NGUY~N nlNH TAl (Chu bien)

L~ TAQNG VINH - DUONG THUY VY

v ..... CHO SINH VIl:N cAc TRUONG CAO nANG)

" "'" , ,

NHA XUAT BAN GIAO DVC

NGUY~N eiNH TRf (Chu bien)

LE TRQNG VINH - DUONG THUY VY

Giao trlnh

TOAN HOC CAO C'RP

•

(Stich dung cho ctic truong Cao ddng)

NHA XUAT BAN GIAO DVC

LOI NOI DAU

'.

Sinh vien moi vao nam hoc thir nhat cac twang dai hoc, cao dAng thuong gap kho khan do phirong phap day, phirong phap hoc a bac hoc nay co nhieu dieu khac biet so voi a bac Trung hoc. Toan h9C cao cap lai la mot mon h9C kh6 voi thai hnrng 100 cua nam tlnr nhat cac truong dai h9C, cao dAng ki thuat, nham ren luyen nr duy khoa h9C, cung cap cong cu toan hoc d~ sinh vien hoc cac m6n khoa hoc ki thuat khac va xay dung tiem hrc de tiep tuc tv hoc sau nay.

B¢ giao trinh "Toan h9C cao cap" nay diroc bien soan can cll vao chuong trinh khung da duoc ban hanh. va thuc te giang day cua he cao dAng cua mot s6 tnrong dai hoc ki thuat va can cu vao chuang trrnh rnon Toan nien nay cua cac tnrong Trung hoc Phei thong, nham giup cho sinh vien he cao dAng hoc tot mon h9C nay.

Do yeu cau dao tao hien nay ella he cao dang, mot s6 phtin ella toan h9C cao cap nhu cau true dai s6, dang toan phuong, tfch phan phu thuoc tharn so, tfeh phan ba lap, tfeh phan mat, chuoi Fourier, ... khong diroc dua vao giao trinh nay. Nhirng khai niem toan h9C co ban, nlumg plurong phap co ban, nhirng ker qua co ban cua de chuang deu duoc trinh bay day duo Mot s6 dinh lf khong duoc chirng minh, nhung )' nghia cua nhtmg dinh li quan trong duoc giai thfch ro rang, nhieu VI du minh hoa duoc dua ra, Nhieu trng dung ella H thuyet vao tinh gan dung diroc trtnh bay a day. Rieng voi nhtmg kien thirc ve giiii tfeh rna sinh vien duoc hoc a Trung h9C Phc) thong, giao trinh nay chi nhac lai mot each he thong cac diem chfnh va trinh bay cac kien thuc nang cao. Phan cau hoi on t~p iJ cuci moi chuang nham giup sinh vien hoc tap va tI! kiem tra ket qua hoc tap cua minh. Lam nhii'ng bai t~p de ra iJ cu6i moi chuang se guip ngirci h9C hieu sau sac hon cac khai niem toan hoc, ren luyen ki nang tlnh roan va kha nang van dung cac khai niem ay. Cac bai ~p do se diroc giai trong bo bai tap kern theo bo giao trlnh nay.

B¢ giao trlnh nay duoc viet thanh 2 t~p va Iii cong trlnh t~p the cua ba nha giao: Nguyen Dinh Trf (chu bien), U Trong Vinh va Duong Thuy Vy. Ong Le Trong Vinh viet cac chuang I, II, IV, V. Ong Duong Thuy Vy viet cac chuang III, VI, VIII, IX. Ong Nguyen Dlnh Tri viet cac chuang VII, X, XI.

3

Khi xay dung de cirong cho bo giao trlnh nay cling nhu khi bien soan giao trinh, chung toi di'i tham khao kinh nghiern cua nhieu nha giao di'i giang day nhieu narn mon Toan hoc cao cap cho he cao dAng cac tnrong dai hoc ki thuat, Chung toi xin chan thanh cam em cac ban dong nghiep di'i d9C ban thao va cho nhieu y kien quy bau,

B¢ giao trinh nay duqc viet Ian dau, chic khong tranh het diroc nhirng khiern khuyet, Chung toi chan thanh cam em moi Y kien dong gop cua ban doc, Thu gop y xin giJi ve Cong ti CO phan Sach Dai h9C - D<:lY nghe, 25 Han Thuyen, HaN¢i

Ok tac gia

4

MVC LVC

LOi nol dau

Chuang I. Tap hop va anh xa, S6 thtrc va s6 phuc § 1. Nhac lai ve rnenh de roan hoc va kf hieu logic §2. T~lP hop

§3. Anh xa

§4. so thuc

§S. S6 phu-c

Cau hoi on t~)p

Bai tap

Dap s6

Chuong II. Ham so mot bien so. GiOi han va lien tuc.

Dao ham 'va vi phan

§ l. Cac khai nem co ban ve ham s6 rn¢t bien s6 §2. Phan loai ham 56

§3. Gioi han elm day s6

§4. Gioi han ella ham 56

§5. Vo cung be va vo cung 1611 §6. Ham 56 lien tuc

§7. D<;to ham

§8. Vi phan

Cau hoi on t~p

Bai tap

Dap so

Chuong III. Cac dinh Ii vi! gia tr] trung bmh va irng dung § 1. Cac dinh if ve gia tri trung blnh

§2. Cong thirc Taylor

§3. Quy tac L 'Hospital

§4. Ung dung dao ham M khao sal ham s6

3

7 7 8 12 16 18 32 33 36

39
39
44
50
59
64
69
77
84
86
88
95
99
99
102
107
III
5 "

§5. Duong eong eho bill phtrong trinh tharn s6 123

§6. Duong eong trong h¢ toa 09 eire 128

Diu hoi On t~p 133

Bbj tap 134

Drips6 137

Chuang IV. Dinh thtrc - Ma tran - H~ phuong trlnh tuyen tinh 141

§ 1. Khai niem rna dau ve rna tran 141

§2. Dinh thtrc 143

§3. Ma tran 147

§4. H¢ phtrong trinh tuyen tfnh ) 55

Cau hoi on t?P 162

Bai t~p 163

Dap so 168

Chuang V. Khong gian vecto 171

§ 1. Khai niern ve khong gian vecto 17 )

§2. Khong gian con. H~ sinh 174

§3. Hang cua mot ho vecto 183

§4. Bai toan d6i co sa 184

§S. Anh X? tuyen tfnh 188

Cau hoi 60 t~p 198

Bai tap 199

Dap s6 205

Chtrong VI. Phep tinh tich phan ella ham so mot bien 56 207

§ 1. Tich phan bat dinh 207

§2. Tich phan xac dinh 226

§3. M¢t s6 ling dung hlnh hoc cua tfch phan xac dinh 237

§4. Tich phan suy rong 250

Cau hoi on tap 257

~~ ~

Daps6 266

Tal li¢u tham khao 271

6

CHuaNG I. rAp HOP vA ANH XA .. 56 THl/C vA

.. . .

56 PHlIC

Ml)C EliCH YEU CAU

ChlIong I danh de on t(\P va bo sung nhCtng kien thirc ve tap hop va anh xa, ve so thirc d5. diroc hQC a b(\c Trung hoc Phd thong, trinh bay nhirng kien thirc co ban ve so phirc, cac phep tmh ve so plurc,

Sinh vien can hieu ki cac kien thuc do, lam quen vrii so plurc, lam tfnh thanh thao d6i voi cac s6 phuc, bier sit dung dang hrong giac cua s6 plurc.

§l. NHAc L~I vf M¢NH D~ ToAN HQC V A KI HI¢U LOGIC

1.1. Menh de toan hQC

Menh de toan hQC 13. mot khang dinh toan hoc chi co the dung hoac sai, khong the vita dung vira sai, vira khong dung vira knong sai.

Vi du l :

2 < 41a rnenh de toan hoc dung; 5 > 7 lil rnenh de toan hoc sai.

1.2. Ki hleu logic

Trong suy dien toan hoc, nguoi ta dung cac kf hieu sau:

Gi a su co hai menh de A va B.

• Ki hieu A ::::> B doc HI. "tu rnenh de A suy ra menh de B".

• Kf hieu A ~ B doc la "rnenh de A nrong dirong voi menh de B". Dieu do co nghia la A ::::> B, dong thoi B::::> A.

• Neu A ::::> B thi ta noi A la dieu kien du de co B, con B HI. dieu kien can co duoc tlr A. Neu A ~ B thi A la dieu kien can va du cua B, dong thoi B ding la dieu kien can va du cua A.

7

Vi du 2: Dieu kien can va du d~ phirong trlnh bac hai: ax2 + bx + c == 0 (a '1':- 0) co hai nghiern thirc phan biet la 6. == b2 - 4ac > O. Ta viet:

[phuong trmh: ax2 + bx + c == 0 (a *- 0) c6 hai nghiern thirc phan biet] <=> b2 - 4ac > O.

• Ki hieu : == doc la "diroc dinh nghia la" .

• Ki hieu '<:Ix doc la "voi moi x".

• Kf hieu 3 y doc 13. "ton tai y".

Vi du 3: '<:Ix ta deu c6 x2 + x + 1 > 0; 3 y d~ i - 5y + 4 == o.

§2. T~PHOP

"

2.1. Tap hop va cac phan tit cua t~p hop

Tap hop 13. mot khai niem nguyen thuy, khong duoc dinh nghia ciing nlur doi voi cac khai niern diem, dirong, mat, Ta tlurong n6i tap hop sinh vien cua mot 1&p, tap hop cac diem trong hinh tron co ban kinh don V!, ... Nhu vay, tap hop bao gorn cac d6i tirong c6 chung mot tfnh chit nao do. Moi d6i nrong trong tc)p hop goi 13. mot phdn ttl cua t~p hop.

Nguoi ta thuong dung cac chtt hoa nhu A, B, C, '" de chi cac t~p hop va cac chu tlurong nhu x, y, z, t, ... de chi cac phan til cua tap hop.

Neu x la phan til cua ~p hop A, ta kf hieu XE A (doc 1ft "x thuoc A"). Neu y kh6ng phai Ia phan til cua tap hop B, ta ki hieu Y ~ B (dQC 13. "y kh6ng thuoc B").

Tap hop gam mot s6 hihl han phan tu goi 13. t¢ip hop hiiu han. Ngiroi ta cho mot tap hop hihl han bang each li¢t ke cac phan 1U cua n6. Tap hop gdm vo s6 phan tu goi 1ft tap hop va han. Tap hop khong co phan tu nao goi 13. tdp r6ng (t<)p trcng), ki hieu 13. 0.

Neu A 13. tap hop gem nhtmg phan tv x c6 tfnh chat ,1', ta viet: A = {x/x c6

tlnh chat .1'}.

8

Vi du l : A:::o Ixlx2 - 1:::0 OJ d9C la "A la tap hop cac ~6 x sao eho x2- 1 :::0 0". Do ehfnh 18. tap hop hiru han I-I; I}.

Cac tap hop thuong g<)p trong toan h9C la:

N :::0 10, I, 2, ... } 13. tap hop cac 56 tl,f nhien,

N' = { I, 2, 3, '" \ 13. tap hop cac 56 nguyen dirong. Z = {O, ± I, ±2, ... \ la tap hop cac 56 nguyen.

Q = { £. I p, q E Z, q ,to OJ 1 a tap hop cac 56 h i1u ti,

q

JR la t<).p hop cac 56 thirc.

JR* = \ x E JRI x ,to 0 \ 13. tap hop cac s6 trnrc khac khong, JR+ = I x E JRI x ;?: OJ Iii tap hop cac 56 thirc khong am.

JR_ = {x E JRI x $ OJ la tap hop cac s6 thirc kh6ng duong.

Tap hop vo han duqc goi 18. dem duac neu c6 the danh 56 cac phan tir ella n6 theo thir nr tu nhien. Trong tnrong hop trai lai, t~p hop diroc goi Hi khong dem

duac. Cac tap hop N, N~, Z, Q 13. nhirng t~p hop dem diroc. Chang han, ta c6 the

danh 56 cac phan ri'r cua Z (tap hop cac 56 nguyen) thee cac mui ten nlnr sau:'

o --? 1 2

J.. / J..

-I

3 / J.. -3

/ '"

-2

Cac tap hop JR, JR', lR+, JR_ la nhtrng tap hop khong dem diroc. 2.2. Tap hop con. Tap hop bang nhau

Cho hai tap hop A va B. Neu moi phan til cua A deu Iii phan tir ella S, ta noi rang A 13. tap hop con ella S, hay A bao ham trong S, hay tap hop B chua t~p

hop A, ki hieu A c B hay B ~ A.

9

Nhu vay, ta cling co A c A.

Voi cac tap hop da lict kc a trcn, ta co N* c N c :-£ c Q c R Ta quy uoc : Tap hop rbng Ia tap hop con cua moi tap hop.

Hai t~p hop A va B goi 1a bang nhau neu A c B va Be A, ki hieu : A = B.

2.3. Cac phep toan ve tap hop

De de hinh dung tap hop va cac phan tu cua no, nguci ta tlurong dung each bieu dien hinh hoc, xem moi ph.in nr ella tap hop la mot diem nam trong mot hlnh phang gioi han boi mot duong cong kin, goi la bieu d6 Ven (hlnh 1.1).

2.3.1. Pilip IU/p

Hop cua hai tap hop A va B la tap hop g6m nhimg phan tu thuoc tap hop A,

hoac tap hop B, ki hieu A U B.

