silver when the
silver is in contact with a piece of
aluminium foil.[59][60] Baking soda is
commonly added to washing machines as
a replacement for water-softener and to
remove odors from clothes. Sodium
bicarbonate is also effective in removing
heavy tea and coffee stains from cups
when diluted with warm water. Also,
baking soda can be used as a multi
purpose odor remover.[61]

During the Manhattan Project to develop

the nuclear bomb in the early 1940s the
chemical toxicity of uranium was an issue.
It was found that uranium oxides stick very
well to cotton cloth, and did not wash out
with soap or laundry detergent. However,
the uranium would wash out with a 2%
solution of sodium bicarbonate. Clothing
can become contaminated with toxic dust
of depleted uranium (DU), which is very
dense, and hence used for counterweights
in a civilian context, and in armour-piercing
projectiles. DU is not removed by normal
laundering; washing with about 6 ounces
(170 g) of baking soda in 2 gallons (7.5 l)
of water will help to wash it out.[62]

Chemistry
Sodium bicarbonate is an amphoteric
compound. Aqueous solutions are very
mildly alkaline due to the formation of
carbonic acid and hydroxide ion:

−
HCO3 + H2O → H2CO3 + OH−

Sodium bicarbonate can be used as a

wash to remove any acidic impurities from
a "crude" liquid, producing a purer sample.
Reaction of sodium bicarbonate and an
acid produces a salt and carbonic acid,
which readily decomposes to carbon
dioxide and water:

NaHCO3 + HCl → NaCl + H2CO3

H2CO3 → H2O + CO2(g)
Sodium bicarbonate reacts with acetic
acid (found in vinegar), producing sodium
acetate, water, and carbon dioxide:

NaHCO3 + CH3COOH → CH3COONa +

H2O + CO2(g)

Sodium bicarbonate reacts with bases

such as sodium hydroxide to form
carbonates:

NaHCO3 + NaOH → Na2CO3 + H2O

Sodium bicarbonate reacts with carboxyl

groups in proteins to give a brisk
effervescence from the formation of CO2.
This reaction is used to test for the
presence of carboxylic groups in protein.
Thermal decomposition

Above 50 °C, sodium bicarbonate

gradually decomposes into sodium
carbonate, water and carbon dioxide. The
conversion is fast at 200 °C:[63]

2 NaHCO3 → Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2

Most bicarbonates undergo this

dehydration reaction. Further heating
converts the carbonate into the oxide
(above 850 °C):[63]

Na2CO3 → Na2O + CO2

These conversions are relevant to the use

of NaHCO3 as a fire-suppression agent
("BC powder") in some dry powder fire
extinguishers.

History
In 1791 French chemist Nicolas Leblanc
produced sodium carbonate, also known
as soda ash. In 1846 two New York bakers,
John Dwight and Austin Church,
established the first factory in the United
States to produce baking soda from
sodium carbonate and carbon dioxide.[64]

Saleratus, potassium or sodium

bicarbonate, is mentioned in the novel
Captains Courageous by Rudyard Kipling
as being used extensively in the 1800s in
commercial fishing to prevent freshly
caught fish from spoiling.[65]

Production
NaHCO3 is mainly prepared by the Solvay
process, which is the reaction of sodium
chloride, ammonia, and carbon dioxide in
water. Calcium carbonate is used as the
source of CO2 and the resultant calcium
oxide is used to recover the ammonia from
the ammonium chloride. The product
shows a low purity (75%). Pure product is
obtained from sodium carbonate, water,
and carbon dioxide as reported in one of
the following reactions. It is produced on
the scale of about 100,000 tonnes/year
(as of 2001).[66]

NaHCO3 may be obtained by the reaction

of carbon dioxide with an aqueous
solution of sodium hydroxide. The initial
reaction produces sodium carbonate:

CO2 + 2 NaOH → Na2CO3 + H2O

Further addition of carbon dioxide

produces sodium bicarbonate, which at
sufficiently high concentration will
precipitate out of solution:

Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O → 2 NaHCO3

Commercial quantities of baking soda are
also produced by a similar method: soda
ash, mined in the form of the ore trona, is
dissolved in water and treated with carbon
dioxide. Sodium bicarbonate precipitates
as a solid from this method:

Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O → 2 NaHCO3

Mining

Naturally occurring deposits of nahcolite

(NaHCO3) are found in the Eocene-age
(55.8–33.9 Mya) Green River Formation,
Piceance Basin in Colorado. Nahcolite was
deposited as beds during periods of high
evaporation in the basin. It is commercially
mined using common underground mining
techniques such as bore, drum, and
longwall mining in a fashion very similar to
coal mining. A very small portion is also
obtained using in situ leach techniques
involving dissolution of the nahcolite by
heated water pumped through the
nahcolite beds that have previously been
mined using the aforementioned
techniques. It is then reconstituted
through a natural cooling crystallization
process. Currently only Tronox (formerly
FMC) in the Green River Wyoming basin
has successfully commercially solution
mined the product.
In popular culture
Film

Sodium bicarbonate, as "bicarbonate of

soda", was a frequent source of punch
lines for Groucho Marx in Marx brothers
movies. In Duck Soup, Marx plays the
leader of a nation at war. In one scene, he
receives a message from the battlefield
that his general is reporting a gas attack,
and Groucho tells his aide: "Tell him to
take a teaspoonful of bicarbonate of soda
and a half a glass of water."[67] In A Night
at the Opera, Groucho's character
addresses the opening night crowd at an
opera by saying of the lead tenor: "Signor
Lassparri comes from a very famous
family. His mother was a well-known bass
singer. His father was the first man to stuff
spaghetti with bicarbonate of soda, thus
causing and curing indigestion at the
same time."[68]

See also
Carbonic acid
Soda bread
List of ineffective cancer treatments
List of minerals
Nahcolite
Natron
 Natrona (disambiguation)
Trona
Washing soda

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External links
 Wikimedia Commons has media related
 
to Sodium bicarbonate.

Wikibooks Cookbook has a

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Baking soda

International Chemical Safety Card

1044

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title=Sodium_bicarbonate&oldid=833796469"

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