AU B = {xix E A hoac A E B) (hlnh 1.2).

Phep hop cac tap hop co cac tfnh chat sau:

A U (B U C) = (A U B) U C (tfnh chat ket hop):

A U B = B U A (tlnh ch~t giao hoan),

Hlnh 1.1

Hlnh 1.2

2.3.2. Phep giao

Giao cua hai tap hop A va B la t~p hop gam nhirng phan tir vira thuoc A vira thuoc B, kf hieu A n B.

An B = {xlx E A va x E B } (hinh 1.3).

Phep giao cua cac tap hop co cac tinh chat sau :

A n (8 n C) = (A n B) n C;

AnB=BnA.

10

Hinh 1.3

Hai phep roan tren diroc lien he voi nhau boi luat phan ph6i :

A U (B n C) = (A U B) n (A UC); A n (B U C) = (A n B) U (A n C). _

2.3.3. Phep tru

Hieu cua tap hop A va tap hop B la tap hop g6m nhimg phan tu thuoc tap hop A nhung khong thuoc tap hop B, kf hieu A \ E,

A \ B= [x] x E A, x ol B) (hlnh 1.4).

Hlnh 1.4

2.3.4. T(lp hap bit (phdn bit)

Xet tap hop E, A la tap hop con cua E. Tap hop bu cua A trong E Iii tap hop E \ A, kf hieu A, A = E \ A (hlnh 1.5).

Nhu vay AcE =:::? E - A = A = A .

A = lxlx2 - 3x + 2 =0) = 11,2); B= Ixlx2+4x-5=Oj = 1-5,1}. AU B = 1- 5, 1,2), A n B = !1); A \ B = {2}, (A U B) \ A = {- 5 } .

Khi do

Hlnh 1.5

2.4. Tich de - cac cua cac tap hop

Tich de - cac ella hai tap hqp A va B Iii ~p hop Hit cit cac cap (a, b), a E A, bE B theo thll tu a tnroc b sau, ki hieu A x B,

A x B = { (a, b) I a E A, b E B).

Vi du 3. Neu A = {I, 2}, B = {5, x} thl A x B = {(I, 5), (1, x), (2, 5), (2, x)}.

Neu A = B thi A x B = A x A, ki hieu A2.

Neu AI = A2 = ... = A" = A thi Al xA2x ... x A, =~, ki hieu An.

nl:ln

Chu ,v: Tfch de-cac ella hai tap hop khong eo tfnh chat giao hoan : A x B -:;t:. B x A.

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§3. ANH X~

3.1. Cac din h nghia

Dlnh nghial. Cho hai tap hop X ,Y khac 0. Ta goi dnh xa f tlf X vdo Y Ul mot quy lu~t cho irng vdi rnoi phan tu x E X mot va chi m¢t phdn tit yE Y, ki hieu: f: X --+ Y, X I----t Y == f(x).

X duoc goi Ut tap hop ngudn, Y diroc goi HI. t¢p hf!p dich. Phan tit Y dtroc goi 18. anli cua x va x diroc goi la nghicl: dnh cua y.

Dinh nghia 2. Neu A c X thl tap hop cac anh qua anh xa f cua tat ca cac phan nr x E A goi 18. dnh cua tdp hap A qua f, ki hieu f(A). V~y

f(A) == {y ! y == ftx), x E A}.

Dinh nghia 3. Neu BeY thl t~p hop {XE X I f(x) = y e B}

goi la nghich. dnh cua f(ip hap B trong anh xa f, kf hieu la f-I(B).

Vi du I: 0\0 f : lR --+ lR+, x ~ y:::: f(x) = x2 • Do la mot anh xa VI v6'i moi x E IK, ta duqc mot va chi mot y == x2•

f(A)

2 x

0( ..

A

Hinh 1.6

ffinh 1.7

Neu A == [-1, 2J C IR. thl f(A):::: Iy I y:: x2, X E [-1, 2J} :: (0, 4]c IR+ (hinh 1.6). Neu B == [1, 2]c R. thI f-ICB) == I xjx E lR; x2 E (1, 2J) :: [xlx E IR?, 1 ~ x2 :S: 2} == {xl -.J2 s x s - I} U {xl:-l :S: x $ h} =: [-..n, -1 Ju [1, J2J (hlnh 1.7).

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3.2. Dan anh, toan anh, song anh

Dinh nghia 4. Cho anh xa f: X ~ Y.

1) Anh xa f goi la dan dnh neu: vx., X2 EX, XI '* Xl => f(xl) -,t:. f(x.), dieu d6 wang duong voi: vx., x2 E X, [(Xj) = [(xJ => XI= x2.

2) Anh xa [gQi 1a roan anh neu [(X) = Y, dieu d6 co nghia 13 vci moi y E Y, ton tai it nhat mot phan tii X E X sao cho y = ftx), Khi d6, ta n6i rang f: X ~ Y 1;) anh xa tir X len Y.

3) Anh xa f goi 1a song dnh neu no vira la dan anh, vira la toan anh. M6 tit hlnh hQC ella dan anh, roan anh, song anh diroc cho a hinh 1.8.

den anh

loan anh

song anh

Hinh 1.8

Vi du 2: Cho anh xa f: IR. ~ IR., xac dinh hoi X f------+ f(x) = X3 + 1.

Neu [(XI) = [(x2) hay x~ + I ::; x~ + I, ta suy fax; ::; X~, vay XI = X2. Do d6, f Ia dan anh.

Lay bat kl y E IR., phirong trinh I(x) ::; x ' + 1 = Y hay X3 + I - Y ::; 0 co nghiem x::; ~y - I .

V~y 3x =~y-l ElR de f(x)=x3+1=(~y-1)3+1 =s hay f la toan anh,

f vira la dan anh, vira In. toan anh nen f la song anh.

Vi du 3: Cho anh xa f : lR ~ JR., xac dinh boi X f------+ [(x) = Xl.

Neu [(XI) = [(xz) hay x~ = x;, ta suy fa (XI - Xl)( XI + Xl) = 0 hay XI = X2 va X I ::; -X2. V ~y f khong phai la dan anh,

13

Lay bat ki yE IR, phuong trlnh Xl = Y chi eo nghiern X = ±.JY ' khi Y ',?: O. Vay f cung khong phai Hi toan anh.

Tuy nhien, anh xa f: 1Ft ~ IR+ xac djnh boi X ~ x2 fa toan anh VI \:j Y E lR .. (y ',?: 0), ta luon eo x = ±JY de eho Xl = y.

Lai xet anh xa f: 1R. ~ IR+ xac dinh bbi x f-+ x2• R6 rang anh xa ay HI. mot song ann.

3.3. Anh xa nguoc ella mot song anh

Gia su f: X -)- Y la mot song anh, Khi do, m6i ph1n til x E X co ID<)t anh xac dinh f(x) E Y. Nguoc lai, m6i phan lU y E Y co mot va chi mot nghich anh x E X. Vi v:;" y, song anh f tit X len Y la mot phep wong Ung 1 - 1 hai chieu giira X va Y. Anh xa bien Y E Y thanh x E X sao cho f(x) = Y goi 13. dnh xg nguac ella song anh f, ki hieu la rl. Vf}.y r ' la mot anh xa tu Y len X, no cling Ia mot song anh (hinh 1.9). Hmh 1.9

Vi du 4: Anh xa f : lR -+ .lR xac dinh b&i x f-). f(x) = X3 + 1 la mot song anh

(xem VI du 2). No co anh xa nguoc f -I, do iiI:

[-I: 1Ft ---t lR xac dinh b&i Y M ~y -1 .

Vi du 5 : Xet anh xa f: .lIt2 ~ JR.2 xac dinh boi :

(x, y) ~ f(x, y) = (3x + 2y, 7x + 5y).

Gia sir f'(x, YI) = f(x2, Y2)' nrc la:

OXI + 2y,. 7x, + 5y,) = (3x2+ 2Y2' 7x2+ SY2)'

Khi do {3X\ +2Yl =3x2 +2Y2 hay {3(X1-X2)+2(Yl-Y2)=0

7Xl +5Yl =7x2 +SY2 7(X1-x2)+5(Yl-Y2)=0.

Nghiern ella h¢ phuong trinh d6 la x 1- X2 = 0, YI - Y2 = O. V~y XI = x2; Y I = Y2' Do do (XI' YI) = (x,, Y2)' Suy ra f la mot don anh tu ~2 vao ~2.

)4

Lay (u, v) E n:e, can chi fa ton tai cap (x, y) sao cho :

_{3X+2Y=U f(x, y) = Ox + 2y, 7x + 5y) = (u, v) =>

7x+5y=v.

{X = 5u -2v

Giai he phuong trinh do d6i voi x, y, ta diroc mot nghiem duy nhai 3 7

Y = v- u.

Vay f la mot toan anh tir JR2 len JR2. Do f vira la don anh, vita la toan anh nen

la mot song anh . Do do, no co anh xa ngiroc f~1 xac dinh boi :

(u, v) ~ f -I (u, v) = (5u - 2v, 3v - 7u).

ella thich: Neu f: X ---+ Y la mot dan anh thi f la mot song anh tit X len f(X). Vi vay, ton tai anh xa ngiroc fool : f(X) -----t X.

3.4. Tich (hop) cua hai anh xa

Cho ba tap hop X, Y, Z va hai anh xa f: X -----t Y; g: Y ---+ Z. Nhu vay, irng voi moi phan nr x E X, co mot va chi mot phan til y = f(x) E Yva ling voi moi phan til y E Y, co mot va chi mot phan nr z = g(y) E Z. Nhir vay, irng voi m6i phan til x E X, qua trung gian y, co mot va chi mot philo tu z = g(y) =

g[f(x)] E Z. Anh X~ nr X tai Z xac dinh boi: x E X f--+ Z = g[f(X)]E Z.

Goi la tich (hay hqp) cua cac anh xa f va g, ki hieu la go f. V~y go f: X -----t Z, X f----'> (g 0 f)(x) = glf(x)] (hlnh 1.10).

Vi du 6: Cho f: IR ---+ [-1,1] : x f--+ sinx: g : JR -----t (0, + 00), X f----'> e.

Ta co (g 0 f)(x) = g[f(x)1 = e,;n x;

(f 0 g)(x) = f[g(x)] = sin e' .

Hlnh 1.10

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§4.S0THVC

4.1. Khai niem vii s6 thuc

Ta biet rang so' hiiu ti la s6 co dang _e_, trong do p, q E Z, q =/:. O. MQi so hiru q

ti deu co the viet dugc diroi dang s6 thap phan hifu han, hay s6 thap phan vo

, h ,! 1 1

han Wan oan. Chang han : 2 = 0,5; :3 = 0,333333333 ... = 0,(3).

N goai cac s6 thap phan vo han tuan hoan, ta con gap nhtrng s6 thap phan vo han khong tuan hoan nhu cac s6 :

1t = 3,1415926 ... ; .fi = 1,4142136 ... ;

J3 = 1,71 828 1825 ...

Cac s6 thap phan vo han khong twin hoan goi Ia cac so'v6 it. Nhir vay, s6 vo ti 13. nhirng s6 khong viet diroc diroi dang ti s6 cua hai s6 nguyen.

Tap hop tat cit cac s6 hiru ti va vo ti goi 13. tap hop cac so' thuc, kf hieu la lR.

4.2. True s6 thuc

Nguoi ta thuirng bieu dien cac s6 thuc tren mot dlIang thang, tren d6 d5 chon mot diem 0 lam goc, mot chieu dirong va mot dan vi dai (hlnh 1.11). Moi diem M tren dU<mg thang d6 diroc ling voi s6 thirc a bang d¢ dai dai s6 ella

vecto OM. Dao lai, neu cho tnroc mot so thuc a, ta tlm diroc mot diem duy nhat M tren duong thang sao cho d¢ dai dai s6 cua vecto OM bang a. Nhu vay, gitra tap hop cac s6 thuc R va taphop cac diem tren dirong thang co mot

phep urong img mot ~ mot hai chieu. Dirong

thing do goi Iii true so" thuc. Ta dung kf hieu M(x) d~ chi diem M ling voi s6 thuc x.

M(a)

o 1

x

4.3. Khoang, doan, khoang vo han Sau day la cac tap hop s6 tlurc thirong g~p. Gia sir a, b la hai 56 thirc, a < b.

Hinh 1.11

16

I x E IFt) a < x < b / diroc kf hieu lIt. (a, b), goi la mot klwang mo:

I x E lR I a S x S b I diroc kf hieu la [a, b], goi 18. mot khodng dong hay doan.

[x E IFtJ a < x ~ b] diroc kf hieu la (a, b]. I x E IFtI a ~ x < b I diroc kf hieu lit [a, b).

[x E lRlx < al dtroc kf hieu 13. (- 00, a).

I x E IFtlx s: a) diroc ki hieu la (- 00, a].

{x E lRlx > a) diroc kf hieu 18. (a, + (0).

{x E lRjx ~ a} diroc ki hieu 13. [a, + (0).

Con lR = (- 00, +(0).

Cac khoang (- 00, a), (- 00, a], (a, +00), [a, +00), (-00, +(0) lit nhimg khodng vo han.

4.4. Gia tri tuyet doi

S6 thirc x e6 the 18. duong, am hay bang O. Nguoi ta g9i tri s6 tuyet d6i cua s6 thuc x la mot so, kf hieu 13. [x], diroc xac dinh nhu sau:

[x] = {x n~u x ~ 0

-x neu x < O.

M(x) 0

x

oE- - -Ixl- --)0

Chang han ,171 = 7; 1- 51 = 5.

Hlnh 1.12

Neu s6 thirc x bieu dien diem M tren true s6 thl s6jxlla d¢ dai hlnh hoc cua

doan OM (hinh 1.12).

Gia sir a Ill. mot s6 thirc ducmg. Neu s6 thirc x bieu dien diem M tren true s6 thi bat dang thirc Ixl < a clurng to rang khoang each hlnh hoc tir g6e 0 tai M

nho han a. Vay: [x] ~ a<=>- a ~ x ~ a.

Mot each tong quat: [x - xu! ~ a c> Xo - a ~ x ~ x" + a.

17

4.5. Cac tinh chat cua gia tr] tuyet dlii

[x + yl s; [x] + Iyl-~ [x - yl > Ixl-lyl~

[xy] = Ixl·IYI;

x Ixl ,. °

- = - VC11 Y -:f:- •

y jyj ,

IxDI'= [x]".

Ban doc tu chirng minh cac cong thirc nay.

§5. s6 PHUC

Nell chi tinh loan voi cac s6 thirc thi nhtrng phirong trtnh dai s6 nhu phurrng trlnh Xl + 1 = ° hay Xl = -1 v6 nghiern VI hlnh phuong ella moi s6 thuc deu khong am. Vi vay, can phai xay dung nhirng s6 moi sao eho s6 tlurc la tnrong hop ricug ella nhfrng s6 moi va cac phuong trtnh dai s6 dell e6 nghiern. Nhung s6 rnoi do la sf) phirc.

5.1. Cac dinh nghia

Nguoi ta gQi dan vi do 1a s6 i {hail man dlmg thirc i2 = -1. Nhu vay, phtrong trmh Xl = -} e6 hai nghiem X = i va X = -i.

Ngiroi ta g9i s("/ phio: la s6 e6 dang z = a + ib,

(l . 1)

trong do a, hER a goi la phdn thi« cua s6 phtrc Z , ki hieu 13 Rez, b goi 13

phdn do cua z, ki hieu 13 Imz.

Neu b = 0, ta c6 z = a E R Vay s6 thirc la tnrong hop rieng ella 56 phiic.

Nell a = 0, (a e6 z ;::: ib, Ta noi z = ib la mot sodo thudn (uy. Nell a =: b ;::: 0, ta viet z= 0.

T;,)p hop t<1t ca cac s6 phirc diroc kf hieu la c. Vay lR c C.

18

2.THCC-Tl-B

Hai s6 plurc ZI == a, + ib.; ~ == a2 + ib, go; la bang nhau neu al :::: a2 va b. :::: bl, ki hieu la ZI :::: ~.

Neu Z ::: a + ib thi -a - ib goi la s6' phuc dOl clla z, ki hieu Ia -Z, con a - ib goi la s6' phuc lien h(_1JJ Clfa z, kf hieu la z. Chang han, neu Z :::: 3 + 5i thi - Z = -3 - Si; Z = 3 - Si.

5.2. Cac phep tinh ve so phirc S.2.1. Phep cong cac s6 phite

010 hai s6 phirc z, ::: a, + ib.: ~ = a2 + ib; Ngiroi 13 goi t6ng ella hai s6 phirc z, va ~ la s6 phtrc, ki hieu la ZI + Zz, xac dinh bbi ZI + Zz = (a, + a2) + i(b1 + bz).

Til do suy fa cac tinh chat sau:

a) (ZI + Z2) + z) = ZI + (Z2 + zJ (tfnh chat ket hQ'P);

b) ZI + Z2 = Zl + ZI (tinh chat giao hoan):

c) Z + 0::: Z ;

d) ZI - Z2 = ZI + (- Zz)·

Ching han, neu ZI = 3 - 4i. Z2 = - 2 + 7i thi :

ZI + Z2 = (3 - 2) + i( - 4 + 7) ::: 1 + 3i;

z, - Zz = (3 - 4i) + (2 - 7i) = 5 - II i.

5.2.2. phep nhan cdc s{/phite

Tich ella hai 's6 phirc ZI = a, + ib, va Zz :::: a2 + ib, la s6 phirc e6 diroc bang each nhan clning nhir nhan hai nhi thtrc thong thirong v6i chu Y jl = -I, kf hieu la ZI' ~ 7

Zj,Z2::: (a, + ibl).(a2 + ibz) = al(a2 + ib2) + ibl(~ + ib2) = al~ + ia.b, + ib.a, + j2bjb2

19

Neu ZI ::: 7_ = Z thl Z.Z diroc ki hie u Iii Z2, Con z.z z diroc kf hieu Iii Zn.

- L '-----v------" .

nl:in

Phep nhan s6 plurc eo cac tinh chat sau:

a) (ZI.Z2)'Z, = ZI.(~.ZJ) (tinh chat k€t hop),

b) Zl'~ = Z2.ZI (tfnh chat giao hoan).

e) z.I ::: z.

d) Neu z "# 0 thi ton tai sc phirc, kf hieu la z- I sao eho z.z- I = 1. SO phirc z- 1 goi lit so nghich dao ella z.

That vay, gia SIl z = a + ib"# 0, nrc til a2 + b2"# O. Ta can tim s6 phirc Z-I = x + iy sao cho Z.Z-I = I, hay (a + ib)(x + iy) = 1 <=> ax - by + i(ay + bx)::: 1 + Oi.

Hai s6 phirc bang nhau khi phan thuc cua chung bang nhau va phan ao cua

" . {ax - by = I

chung bang nhau. Do do:

bx +ay = o.

Giai he hai phuong trinh do, ta duoc mot nghiem duy nhat

a -b -I a . b

x = 1 2' Y = 1 2 • V~y 7 = 2 2 - I 1 2'

a-+b a-+b a +b a-+b

Chit thich: Trong tlurc hanh, ta co the tfnh Z-I = _1_._ bang each nhan til so a+jb

, A " "( 'b) d -I a-ib

va mau so val a - I ,ta UC1e z = = = --,---:-

. (a+ib)(a-ib) a2_i2b2 a2+b2'

a-ib

a-ib

5.3. Cac vi du

Vi du 1 : Tim cac s6 thirc x, y sao eho (I + 2i)x + (3 - 5i)y = 1 - 3i.

Cia;' Do x, y E IR nen phirong trinh da cho co the viet:

x + 3y + i(2x - 5y) ::: I - 3i.

{X +3y = 1 4 5

Suyra ~X=--; y=-, .

2x-5y=-3 11 II

20

Vi d1:J2: Tfnh A = (x - 1 - i) (x - 1 + i) (x + 1 + i) (x + ) - i).

Gidi. (x - 1 - i) (x - 1 + i) = (x - 1)2 - j2 = (X --I i + 1 = X2 - 2x + 2~

(x+ 1 +i)(x+ l-i)= (x+ 1)2-i2=x2+1x+2 => A = (x2 + 1 - 2X)(X2 + 2 + 2x) = (x2 + 2)2 - 4x2

, '," " " 3 + li

VI d1:J3: TIm phan thirc va phan ao cua so phuc A = t; ..

1-~v3J

Gidi.

A= 3+2i = (3+2i)(1+.J3i) = (3-2J3)+i(2+3J3)

1 - J3i 0- -J3i)(l + J3i) 1 - (F3i)2

1+3

4

4

VAy ReA = 3-1..J3 . ImA = 2 +3-J3 .

. 4 4

Vi dlf 4: Cho z = a + ib, Tinh Z4.

Gidi.l = (a + ib)~ = a" + 4a'ib + 6a2(ib)Z. + 4a(ibi + (ib)"

Ch;" ., 1" . -4 1

U Y fang: 1- = - ~ r = - 1; 1 = .

21

VI s6 phtrc z = a + ib trng voi cap s6 thirc (a, b) nen ta

co the bieu dien n6 boi diem M trong mat phang toa d¢ Oxy sao cho M co toa d¢ (a, b). 56 phirc z goi la tog vi cua diem M. Nhu vay, ta duoc mot song anh

giira tap hop tat ca cac s6 phirc ([ va mat phang toa d¢ Oxy. Ta goi mat

5.4. Dang hrc;mg glac cua so phirc 5.4.1. M~t phdng phuc

phang do ia mgt phdng phuc (h lnh 1 . 1 3).

y

M(a, b)

b - - - -- - - - - - --,

,

o a x

l-finh 1.13

Nhirng diem tren true Ox la anh cua cac s6 phirc co dang z = a E IR nen true

Ox go! Ia true thuc, Nhimg diem tren true Oy ia anh cua nhirng s6 plnrc co dang z = ib, do la nhirng s6 phirc thuan tuy ao, nen true Oy goi la true do.

5.4.2. Dang luang giac ella s(i'phite

Gia sir M 13 anh cua s6 phirc z trong mat phang plurc, Nell z ;r!: 0 thl M khong trung voi goc 0, vectc OM hoan toan xac dinh, Dat:

p = OM; S = (Ox,OM),

p la mot s6 duong goi Iii modun cua z, ki hieu Iii I z I ;

y

x

IDnh 1.14

khac 2k1t, k E Z va duqc goi Ia agumen cua z

S Iii goc dinh huang rna vecto OM lam voi true Ox, n6 diroc xac dinh sai y

(hlnh 1.14).

Nell z co modun p va agumen S thl z e6 mOdun p va agumen -8, con -z co modun p

va agumen S + 1t (hlnh 1.15). -z

Tir hinh 1.14 ta suy ra :

a = p cosf), b = p sinS.

z

x

z

IDnh 1.15

Do d6, s6 phirc z = a + ib co the viet diroc du6i dang z = p(eosS + isind). 0·2)

22

Do la dang hrong giac cua s6 phirc. Con dang (1. 1) goi la dang chfnh taco Neu z == 0 thi M trung voi 0, ta co p == 0, agumen 8 ella no tuy y.

Ctmg ttt hinh 1.14, ta suy ra :

(1. 3)

Trong khoang [O; 2n) co hai goc CPI' CP2 thoa man tgcp! == tgCP2 == ~ . Chon cP 13. a

mot trong hai goc do sao cho sirup cling dau voi b. Khi do e == cP + 2kn.

'.

Vi du 6 ." Cho Z == 1 +.J3i , ta co a == 1; b == 13 , v~y p == '-"1 + 3 == 2; tgcp == -J3 . Trong khoang [0; 2It), phirong trinh tgcp == 13 co hai nghiern ~ va ~n . Vi

sin ; > 0 cling dau voi b == J3 nen cP == ~ . V~y dang luong giac cua z la

2 n.. n)

Z== (Cos-+lsm- .

3 3

Vi d¥7: Cho z == 1- J3i. Ta co a == 1, b == -J3, v~y p == 2; tgqi == -../3. Do

d' 2n h Sn h SIt,. Sn 0 ' d . ,o.

o Ir\=- oac rn == -. Ta c on m==- VI sm-< cung au voi

't" 3 . -r 3 . 't" 3 3

b C:3 V 2" Sn .. Sn)

== -"";5. ay z == (cos-+ I sm- .

. 3 3

Vi du 8: Cho Z == - 27. Ta co a == - 27, b == 0, vay p == ~(-27)2 == 27, s6 phirc nay nam teen phfa am cua true thirc nen cp == n. V~y z == 27(cos1t + i sinn),

Vi d~ 9: Cho z;::. 3i. Ta co a == 0, b == 3, P == 3. S6 phiic nay nam tren phfa

.,. rt V 3( rt .. rt)

dirong cua true ao nen Ir\ == -. ay z == cos- + 1 Sill - .

. 't"2' 2 2

Vi du 10: Cho z == 3(cos~ + i sin n). Ta co p == 3; ql == 11 •

. 444

23

3J2 . 3J2 3.fi.

Vay a::: p cosrp= -2-' b '= p sm 'P = -2-' Vay z = -2-0 + I).

5.4.3. Phep nhan va phep chia cae sophuc duoi dang luang guic

(1. 4)

Vay tfeh ella hai so phirc diroi dang hrong giac ia s6 phirc e6 modun bang tich cac modun va agumen bang tong cac agumen.

G9i z la so thirong ~ voi Z2 '* 0, nrc Ul pz '* O. Goi R va a la modun va Z2

agumen ella z. Vi ZI = Z'Z'J. nen ta eo PI = R,P2 va 'PI = a + <Pl'

Do d6 R ::: £L va a = 'PI - 'P2' P2

Vay tlurong cua hai s6 phirc ia s6 phirc eo modun bang thuong cac modun va agumen bang hi~u cac agumen.

(1. 5)

Dac biet neu Z = ptcosrp + isino), p '* 0 thi

Z -I =.!_ = .!_ [ eos( -<p) + i sin( -<p) ] .

Z P

(1. 6)

Vi du 11: Cho ZI = 1+.J3i, Z2 = l-.J3i. Trong cac vi du S va 7, ta dil thay

2 It.. It 2( 5It.. 51t)

ZI = (eos-+lsm-), Z2 = eos-+ISIn-.

3 3 3 3

Do d6, thea cac cong thirc (1. 4) va (1. 5), ta eo:

24

Zl'Z~ = 4[COS( It + SIt) + i sine It + SIt)] = 4(cos2It + i sin 2n) = 4;

- 3 3 3 3

Zl It SIt .. It SIt 4It.. 4n

- = cos(---)+ lsm(- --) = cos(--)+ lsm(--)

Z2 3 3 3 3 3 3

2It .. 2It 1 (I . (:;3)

= cos-+ Ism- = -- -1"J.

3 3 2

5.4.4. Luj (hila ella so phta: it dang luang giac. Cong (hue Moivre

Cho Z = p(coscp + i sirup). Theo(1.4) ta co

Z2 = p2(cos2cp + i sin2cp);

Z3 = Z2.Z = p3(cos3cp + i sin3cp).

Tong quat:

Zn = p"(cosncp + i sinno).

Dac bier neu p = I, z:::: coscp + isinrp, thi '\:In E N, ta co

Z" = (coso + i sino)" = cosno + isinrup,

(I. 7)

Cong tlurc (I. 7) goi la cong thtrc Moivre. Ta co the dung cong thirc do de tfnh cosnx va sinnx theo cosx va sinx.

Vi dl:l12." Cho z:::: 1- J3i. Tinh z", Z12.

G'" T ' 2( Sn .. SIt) ( i d 7) d d'

uu. aco Z= COS-+lsm- xem VI u , 0 0:

33'

n n Sn.. SIt" 2" Snn.. Snn)

Z =2 (Cos-+lsm-) = (COs--+lsm--;

3 3 3 3

Zl2 = i2 [COS(l2. S3It) + i sin(12. S3It)] = i2(COS 20It + i sin 20It) = i2 .

Vi du l s ." Hay bieu dien cos3x, sin3x then sinx va cosx. Gidi. Theo cong thirc Moivre ta co

25

cos3x + isin3x = (cosx + isinx)' =

= COS3X + 3cos2x.isinx + 3cosx(isinxf + (isinx):' = (COS'X - 3cosx.sin2x) + i(3cos2xsinx - sin'x),

cos3x = cos'x - 3cosxsin2x = cos"x - 3cosx( 1 - cos'x) = 4cos3x - 3cosx;

sin3x = 3cos2xsinx - sin'x = 3( 1 - sirr'xjsinx - sirr'x = 3sinx - 4sin3x.

n

Vi d 14 Chii . h n (1 ')11 2-2 ( nrr .. nrt.

I U : irng nun rang: + I = cos-+ Ism -).

" 4 4

n

G·?· D . ~2 (n:.. n:) T ' n 22 nn:.. nn:)

101. at Z=l+l=vLCos-+lsm- . aco z == (Cos-+lsm-.

, 4 4 4 4

Vi du 15: Tinh cac t6ng :

s == cosx + cos2x + '., + eosnx;

T = sinx + sin2x + ." + sinnx.

Gidi. Ta co

S + iT = (cosx + isinx) + (cos2x + ism2x) + ". + (cosnx + isinnx).

D x, . x Khi d' k kx. " kx V A

at cos - + I SIn - = u . IOU = cos - + J SIn - . ay

, 2 2 2 2'

211 1

, 2 4 2n 2 U -

S+IT=u +a + ... +a =U 2 =

U -1

Taco

I x) " ( x)

a- = == eos(-- + Ism --

x .' x 2 2

COS-+lSIn-

2 2

26

( nx ) , , ( nx) nx, , nx

cos -- +ISm -- =COS--lsm-,

2 2 2 2

D de -J 2" x n -n 2" n

o 0 a-a = lsm-, a -e = lsm-.-

2 x

, nx

sm-[ ]

The vao (*), ta dtroc S + iT = 2 cos(n + 1)':' + i sin(n + 1)~

, x 2 2

sm-

2

, nx , nx

sm- sm-

::::::?s= 2 .cos(n+l)~, T= _-=2=-,sin(n+l)~ .

. x 2 . x 2

sm- sm-

2 2

5.4.5. Khai ciin so'phuc

Nguoi ta goi can bac m ella s6 plurc z (m E N) 13. s6 plnrc S sao cho Sm = z.

Gia stt z = ptcosrp + isino) va s = r(cosa + i sinu) la mot can bac m cua z. Vi sm:::: Z, ta co I r(cosa + isina) 1m = p (coso + isintp),

Ap dung cong thirc Moivre, ta diroc :

rnl(cosrna + isinma) = p (cosqi + isine)

=> r" = p, rna = <p + 2k1t, k E Z.

V~y r=rfP. a=<p+2k1t.kEZ. m

Cho k = 0, 1. 2 ... , m - 1, ta duoc m gia tri khac nhau cua a. Cho k = m, m + 1 ..... 2m - 1, cac gia tri tren cua a lai dircc lap lai, Vay ta diroc m can bac m cua Z (cluing co cung modun):

me -. (<p+2k1t) .. (<P+2k1t)] k 0 1 1

V Z :::: '.lJ p cos m + 1 sm m • = , , ... , m - .

(1. 8)

Anh clla cluing 1a cac dinh ella mot da giric deu m canh.

27

(U

'ct,

,

Vi du 16: Tinh if).

\:;2

ffinh 1.16

Gidi. Ta co I = cos2kn + isin2krr.

D de 3/'1 2krr. . 2krr

o 0 \/L =COS-+ISIll-.

3 3

Cho k = 0, 1, 2, ta diroc: ~I ::: cos 0 + isin 0::: 1;

r 2rr. . 2rr 1 J3 .

':> ==COS-+ISIO-=- - + -I'

I 3 3 2 2'

r 4rr. . 4rr 1 J3 .

':1' =COS-+ISIll-==- - - -I.

- 3 322

Anh ella chung diroc cho tren hinh 1.16.

Vi d¥ 17: Cho Z = J3 - i . Tfnh 1[;_ .

Gidi. Viet lai z duai dang hrong giac. Ta co p = ~ = 2, tg8 == - ~. "\,13

H· , Srr , 1] rr d" b' 1 T h 11 rt ,. l l n 0

al goc - va - eu co tang ang - r::;' a c on <p = - , VI Sill - < ,

6 6 ,,3' 6 6

cung dau vm b::: -1. V~y Z = 2[ cos( 1 ~rr + 2krr) + isin( 1 ~rr + 2krr) l

Do do thee (1. 8)

[ llrr llrr]

-+2krr -+2krr

7Jz ::: l.fi cos 6 7 + i sin 6 7

?r,::[ (1l+12k)rr " (11+12k)1t]

= "L cos + Ism , k = 0, 1, ... , 6.

42 42

Vid~18:Tinh ~ J-~ .. 1 +"\,1 3,

28

Gidi. Dat ZI :::: 1 - i, Z2:::: 1 + J3i. Viet ZI, Z2 diroi dang Iirong giac:

r;:( 7rt.. Tt:

ZI =v L, cos-+ Ism-) ~

4 4

2( rt.. rt)

Z2 = cos-+Ism-.

3 3

D d' ZI 1 [ t« rt ., (77t 7t] 1 17rt .. 17rt

o 0 -=- cos(---)+Ism ---) =-(Cos-+lsm-).

Z2 J2 4 3 4 3 J2 12 12

Theo cong thirc (I. 7), ta diroc:

. [17rt. + 2kn 17rt + 2kn]

= _1_ cos 12 + isin~I,-=2=-----

1{j2 6 6

_ 1 [ (17 + 24k) .. (17 + 24k) ]

- "r;: cos 7t + Ism n .

1~2 72 12

Vi du Iv: Giai phuong trinh bac hai Xl + X + 1 = o.

Gidi. Ta co ~ :::: 1 - 4 = -3 :::: 3i2 => .,r;;. = ±J3i .

Chu Y rang ~ la s6 phirc, no co hai can bac hai. Vay

-I +J3i -l-J3i

, x2 ::::

2

2

Tong quat, neu phirong trinh bac hai ax2 + bx + c :::: 0 (a "* 0) co biet thirc

-b+i~ ~b-i~

~:::: b2 - 4ac < 0, no co hai nghiem phirc: XI = ,x2 = ----

2a 2a

Do Ut hai s6 phirc lien hop vci nhau,

Vi du 20: Giai phirong trinh X2 - (2 + i)x + (-1 + 7i) = O.

Gidi. Ta co ~ = (2 + j)2 - 4(-1 + 7i) = 4 + 4i + j2 + 4 - 2Si = 7 - 24i = =16 - 24i - 9 = 16 - 24i + 9i2 = (4 - 3i)2.

Vay x = (2+i)+(4-3i) = 3-j' X = (2+i)-(4-3i) = -I +2i.

• I 2 ' 2 2

29

5.4.6. Phan tieh da thite vOi h~ sothuc thanh thua so'

Trong dai s6 eao cap, ngiroi ta d1i chirng minh diroc rang moi da thirc Pn(x) bac n (2 I) deu co n nghiem thuc hay phirc, dan hay boi, m6i nghiern b¢i bac m (::; n) diroc tfnh m Jan, da thirc ay c6 th~ phan tfch thanh tfch cua n

thira s6 bac nhat Pn(x) = ~(x - AI )(x - A2)" .(x - An) I (I. 9)

trong d6 a, 13. he s6 dau cua da tlurc: AI, ••• , An 13. cac so thirc hay phirc. BAy gio, ta cluing minh dinh If sau.

Dinh Ii 1.1. M9i da thirc P,,(x) bac n (2 1) voi he s6 thirc deu co th~ phan tich thanh tich cua cac thira s6 bac nhat va bac hai

O. 10)

trong do x, .... , x, la cac nghiern thuc ella Pn(x). cac tam thirc bac hai deu co h~ s6 thirc nhirng khong co nghiem thirc, k + 21 = n.

ChUng minh : Gia S11 ta co Pn(x) = a.,xn + <\'.IX,,·I + ... + a.x + 30.

trong d6 aj E IR, j = 0,1 , ... .n, an;;t. 0.

VI vay, neu P,,(~) = 0 thi ta ding co Pn (~) = 0, nrc la neu ~ lit nghiem cua da thirc Pn(x) thl ~ ding lit nghiem ella da thirc fly.

Gia Slr da thirc Pn(x) co k nghiem thirc x., ... , x, va I e~p nghiern phirc lien ~qp

- -

~I' ~]>""'~I' ~/' k + 21 = n. Theo cong thtrc O. 9) ta co

30

Iii mot tam thuc bac hai voi he s6 thuc, vi ~1 +~! = 2 Re( s!) E IR va tam tlnrc fiy kh6ng eo nghiern thirc, chi eo hai nghiern phirc lien hop, no eo dang:

x2+Plx+q"vai p~-4q, <0.

V~y P,,(x) = a,,(x - x.) ... (x - Xk)(X2 + PIX + QI) ... (X2 + P,X + q.).

Vi df:l 21: Phan tich da thirc P(x) = x'' - 3x5 + 3x4 - 3x' + 3x2 - 3x + 2

thanh thira s6 voi h¢ s6 thuc,

Gidi. De dang thay fang x = 1 va x = 2 Iii 2 nghiem don ella P(x). Chia P(x) cho (x - 1) (x - 2), ta diroc

P(x) = (x - 1 )(x - 2)(x4 + Xl + 1) = (x - 1 )(x - 2)(x4 + 2Xl + 1 - x") = (x - 1)(x - 2){ (Xl+ 1)1 - x2}= (x - l)(x - 2)(x2 + X + l)(xl - X + I).

Vi df:l22: Giai phirong trlnh X4 - 2J3x3 + 5xl - 2J3x + 4 = o. Gidi. Ta bien d6i

X4 -2J3x3 +5x1 -2J3x+4 = (x" + xl)+(4xl + 4)-2.J3(x3 + x) =

= X2(X1 + l)+4(x2 + l)-2J3x(x2 + l) = (x2 + l)(x2 - 2.J3x + 4) = O.

Do do x 2 + 1 = 0 => x = ±i;

31

A ? A A

CAU HOI ON T~P

1. Th€ nao la tap hop dem diroc va t~p hop khong dern dUCJC? Hay tim each mo ta tap hop s6 nguyen Z :::: {O, ± I, ±2, ... J d~ khang dinh Z la t~p hop dern diroc.

2. The nao 13 luat phan phoi ella ba tap hop A, B, C? Hay mo ta luat do bang bieu do Ven.

3. Anh xa ia gi ? Th€ nao la d<1I1 anh, toan anh, song anh? Cho VI du.

4. Tri tuyet d6i cua so thirc la gi ? Hay chirng minh cac tlnh chat cua gia tr] tuyet doi,

5. Dinh nghia d<1I1 vi ao, so plnrc, phan thtrc va phan ao cua s6 phirc.

6. Neu x E ~ thi [x] la gi? Neu x la s6 phirc thi [x] Ia gl ?

7. Neu x E ~+ , ta co !f;... Neu x ia s6 plurc ta cling eo if;.. Cac din s6 do khac nhau nhu the nao?

8. Cac menh de sau dung hay sai ?

a) Anh xa f: ~ ~ ~, x ,___,. x3 la mot roan anh.

b) Anh xa f: ~ ~~, X f-+ x21a mot d<1I1 anh.

e) Ja + b = J;. + Jb voi moi a ~ 0, b ~ O.

d) J;;T; = Fa.Jb voi moi a ~ 0, b ~ O.

e) J;;2 = a voi moi 56 thirc a.

f).Ja Jf,' ,. . " 0

- = -2 VOl moi so a e .

b b .

g) z.z ~ 0 voi rnoi so phirc z.

h) Neu ZI = al + ib., "Ly_ = a2 + ib2, thi ZI,Z2 = al.a2 + ibl.b2• i) \132 + Oi = 2 .

Iz+ 1- il '

j) Tap hop cac 56 phirc z thoa man dang thirc I '1 = 1 ia dtrong thang

z-I-21

di qua hai diem -1 + i va I + 2i.

32

BAIT~P

1. Tim tap hop cac nghiern thirc ella cac plurong trlnh va bat phuong trinh sau va bieu dien cluing tren true so,

a) x2 - 4x + 3 = 0;

b) x2 - 4x + 3 > 0;

c) x2 - 4x + 3::; 0;

d) x2 - X + I = 0; f) x2 - X + 1 ::; O.

e) x2 - x + I > O~

GQi cac tap hop nghiern nrong img 13 A, B, C, D, E, F. Tim A U B; An B;

AU C; An C.

2. Cho A = {l , 2,3\; B = l2, 3, 4\. Hay viet ta:t cit cac phan tir cua tich de - cac A x B.

3. Cho A = {xiI::; x s 2); B = {y]2::; y::; 3). Hay bieu dien hinh hoc tich de - cac A x B len mat phang toa do.

4. Trong cac anh xa sau, anh xa nao la dan anh, toan anh, song anh? Neu la song anh hay tim anh xa nguoc.

a) f: 1Ft -)- ;R., x 1-----+ X + 7.

b) f: IR -)- 1Ft x.......,. x2 + 2x - 3.

e) f: [4, 9]c lR -)- [21,96] c lFt, x.......,. x2 + 2x - 3.

d) f: lR -)- JR, x .......,. 3x - 21xl.

e) f:JR-)-IR:,xHex+l(Il(=lR+ \{o}). g) f: N -)- N, x .......,. x(x + 1).

5. a) Cho anh xa f: 1Ft -)- 1Ft xac dinh boi x H f(x) = ~2 •

. . I +x

No co phai la don anh, toan anh khong? Tim anh f(JR).

33

b) Cho g: lFf ~ IK' (IK' :::: IK\ IO}); x 1-7 g(x) = _!_. TIm fog. x

6. Cho anh xa f: E --), F; A, 8 la hai tap con cua E.

a) Chirng minh ding neu A c 8 => f(A) c f(8).

b) Neu f la dan anh thl f(A n 8) :::: f(A) U f(8).

7. Cho a, b, e, d E Z va ad - be = 1 (Z la tap s6 nguyen), f: 2? ~ Z2;

(x , y) 1------+ (ax + by, ex + dy). Chung minh fang f 13 song anh, tim f'",

8. TIm tat cit cac s6 hiru ti x, sao eho y = J x 2 + X + 3 la s6 hiru ti.

9. Chung minh rang J2 13 s6 v6 ti, tir do chimg minh s6 J2 + J3 cling IS. s6 vo ti.

10. Giai cac bat phuong trinh:

a) , 2x - 3 , < 1;

b) (x - 2)2 ~ 4;

d) I x2 - 7x + 12 , > x2 ---:- 7x + 12.

11. TIm x, y, z, t 13 cac s6 thirc thoa man he:

{O+ i)x+(l+2i)y+(l+3i)z+(1 +4i)t = 1 +5i (3 - i)x + (4 - 2i)y + (1 + i)z + 4it = 2 - i.

12. Trnh :

a) (l + 2i)6 ;

13. Tlurc hien phep tinh:

) 1 + itgo;

a .

1- itga '

b) O+2i)2_(l-i)3 . (3+2d-(2+i)2

14. TIm x, y E C (tap cac s6 phirc) 13 nghiem ella he :

{C3-i)X+(4+2i)y=2+6i {(2+i)X+(2-i)Y=6

a) (4+2i)x-(2+3i)y =5+4i; b) (3+2i)x +(3-2i)y = 8.

34

3.THCC-T1-8

( J2

, 1 jJ3

15. Tmh : a) - 2 + 2

16. Giai cac phtrong trinh bang each bien dcii ve trai v~ tich cua hai nhan thirc bac hai vci h¢ s6 thuc hoac phirc :

a) X4 + 6x' + 9x2 + 100 == 0;

b) X4 + lx2 - 24x + 72 == O.

17. Dira v~ dang hrong giac cac s6 phirc sau:

a) 1- i ;

b)l+iJ3;

c)-I+iJ);

d) -1- iJ3; e) 1- iJ3 ;

g) 2i ;

h) -3.

18. TIm bieu dien hlnh hoc cua cac s6 phirc z thoa man:

a) I z I < 2; b) I z - i I ~ 1; c) I z - 1 - i i < 1.

19. Tfnh: a) (1 + i)"; b) (1 ;~~r c) (1- 132-iJ'

20. Cho co = -2. + i J3 ; co" = _ _!_ _ i J3 .

j 2 2 ~ 2 2

21. Tinh : a) Vl _ li ;

22. Tinh : a) ~ ~ i. ; ...,3-1

b)~.

23. a) Tinh cos5x, sin6x theo sinx va cosx,

b) Bieu dien sin'x, cos'x theo sin, va eosin ella cac

goc boi cua x.

24. Tfnh tong :

a) 1- C~ + C~ - C~ + , __ ;

35

25. Giai die phuong trinh sau tren t~p C:

b) x' - 6x + 9 = 0;

c) x' + 6x2 + 30x + 25 = 0;

d) X4 - 2x' + 2X2 + 4x - 8 = 0;

e)x4+2x-1-2x2+6x-15=0.

vApso

1. a) /1 ; 3} ; b) (- 00; 1) u (3 ; + (0) ; c) [1 ; 3 J; d) 12'; e)( - 00 ; +00); O(J;AuB=(-00;+00);AnB=(J;AuC=[1,3]; AnC= /1,3}. 2. / (1,2); (2, 2); (3,2); (l, 3); (2,3); (2,4); (3,2); (3,3); (3,4) J.

4. a) Don anh, toan anh, song anh, rl(y) = y - 7.

b) Kh6ng dan anh, khong roan anh, khong co anh xa ngiroc.

c) Dan anh, toan anh, song anh, Cl(y) = -I + ~4 + Y .

d) Dan anh, roan anh, song anh, f-l (y) = {~ -y 5

y:::::O

y<O.

e) Dan anh, roan anh, song anh, rl(y) = Iny - 1.

f) Khong.

5. a) Khong phai dan anh hay toan anh: f(lP!.) = [-1, 1J;

b) fog = f.

10. a) 1 < x < 2; b) x ::::-: 4; x:::; 0;

c) -4 :::; x s; 2;

d) 3 < x < 4.

11. x = -2;

Z= 2;

I

t=--.

2

12. a) 117 + 44i;

b) - 76i.

36

13. a) eos2a + isin2a;

b) 44-5i . 318

14. lim cac s6 phirc x; y:

a) x == 1 + i, y == i:

b) x > 2 + i, y::: 2 - i.

1 iJ3 15. a) -~--'

2 2'

b) I.

16. a) (Xl - 2x + 5)(x2 + 8x + 20) == 0 => 1 ± 2i; - 4 ± 2i. b)(x2-4x+6)(x2+4x+ 12)==O=> 2± iJ2; -2 ± 2iJ2.

b) 2(eos 1t -r i sin 1t):

3 3

2( 51t .. 51t)

e) cos-+ ISIfl- ;

3 3

h) 3(eos1t+isinn).

18. a) Tat cit cac diem trong cua hinh tron tam 0, ban kinh r == 2.

b) Die di~m trong hinh tron tam (0; l), ban kfnh r = 1.

c) Die diem trong h inh tron lam (1; 1), ban kfnh r = 1.

19. a) 212(1 + i);

n1t 20. 2eos-.

3

1+ r;:;3 '3 1 1- r::.3 1+ '3.

21 ) 1'. -s » .....;~-.. v~ -i s

.a - +1, +--1, -- - --1.

. 2 2 2 2

b) 1 + i; 1 - i; -1 + i; -1 + i.

1 { 24 k + 5 .. 24 k + 5 }

22. a) -r: cos 1t + Ism 1t •

1~2 96 96

37

b) 1 { 24k+17 ,,24k+17}

2h cos IT + Ism IT ,

~2 72 72

b . 4 cos4x _ 4cos2x + 3

) Sin X = .

8 '

5 cos Sx + Scos3x + l Ocos x

cos x =

16

n

24. Xet (1 + it => a) 22COS nIT ; 4

n

b) 22 ' nIT SIn-,

4

25) _1+J3 .13-1. _ 1-13 ,J3+1,

.axl- +l--,X~-~-+l ,

2 2 - 2 2

c) -1' -S±S.,fji,

, 2 '

38

b) -3- 3± i.,fj .

, 2 '

e) -1±J6; ±i,fJ.

"" A,',A ,A' .A' ,

CHUONG II. HAM SO MOT BIEN SO - GIOI HAN

. .

vA LIEN Tl)C - ()~O HAM vA VI PHAN

MVC olen YEU CAU

Chuang nay nham On tap, h¢ thong hoa va nang cao cac kien thirc v~ ham so mot bien so, v~ gidi han ella day so, gidi han cua ham s6, tinh lien tuc va gian doan cua ham so, dao ham va vi phan cua ham s6 mot bien so,

Sinh vien can nam virng mot each co he th6ng kien tlurc do, su dung linh hoat cac kien tlurc do trong tfnh giOi han cua ham s6, khao sat tinh lien tuc cua ham s6, tfnh dao ham va vi phan, hieu y nghia hlnh hoc cfing nhu y nghia thuc tien ella dao ham va vi phan,

§1. cAc KHAI NI~M CO BAN vt HAM SO MQT BIEN SO

1.1. Dinh nghia ham s6 mot bien s6

010 X la mot tap hop khac rang ella 1Ft Nguoi ta goi arm xa f: X ~ 1Ft, x 1-+ ftx),

la ham somot bien so' xac dinh tren tap hop X, trong do x goi lit bien sodoc lap, Y goi 1ft bien so' phu thuoc hay ham so' cua x, X goi la mien xdc dinh ella

ham s6 f, tap hop I(X) = {y E 1Ft Iy = f(x), '\fXE X] goi la mien gia tri cua f.

Neu ngiroi ta eho ham s6 mot bien s6 bci bieu tlurc y = f(x) rna khong noi gi v~ mien xac dinh cua n6 thl mien xac dinh ella ham s6 duqe hieu ta tap hop nhtrng diem x sao eho bieu thirc co nghia.

~

Vi du 1: Ham s6 y = 2X2 - 4x + 6 xac dinh voi moi x E R

Vi Y = 2(x - 1)2 + 4 ~ 4 nen mien gia tri cua y lit khoang vO han [4, + cD).

39

Vi du 2: Ham s6 y =- ~ xac dinh khi : 1 - Xl cO¢:} [x I :::; 1 ¢:> -1 S x :::; 1. Mien gia tri cua ham so Iii doan [0, 1].

1.2. ni) thi cua ham s6 mQt bien s6

GiJ. Slt ham s6 y =- [(x) eo mien xac dinh 13 X c !R. Dng voi gia tri Xu E X, ta

duoc gia tri Yo -= f(xu) cua ham so. GQi M, 13 di~m co toa a¢ (xo, Yo) trong mot h~ true toa d¢ de - cac vu6ng goc. Cho Xu bien thien tren tap hop xac dinh X, di~m M, bien thien thea va tao nen mot dirong cong trong m~t phang toa d¢ Oxy, goi la dO thi ella ham so y -= f(x). Tom lai, d6 th] cua ham s6 y = f(x) la tap hop nhirng diem eo toa d¢ thoa man h~ thirc y = f(x). D6 th!

cua ham 56 y = [(x) co th~ 13 mot lqp hop roi rae cac diem, ding co th6 gem y

mot s6 cung lien.

x2 neu X sO Vi du 3: 06 th] ella ham so y -= x neu 0 < x S 1

3 ,

neu x > 1 2

diroc eho a hinh 2.1.

o 1 Hlnh 2.1

x

1.3. Ham s6 dan dleu - Ham s6 chan, ham s6 Ie - Ham s6 tuan hoan

1.3.1. Ham SO'dUll dieu

Ham 56 f(x) goi Hi tang (hay dong bien) trong khoang (a, b) neu :

13. tang ngi).t trong (a, b) neu: \txp Xl E (a, b), XI < X2 => f(xl) < f(xl). Ham so f(x) goi 1a giam (hay nghich bien) trong khoang (a, b) neu :

\tXI• x2 E (a, b), XI < X2 => I(x.) ~ f(xl);

la giam ngat trong khoang (a, b) neu: 'lixp x2 E (a, b), XI < X2 => f(xl) > [(x2)·

40

Ham s6 f(x) goi Ia dan dieu trong khoang (a, b) neu n6 tang hoac giam trong khoang ay.

Del thi cua ham s6 tang Iii mot duong di len tir trai sang phai (hinh 2.2a).

Del thi cua ham s6 giarn Hl mot dtrong di xuong tir trai sang phai (hinh 2.2b).

y

f(x2) ----~---------- 1

, ,

f(x ) ~----~- t:

1 I • t

, , ,

, , ,

, , ,

y

f(x 1) - - -- ~- - ,

, ,

, , , , , , , ,

f(X2) -- -l---r-------,

I ~ I

, , ,

a)

b)

Hlnh 2.2

1.3.2. Ham si/ chan, ham s(/ Ii

Ham s6 f(x) xac dinh trong khoang (-/, I) goi la chan neu:

\/x E (-/, I), fe-x) = I(x)

va gqi Iii Ii neu : \/x E (-t, I), f( -x) = -f(x).

D6 thi cua ham s6 chan nhan true Oy lam true d6i xirng (hinh 2.3), del thi

cua ham so le nhan g6c toa do lam tam doi xtrng (hinh 2.4). y

y

-/ x

x / x

IDnh 2.3

IDnh 2.4

1.3.3. Ham so'tuiin hoan

Ham s6 f(x) goi Ia twin hoan neu t6n tai s6 tlurc p.;t 0 sao cho :

f(x + p) = f(x)

(*)

41

voi rnoi x thuoc tap xac dinh cua n6. 56 p dirong nho nhat sao eho dang tlnrc (*) duqc thoa man goi la elm ki cua ham so. Neu biet db thi cua ham so do trong mot khoang c6 d¢ dai p thl chi can thirc bien nhimg phep tinh tien theo vecto

(kp, 0), k E Z de ducc toan b¢ db thi cua no (hinh 2.5).

y

a+p

a +2p

x

a-p

Hinh 2.5

Vi du 4: a) Ham so f(x) = X4 - 2x? + 5 xac dinh '\Ix E nt, la ham so chan vi :

'\Ix E IR., fe-x) = (_X)4 - 2(_X)2 + 5 = X4 - 2X2 + 5 = f(x).

b) H' -r () I I + x ic dinh khi I + x 0' 1" '1' khi 1 I

am so g x = n -- xae I -- > va x;t: , nrc a I - < X < .

I-x . I-x

, I-x l i x I l t x

Ta eo '\I x E (- I, 1), g(-x) = In- = In(--f = -In- = -g(x).

l+ x I-x I-x

V~y g(x) Ia ham sole.

e) Ham s6 hex) = cosx xac dinh '\Ix E nt, Ia ham so chan va tuan hoan ehu

ki 2n.

d) Ham so k(x) = 5sin3x xac dinh '\I x E R la ham sole va tuan hoan chu ki 21t .

. 3

1.4. Ham so hQP

Gia Slr y = f(x) la ham s6 cua bien s6 u, dong thai u = g(x) lit ham s6 cua bien so x. Khi do, y = feu) = f{g(x)}lil ham s6' h9P cua bien so doc l~p x thong qua bien s6 trung gian u, ki hieu: (f 0 g)(x) = f{ g(x)}.

Mien xac dinh cua ham so hop fog ia tap hop nhtrng x sao eho g(x) thuoc mien xac dinh cua x.

42

Vi du 5 : Cho y = feu) = sinu, u = g(x) = x2 - 4x + 5. Vi feu) xac dinh Vu E JR,

nen ham s6 hop y = (f 0 g)(x) = f] g(x) \ = sin(x2 - 4x + 5) xac dinh 'if x E TIt.

ch« thich:

1) Gia Slr d. hai ham s6 f va g deu xac dinh 'ifx E 1Ft N6i chung ta co

'ifx E 1Ft, (f 0 g)(x) "* (g 0 f)(x).

Chang han, neu f(x) ::: arccosx, g(x) = e" + 1, thi:

(f 0 g)(x) == f] g(x) \ = arccosre' + 1) (g 0 f)(x) == g{ f(x)} == e'"c"'x + I.

2) Cling c6 th~ dinh nghia hop cua ba ham s6 hoac nhieu han. Chang han,

(f 0 g 0 h)(x) = f(g(h(x»).

1.5. Ham s6 nguoc

Gilt su y = f(x) la mot ham s6 xac dinh, dan dieu tren tap hop X c JR. Khi do, f

la mot song anh tit X len f(X): == Y (xem chu thich muc 3.3 chuang I). Do do, moi phan tu y E Y deu la full cua mot phan tir duy nhat x E X. Quy tic cho irng voi moi phan tu y E Y, mot phan nr duy nhat x E X goi ia ham so nguoc cua f va duoc ki hieu la II. Vay It la mot ham s6 xac dinh tren Y = f(X), Iffy gia trj trong X. Anh xa It : Y ~ X cling 13. mot song anh, Nhu vay,

y ::: f(x) <=> x = It(y).

Do do, do thi elm hai ham s6 y = f(x) va x ::: It(y) trong cling mot he to'). d¢ trung nhau. Nhung thong thuong, ta van dung x de chi bien s6 doc lap va y d~ chi bien so phu thuoc, Vi vay, ta viet ham so ngiroc cua f(x) la

It : x f---+ y == Itcx).

Luc d6, di~m (a, b) nam tren do thi cua f khi va chi khi diem (b, a) nam tren do thi cua rt. Hai diem (a, b) va (b, a) d6i xirng voi nhau qua dtrong

43

phan giac thu nh5t (hlnh 2.6). V) vay, do thi ella hai ham s6 f va [I d6i xirng voi nhau qua dtrong phan giac thil nhat (hinh 2.7).

y

"'~ (a, b)

; I I

I -1

" y:::f (x)

(b, a)

•

y

x

o x

Hlnh 2.6 Hmh 2.7

Vi du 6 : Ham s6 f: x ~ x2 + 1 tang ngat tren JR+. no la mot song anh til JR+

len khoang (1, +00) c JR. Do do, no co ham s6

y

v= x2 + 1

y=f-I(x)=-Jx-l.

,/",/'Y':;'x ,

,

nguoc [I : ll.+oo) ---)- lR, xac dinh boi :

D6i vai tro ella x va y, ta dtroc

x

Do thi cua cac ham s6 [(x) va flex) diroc eho 0

. .

hinh 2.8.

Hlnh 2.8

§2. PHAN LOA] HAM s6

2.1. Cac ham so sa cap co ban

2.1.1. Ham si/luj thua: y = x" (n E JR).

Mi~n xac dinh phu thuoc van o: Diking han, neu a E N, ham s6 xac dinh

tren JR. N eu a nguyen am, ham s6 xac dinh tren N \ {OJ. Neu a = ..!.. thl p

44

ham s6 xac dinh tren 1R.+ neu p E pf, P chan va xac dinh tren IR. neu p E pt, p

le, Neu a 13. s6 vo ti thi guy iroc chi xet ham s6 tai mol x > O.

Do thi cua ham s6 y = XU luon di qua diem (1, I) va di qua g6c toa d¢ neu a> 0, khong di qua g6e toa d¢ neu a < 0 (hlnh 2.9).

2.1.2. Ham somii : y = a' (a> 0 ; a * 1)

so a goi la co so' ella ham s6 mil. Ham s6 y = a' xac dinh tren toan IR. va lay gia tri

duang. Neu a > I ham s6 y = a' tang, neu a < I ham s6 y = a' giam . Do thi cua ham s6 y = a' diroc cho CJ hinh 2.10.

Trang cac ham s6 mu, ham s6 y = e' voi e la mot s6 vo ti, co gia tri bang 2,71 8281827 ... , co val tro quan trong.

y

y = aX (a;:. 1)

o

x

Hinh 2.10

2.1.3. Ham soLogarit y = log.x (a > 0; a * 1)

y

x

Hlnh 2.9

y

o

x

Vi ham s6 mil xac dinh va don dieu tren 1Ft (no tang neu a> I, giam neu a < 1)

nen no 13 mot song anh tu 1Ft len n(. Do do, no co ham s6 nguoc, ki hieu la

x = log.y. 80i vai tro cua x va y, ta diroc : y = log.x (doc la logarit C<1 s6 a cua x). Ham s6 do la mot song anh tir IR: len JR.. Do th] ella no diroc suy ra

45

tir d6 th] cua ham s6 mil y == a' bang phep lay d6i ximg qua dirong phan giac tlur nhat (hinh 2.11).

Tir do, ta suy ra rang : Ham s6 y = Iogx xac dinh khi x > 0, tang neu a > l , giarn neu Y a < I, log,a = 1, log" 1 = O.

log,,(xCl) = cdog,x (x > 0); b=a1og,b (b > 0);

(a < 1)

Ham sc log,x co cac tfnh chat sau :

loga(xlx2) = Iog,x, + log,x2 (XI> 0; x2> 0);

log, ( ::) ~ log, Xl -log, x, (x..» 0, X, > 0);

x

loge b

toga b = -- (a> 0 ; a :;t: I ; b > 0; c » 0, c :;t: 1).

log, a

mnh 2.11

Chit thich: Logarit co s6 10 cua x con goi Hi logarit thap phan cua x, ki hieu la Igx: Iogarit co s6 e cua x goi la logarit nr nhien cua x, ki hieu la lnx.

2.1.5. Cac ham slilll(11lg gitu:

• Ham s6 y = sinx xac dinh v »: E R lay moi gia tri tren doan [-I, I J Ia ham s6 h~, tuan hoan chu kl 2n.

• Ham s6 y = cosx xac dinh '<ix E R lay moi gia tr] tren dean [- 1, 11. Ia ham s6 chan tuan hoan vci chu ki Zn.

• Ham s6 y = tgx xac dinh tren IR. \ {(2k + 1) ~, k E Z}, lay moi gia tri tren JR, ta ham s6 Ie, tuan hoan chu ki zr.

• Ham s6 y = cotgx xac dinh tren lR \ {krr. k E Z}, lily moi gia tri tren IR., Ia

ham s6 le, tuan hoan chu kin.

Hinh 2.12 eho ta thay do th 1 ella cac ham s6 hrong giac.

46

y

x

y = sinx

y

x

y = cosx

y

y

, ,

-IT'

x

x

y=cotgx

Hinh 2.12

2.1.5. Ham sa luang giac nguac

• Ham s6' y = arcsinx

Ham s6 y = sinx xac dinh tren roan lR, nhung khong dan dieu tren R No

tang tren dean [-~, ~] va la mot song anh ttr [ - ~ , ~] len dean [ - 1; 1]. Do d6 n6 c6 ham s6 ngiroc, kf hieu la y = arcsinx (d9C Hi. ac-sin-x, c6 nghia 1ft cung c6 sin bang x). Ham s6 y = arcsinx co mien xac dinh Ii doan [- 1; 1],

co mien gia tri la doan [- n: ,~] va la mot ham s6 tang. Nhlt vay :

. . 2 2' .

47

D6 thi cua ham s6 y:o:: arcsinx cho a hlnh 2.13. y

IT

"2

y

------ IT

y = arcsinx

x

y ~ arccosx

-1

_71:

"2

--1

o

x

Hinh 2.13

Hinh 2.14

• Ham sa y = arccosx

Ham s6 y :0:: cosx giarn tren doan [0, 1t ] va la mot song anh nr doan [0, 1t ] len dean [- I, 1 J. Do do, no co ham s6 ngiroc, k f hieu I a y :0:: arccosx (doc 13. ac-cos-x, co nghia la cung co cosin bang x), Ham s6 y ::::: arccosx co mien X3C dinh la doan [ - I, i], c6 mien gia tri la doan [0, 1t J va 13. mot ham giam.

T - i 1t ( ,fi J 31t.

a co arccos"2::::::3; arccos - 2 ::::: 4 .

Hinh 2.14 cho ta d6 thi ella ham s6 y ::::: arecosx .

• Ham so' y ::::: arctgx

Ham s6 y ::::: tgx tang tren khoang ( - ~ , ~ ) va ia mot song anh tir khoang rna ( - ~ ,;) len R Do do, no co ham s6 ngiroc, ki hieu la y ::::: arctgx (doc la actang-x, co nghia la cung c6 tang bang x),

48

Ham s6 y = arctgx co mien xac dinh 13. JR. va mien gia tri la khoang rna

(- It ,~) . D6 la mot ham s6 tang. D6 thi cua no diroc cho boi hlnh 2.15.

2 2' . _ .

y

y

------------------ ----~---~--------

IT

_IT

"2

Hlnh 2.15

x

Hlnh 2.16

• Ham so" y = arecotgx

Ham s6 y = eotgx giam tren khoang (0, 11:) va 1a mot song anh tu khoang (0, It) len 1Ft Do d6. n6 e6 ham s6 ngtroc, ki hieu la y = areeotgx (doc la ac-

cotang-x, co nghia la eung co cotang bang x), Ham s6 y = areeotgx co mien xac djnh la JR.. mien gia tri la khoang rna (0; It) va la mot ham s6 giam, D6

thi cua no diroc eho 0 hinh 2.16.

2.2. Ham s6 sa cap

Nguoi ta goi ham s6 so cap la nhirng ham 56 duoc tao thanh boi mot 56 hfru han cac phep cong, trir, nhan, chia, phep l~p ham 56 hop d6i voi nhfmg ham 56 sa cap co ban.

Vi du : y = ax + b, Y = ax2 + bx + e, y = toga (x +~) ,

1 + sin x (2 3 I' h- h' 6 _"

y = 1 + arctg x + ) a n irng am s so cap.

i- x

Cac ham s6 so cap diroc chia tam hai loai.

2.2.1. Ham sf; dlJ.i sf;

Ham 56 dai 56 la nhtrng ham s6 rna khi tinh gia tri cua no ta chi phai lam mot s6 hiru han cac phep tinh cong, trir, nhan, chia va luy thira voi s6 rna hiru ti. Trong cac ham s6 dai s6 co:

49

4_THCC-Tl-A

• Cac da thirc bac n (n E N)

PC) ",,-I mO, 01 0

IlX =a"x +a"_lx + ... +alx+~J,aiEll'\,.,I=, •... ,n,an;t .

• Cac ham s6 hiru Ii y = Pn(x) , trong do Pn(x) va Q",(x) Ul nhtmg da tlurc Qm(x)

bac n va m.

• Cac ham s6 vo ti la nhirng ham so dai s6 khong hiru ti, chang han:

5

_ ~ _(2X+3J3

y- , ,y- -_ , ...

l+x- x-I

2.2.2. Ham s(/ sieu vir1

Ham s6 sieu viet 13. nhirng ham so sa cap khong la ham s6 dai s6 nhu:

. . 2' x I r:---;;I 2

y=SlIlx,y=x. ,y=arctg--2, v = g"\"l+x~ , ...

1 + x

§ 3. GIOI H~N CVA DAY so

3.1. Cac dinh nghia ve day so

• Ngiroi ta goi dJ.y s(fla mot tap hop s6 viet thea ITI9t thir nr xac dinh :

D6 chi day s6 do, ta tlnrong dung ki hieu {x n } ~=I hay gon hem {x,}.

Trong §3 nay, ta chi xet cac day s6 rhirc, Nhir vay, day s6 thirc la mot anh xa f nr N vao JR, f(l) = XI' f(2) = x2' ••. , fen) = x., ...

Vi du l:

a) {!}"" = ~ I.-.!."!', ... ,_!_, ... };

n n~1 l 2 3 n

so

b) {( ~ I)"} = { - 1, 1, ~ I, 1, ... , (~ 1)", ... };

{' { , { n } {I 2 3 n }

c) n-}= 1,4,9, ... ,n~, ... };d) n+1 = 2'3'4'···'n+l'····

Day so {xll} goi lit tang neu Xn < xn+ I' 'I1n E rf, goi lit gidm neu x, > x, + I'

'I1n E pr.

Trong VI du 1, day a) la day so giarn, day c) 13. day so tang. Day s6 tang va day so giarn diroc goi lit day s6 don dieu.

• Day s6 {x,,} goi 13 hi chdn tren ncu ton tai mot s6 M sao eho x,,::; M, 'I1n E N';

goi lit hj chan duai neu ton tai mot so m sao cho x, ;:: m, 'I1n E N'; goi la hi

("h(111 neu no vira bi chan tren, vira bi chan dtroi.

Vi du 2 : Trong VI du 1 :

Day a) la day so giam, no bi chan diroi boi 0 va bi chan tren boi 1;

Day b) khong phai lit day s6 dan dieu, no bi chan duoi boi -I va bi chan tren boi 1;

Day c) 13 day s6 tang, no bi chan diroi boi I nhirng khong bi chan tren, no kh6ng bi chan:

Day d) lit day s6 tang, no bi chan duoi boi 0 va bi chan tren boi 1. 3.2. GiOi han ella day so

Tro lai day d) ella vi du 1. Bi~u dien hlnh h9C ella no duoc cho a hlnh 2.17.

o

1 .l~_1_ 2 3 4 5

Hlnh 2.17

x

Ta nhan thay rang khi n dog Ian tht x., cang gan I, nrc til khoang each IXn - 11 cang nho, no co th~ nho bao nhieu ciing duoc mien la n du Ian.

51

Ta noi rang day {x,,} gan tai I (hay c6 gioi han lit I) khi n dan tai vo cung. Ta co dinh nghia sau:

Dinh nghia, SCi a goi lit gioi han cua day s6 {x,,} neu voi moi s6 E dirong be tuy y eho tnroc, ton tai mot s6 nr nhien 1\1 sao eho voi rnoi n > 1\1 thi 1 x, - al < E. Ta viet: lim xn = a hay x, -----? a khi n -----? 00.

Il----1>·:t::

Khi do, day s6 {x,,} diroc goi i;) lu)i tu. Day s6 khong hoi tu diroc gQi Ia phdn kt.

Ctus thich: Chi s6 nil phu thuoc vito E, nen eo the viet no= noCE).

vt au s. lim_1 =0.

n4:r. 211

That vay, eho tnroc E > 0, ta se chi fa rang tim duoc no(E) E _N' de eho

IXn - 01::: _1- < E, 'tin > no. Ta co _1_ < E khi 2" > _!_ , nrc lit khi n > log, _!_.

211 2n E - E

Vay chi can chon no(E)::: [IOg2l ] + I thl voi n > no ta eo [x, - 01 < E.

([x 1 ia ph.in nguyen cua x, tue Ill. s6 nguyen Ian nhat kh6ng Jan han x, chang han (3,25) = 3).

3.3. Tinh chat va cac phep tinh ve gim han cua day s6

Dung dinh nghia gi6i han ella day so, co tM chirng minh dl1Q'C cac dinh Ii sau.

Dinh Ii 2.1. a) Neu ml/t day s(f cd giai 1/{;1I1 tht girli han do la duy nhdt.

b) Nell mot day sO' co girh han thi no hi chan.

Cluj thich: Menh de b) ella dinh If 2.1 1:\ mot dieu kien can cua day so hoi tu, Tir do suy ra rang neu mot day s6 t.hong b] chan thi no khong eo gioi han. Chang han, day c) trong Vi du I kh6ng co gi6i han vi n6 kh6ng bi chan.

Dinh Ii 2.2. Neu cac day so {x,,} va {y,,} deu eo gi6i han thl

I· ( + ) - 1· + I·

IIll xn-Yll - lmxn- lmYIl

11--4-r:_ 114·::1:. n4T.:

52

lim(xn,yn) =: lim xn,lim Yn

n~~· n----i>d) n~:;o

lim xn

I, xn n~'"

Im-::::.:..:____:_-'.C...--

Il~'" Yn lim Yn

Il~'"

(voi dieu kien lim Y n ;t 0),

Il~""

ClUJ thich: Trong tinh roan ve giai IH,m, co khi ta gap cac dang sau day goi [a dang vo dinh: ~, : 0,00, 00 - 00, Khi d6 khong the dung cac ket qua cua dinh If 2.2, rna phai dung cac phep bien d6i d~ khir cac dang vo djnh d6,

Ch' ,,2n2+n+l, 00 bi "

ang han, rrn 2 co dang -, Ta len doi:

11--+00 3n +5 00

1 I

I, 2n2 + n + I ,2 + -~ + -n-2 2

1m :::: 11m ::::

11--+'" 3n2 + 5 n--+«> 5 3

3+---,,)

n-

3.4. Tieu chuan ton tal giOi han

Dinh Ii 2.3. Cho ha day so' {x.}, {Yn}, {z.}, Neu:

a) V n E rf, x, < Yn s z,,;

b) lim xn :::: lim zn = a

n--+oo n--+w

thi day {Yn} co gi6i han va lim Yn = a,

n--+oo

Chung minh: Do gia thier b), V E > 0 cho tnroc: :3 n.tc ) sao cho V n > n., I x, - a I < E;

:3 n2(E ) sao eho V n > n2, I z, - a I < E, Chon no =: max (n., n2), ta co vai n > no

I x, - a I < E <:::> a - E < x" < a + E, I z, - a I < E <:::> a - E < Zil < a + E.

lai do gia thiet a), ta suy fa voi n > no: a - E < x, ~ y" ~ Z[\ < a + E,

Vay : IYn - al < E, vn > no =::::> lim Yn = a .•

n--+oo

53

-,

.~

Dinh Ii 2.4. a} Neu day s6 tang va bi chan tren thi no eo gioi han. b) Neu day so giam va bi chan diroi thl no co gkri han.

3.5. S~ ton tal cua lim (1 + _!_)Il

11-0>'" n

Dat xll = (I + ~)I1. Theo cong thuc khai trien nh] thirc, ta co

-1+ __!_ n(n-!l_l n(n-l)(n-2)_'

x n - ,n. + . ~ + . 3 + ...

n 1.2 rr 1.2.3. n

n(n-I) ... (n-k+1) 1 n(n-l) ... 2.1 1

+ '-k + ... + .-=

1.2 ... k n - 1.2 ... n n"

= 1 + I + _!_( 1- !)+_!_(l-_!_)(l- ~)+ .. ,

2!~ n 3! n n

+_1 ('I-_!_)(l-~ 'J ... (l-~)+ ... +_!_(I -_!_)(I-~) ... (I-~)'

k! n n n n ! n n n

trong do k! = 1. 2 ... k.

(2. I)

Con xu+l :=; (1 +_I_)n-+l , khai trien cua no gam (n + 2) s6 hang, (n + 1) s6

n + 1

hang dau cua khai trien do co dang nlnr trong cong thirc (2.1), chi co thira s6

d~ng( 1- ~) duoc thay hoi (1- n ~ I).

Vay (n + I) s6 hang dau trong khai trien ella XJl + I deu IOn han cac s6 hang trong khai trien elm x". SO hang tlur (n + 2) trong khai trien cua Xn + I lai dtrong, vi vay x" + I > x.. Do do, day {x.} ia day s6 tang.

T" hii (2) I' 1 1 1 1

u eong t ire . I , ta al suy ra: xn < I + 1 + - + - + ... + - + ... + - ,

. 21 31 k ! nl

, 'I I 1 ,.. 1 2

VI ta co - - < VOl I:::: , , •.. , n.

n

Mat khac n! = n.(n - 1) ... 2.1 > 21l~,1, v n ~ 3, nen

54

xn < l+(l+~+~+"'+-~I)'

2 2- 2n-

T6ng trong dau ngoac Ci ve phai la mot cap so nhan co so hang dau la 1,

cong b¢i III ~, n6 c6 tong bang I ~~~)" ~ +-ml2,vn

2

Do do xn < 3.

V'4y day {x,,} tang va bi chan tren, nen theo djnhli 2.4, ton tai gioi han

( 1 )n

lim 1+~

11-->0<: n

Gioi han ay duoc goi la so e, do la O1¢t so vo ti, co gia tri xap xi bang

e:z:::2,71828.

3.6. Cac vi d1,1 ve giOi han cua day s6

V, Ch d . { '" 3n - 5 Chii . h' I" t t du 4 : 0 ay s6 x,,} voi xn = 9n + 4' ung nun rang im x =-- 11--><70 n 3

V" ao thi ' '" khoi L (1 1 1 1)

01 k nao t I x, n[\01 ngoai oang = ----,- + -- .

3 1000 3 1000

Gidi.

( 5) 5

n 3- -- 3-_:_-

lim 3n - 5 = lim n = lim _lL = _!_

n-->O'O 9n + 4 n-->""' ( 4) n-p.' 9 4 3

n 9+-- +-

n n

Khoang each tir x, den _!_ bang 3

I II 13n - 5 I] I 19 19

IXn -3 = 9n +4 -3,: = - 3(90 +4) = 3(9n + 4):

, '0 khoa L khi , h kh'l 11 1 h 19 1

x nam ngoai oang I va C I I x-- >-- ay > --.

3 1000 3(9n + 4) 1000

55

Do do n < 18988 = 703.2..

27 27

Vay cac s6 cua day nam ngoai khoang L la XI' x2 ; ••• 'X703•

Vi du S: Chung minh rang lim!:_ = O.

n-+<Xl n!

Vi lim (_!_)n-3 = 0 nen lim ~ = O.

n-+oo 2 n-+'" n!

Vi du 6: Tfnh cac gioi han sau:

'>

) I. 3n~ +5n+4

a irn 2

n-+OO 2 + n

22 32 2

b) lim 1+ + + ... + n

n--><Xl 5n3+n+1

( 2 J3

) I. 3n + n - 2

e 1m

n-e-ec 4n2 + 2n + 7

.,. , 3n2+5n+4

Gidi. a) Ta co xn := 2 =

2+n

5 4 3+-+-

n n2

2 -+1

n2

Dodo:

lim (3 +.~ + _±_)

n-+oo n n2

lim xn = = 3.

0-+00 ( 2 )

lim ---- +1

n-+'" n2

b T ' ._1+22+32+ ... +n2 In(n+l)(2n+1) 1203+3n2+n

) a co xn .- 1 = 3 = ----::-3---

Sn + 0 + 1 6 5n + n + 1 6 50' + n + 1

3 I

2+-+-

n n2

=

65+_1 +_!-

n2 03

Do do lim X =_!_.~ =n-J-OO n 6 5 15

56

[ I 2]3

2 3 3+---

, 3n + n -2 n n2

e) Ta eo x n ;::= (2 J = 2 7 .

4n + 2n + 7 4 + _ + __

.,

n n:

[ 1 2]3

3+ --- (3)3 27

Do d6: lim xn::= lim ~ n2 = - . ::=

n-ow Il-OOC 4 + __ + }_ 4 64

n n2

Vi du 7. TIm gi6i han ella cac day so {x,,} sau :

cuu. a) Khi n ~ 00, xn ::= .. hn+3-~ c6 dang vo dinh 00 - 00. Muon

khi d di h ' h ,. J2n+3 + ~

ir ang vo !n ay, ta n an x, VOl tz=:': ~,ta diroc:

,,2n+3+'\"n-l

(J2n"+3 -.In"=l) + (J2n"+3 +.rn-=-t) (20 + 3) -en -1) n + 4

xn=: .J2n+3+~ = .j2n+3+~= .j2n+3+~·

4 1+-

Do do : lim xn ::= lim n ::= +00.

n--to".) n-ow J3. + 3 + J _!_ _ 1

n n2 n n2

Do do: lim xn ::= - lim Rn ::= -00 .

n-ow n-ow 1

1+ 1+2 n

57

) T ,~ J 1 ( 1 l~ khi '" 3(--;'--3,

C a co nv n =ri -;:;- )--)--cn In->OCJ,VIV:).Y Xn:=\ln--n" +n CO

dang 00 - 00 . NMn va chia x, voi lirong lien hop cua ~ n2 - n3 + n, ta diroc :

x = (n+Vn2-n3)[n2-n\!n2_n3 +(\ln2-nJ)2J

n n2-nVn2_n3+(Vn2_n3)2

D '1" \" 1 J 1

o do: rm xn = rm = = -.

n-Jo'" n....,.", ~~? 1+1+1 3

1- 3 -" -I + 3 (- -It

n n

(R JfJ R Jf

n 1 + -", + - 1 + - + -

d) Ta co xn :== ~ +..In == 3 n- n =~" n2 n "

~n3+n-,fn n~( ~I+ :,-f!,) ~I+ :,-~

Rt

+ "

D d' \" I" 41 n

o 0 Imxn= Im\fn.R ~=+CO"

n-~'" n....,.".., 1 I

4 1+-- - 4_

n2 n

58

§ 4. GIOI H~N CVA HAM s6

4.1. Cac dinh nghia

Dinh nghia 1. Giil. Slr ham so f(x) xac dinh a ian can diem a (co th~ tru tai a). Ta noi ham s6 f(x) co giai han la A khi x dan toi a nell voi moi so E > 0 cho tnroc, dell ton tai mot so 0> 0 sao cho khi [x - xol < 0 thi If(x) - AI < E, ki hieu lit lim [(x) = A hay f(x) -7 A khi x -7 a.

x--.a

Vi du 1 ; Chung minh ding lim(2x + 1) = 3.

x--> I

"

Gidi. Ta can chi fa rang neu cho truoc so £ > 0, thi tim duoc s60 > 0 sao eho 12x + I - 3 I = 12(x - 1)1 < B nell [x - 11 < O. Ta co

12(x-I)I=2Ix-ll<£ne·ulx-II<~·

2

v ay lAy 0 = ~2 ' ta thay dieu dat ra duoc thoa man. V ay lim(2x + 1) = 3 .

x -1-1

Chu thich: Trong dinh nghia I, khi noi x dan tai a, co the x > a, ciing co the x < a. Neu khi x dan trri ave phfa trai (tire lit x dan toi a va x luon nho hon a) rna f(x) dan tai gi6i han A tht A goi ia gi6i han trai tai a, kf hieu lit:

lim f(x) hay f(xo - 0).

x --.X" -·0

Tuong 11!, Ilgl10i ta dinh nghia gi6i han phai tai a, kf hieu la: lim f(x) hay f'(x, + 0).

x--.xo+O

Ham s6 f(x) co gici han A khi x -7 a khi va chi khi Y

no eo giai han trai tai a va gi6i han phai tai a va hai gioi han ay deu bang A: f(a - 0) = f(a + 0) = A.

Vi du 2; Cho ham so : f(x ) = {x

. I-x

khi x <0 khi x> O,

x

D6 thi cua no dtroc eho a hinh 2.18. .Ta eo

Hinh 2.18

f(O - 0) = 0 "* 1 = f(O + 0).

59

Vay f(x) khong co gioi han khi x ~ o.

Dinh nghia 2. NguCti ta noi ham f(x) dan tai +00 khi x ~ a neu vci moi s6 M > 0 cho tnroc, 16n bao nhieu tuy y, ton tai mot so 0 > 0 sao cho khi I x - a I < 0 ta co f(x) > M, ki hieu: f(x) ~ + 00 khi x ~ a hay lim f'(x) = +00 _

~----joa

Cac tnrong hop f(x) ~ - 00 khi x ~ a, f(x) ---t A khi x ~ ± 00, ••• diroc dinh nghia nrong til.

Vi du 3 : a) lim 1 ") = +00 , VI voi so M > 0 cho tnroc, ta co

x -e l (x -It

1 2 > M khi (x _1)2 < _1 <::> Ix -11 < ~ .

(x-I) M "M

Vay vai 0 = ~, ta thay khi I x-I 1<0 thi 1 2 > M ,

"M (x-I)

t.

b) lim 2x :::: 0, vi vci s6 E > 0 eho tnroc, ta co 2x < E khi x < log2E.

x----jo~""

vci m =iOg2E, ta thay 2x < E neu x < m. Clni y rang iOg2E < 0 neu E < I. 4.2. Cac phep toan ve giOi han

Dinh Ii 2.5. Gilt str lim fl (x) = AI' lim f2(x) = A2 . Khi do:

X----joil x----joa

a) limtf (x) ± f2 (x»:::: Al ± A2;

X----joa

b) limtf (x).f2 (x) :::: A1.A2 ;

X4a

cn« thich:

I) Trong dinh Ii 2.5, AI' A2ia cac so hihl han, a co th~ la htru han, co tM ta ± 00.

60

2) Neu g~p cac dang vo dinh Qo' 00, Om, 00 - 00 thi phai tim each bien d6i de

00 .

khir cluing,

Vi du e:

lim sin x lim sin x .

~ ~

_-:-s_In_X __ :::: x ~2 :::: X~ i ::::

a) lim 1 2 ---1 ---"'-----

X~2: 3x-+x-l lim(3x +x-1) lim3x-+limx-liml

2

~ X~- 2

4

::::: ::::-----

1 1 .

(It)- It 31C + 2It - 4

3 2 +2-1

1 1 lim(x2 -3).lim(x2 -3)

b) lim (x- -3f ::::: x-->2 x_,.2 :::::

x-->2 5x-2 lim(5x)-lim2 10-2 8

x-~2 x~2

1.1

=

'.

~ lim(x - 3)3

e) lim (x-3)" = x_,.3 =0.

x~3 x-2 lim(x-2)

x-->3

Vi du S ;

a) Xet lim Xl -I .6 day. ta gl)p dang vo dinh Q. Khi x ~ I, e6 th~ xem x * 1,

x-->\ x-I 0

1

do d6 : x- -I :::: ex -I)(x + 1) = x + I .

x-I x-I

1

Dod6Iimx--1 :::::lim(x+l)=2. x~1 X -I x--'>\

3 8 b) Tfnh lim~. x-->2 x - 2

x ' 8

Vi x' - 8:::: (x - 2)( x2 +2x + 4) nen lim ----::::: lim(x2 + 2x + 4) = 12.

x~2 x - 2 x~2

4.3. Tieu chuan ton tai giOi han cua ham so

Dinh Ii 2.6. a) Neu a Ian can cua a, cac ham s6 fl(x), fix), f(x) thoa man bat dang thirc: flex) ~ f(x) .-:;; fix).

61

b) Neu cac ham s6 fl(x), flex) co giOi han khi x ----7 a, lim f, (x) =:: lim f2 (x ) =:: A thi

x -'>u x-,>a

ham s6 f(x) cung co gi6i han khi x ----7 a va lim rex) == A,

.':..4:1

Dinh Ii 2.7. a) Neu 6 Ian can cua di~m a, ham s6 f(x) tang va bi chan tren boi so M thi ton tai gi6'i han cua f(x) khi x ----7 a va lim f(x)::S; M,

x~.a

b) Neu o lan can cua diem a, ham s6 f(x) giam va bi chan diroi boi s6 m thi ton tai gi6i han cira f(x) khi x ----7 a va lim rex) ~ m ,

X4a

Hai dinh If nay cho phep ta tim duoc mot s6 gi6i han quan trong,

T

"

Ham s6 sin x kh6ng xac dinh khi x =:: 0, D6 13 mot

x

ham s6 chan, ta chi xet voi x > O. Tren duong tron x

O"'--'----'--------'A p

l-finh 2.19

4 3 1 1· Sin X

••• 101--,

x-'>u X

luong giac, xet goc x, 0 < x < ~ (hinh 2.19).

Dien tich D.AOM < dien tfch hlnh quat AOM < dien tfch D.AOT.

,1 1 ---1 1. 11

Do do :-OA.MP < -,OA.sdAM <-.OA.AT, hay -smx <-x < -tgx hay

2 2 2 2 2 2

sinx < x < tgx,

x . I sinx

Chia cac ve cho sinx, ta duoc : 1 < -,- < -- hay 1 > -- > cos x ,

srn x cosx x

Khi x ----70, Sin X bi kep gifra hai ham s6 cung co gioi han 111 I khi x ----7 O.

X

V I· sinx 1

;).Y lITI--=:: .

x-~O X

(2.2 )

Vi du ti:

\. tgx a) 101- x-'>o X

1. sin x 1

=:: 101--.--

x-'>o X cos X

. sinx. 1

=: hm--.hm--==l.l==l~

x -'>0 X X -,>0 cos x

62

b I· arcsin x D

) Xet irn . ~t arcsinx = t, ta co x = sint, Khi x --t 0 thi t --t O.

X---J.O X

Vi;i.y

1· arcs in x I' t u I 1

1111 = 1m--= nn-.-= . =.

X---J.l! X !---J.() sin t !---J.() S1I1 t \. S1I1 t

Im--

t ! -~O t

. arctgx

c) Tuong nr , lim = I.

X---J.o X

4.3.2. \ im (I + _!_)X

X---J..i'" X

"

Gioi han nay co dang vo dinh I"'. Tnroc her, ta xet x --t +00. Moi s6 x > 0 deu co th~ kep giCi'a hai s6 ur nhien lien tiep: n ~ x ~ n + 1, do do

1 1 1 (1 )" ( l)X ( I ),,+1

--~-~-.Viv~y,taco 1+-- < 1+- ~ 1+-

n i- l x n n+l x n

Khi x --t + 00 thi n --t + 00, n + I --7 + 00. Ta co

I. ( 1 I)" u ( I + n ~-J I

1m + -- = 1m ....::.._--......:._-

Il---J.'" n + 1 Il---J."" 1 + . _I_

n+1

( 1 ),\+1

lim 1+--

,,-HO n + I e

--'----;---__.::__~---e·

I. ( 1) - 1 - ,

rm 1+-,,---J.x· n + 1

lim (1 +_!_)"+1 = lim (1 + _!_)" (1 + _!_).= lim (I +_!_)" .lim (1 +_!_) = c.l > e.

,,---J.oc n n---J."" n n Il---J.'" n n---J.OG n

Do dinh If 2.6, ta co lim (1 + _!_)X = e.

X---J.+'" X

Bay gio, ta xet x --7 - 00.

Dat y = - (x + 1), cung clnrng minh dtroc lim (I + _!_)X = e .

X---J.-"'· X

Toml<;li

lim(I+_!_)X =e.

x---J.'J") X

(2.3)

63

Cong thuc (2.3) con e6 th~ diroc viet duoi dang

I lim(l + u)" = e .

U-4()

(2.4)

Vi du 7: a) 1im lim(3+X)~;

K-4O') x

( )X+3

b) lim x+2 '.

X-400 x-I

Gidi. a) (3: x J = ( I + ~ J c6 dang 10') khi x ~ (f). D~t x = 3t. khi x ~ 00

,t { 1}3

thl t ~ (f). Vay lim (I +2)X = lim(1 +!)' = lim (I +!) = e3.

X-4'" X t-400 t 1-4'" t

( 2)X+3 ( 2)X+3 ( 3 )X+3

b) ~ e6 dang I"" khi x ~ (f). Taco ~ = 1+--

x-I x-I x-I

Dat x - I = 3t, ta co x = 3t + I. Khi x ~ 00 thl t ~ 00. V~y:

( 3 )X+3 (I )31+4

lim 1+-- = lim 1+- =

x ...... "" x-I t-4o':> t

( 1 )31 ( 1)4

= lim 1+- .Iim 1+- =e3.1 =e3•

t-+", t 1-40') t

§ 5. VO CiJNG BE V A VO CUNG LON

5.1. Dinh nghia 1

Ham s6 f(x) goi la mot vo cung he (viet tat la YCB) khi x ~ a neu limf(x)=O.

Trong § nay, a c6 the la hiru han hay vo cling. Tit dinh nghia gioi han cua ham s6, ta suy ra rang neu f(x) ~ A khi x ~ a thi f(x) = A + «(x),

Trong do a(x) 1ft mot YCB khi x ~ a.

64

Ham so F(x) goi la mot vb cimg lim (viet tat la VCL) khi x ~ a nell lim IF(x)1 = +oc .

X~"

Co the d~ dang thay rang nell f(x) HI. mot VCS khi x ~ a thl _1_ IS. mot VCL

. f(x) .

va ngtroc lai nell F(x) la mot VCL khi x ~ a thi _1_ IS. mot VCS khi x ~ a.

. . . . F(x) .

C IIlI thich :

Mot s6 khac khong du nho bao nhieu cling kh6ng lit mot VCB khi x ~ a. MOt so 16'n bao nhieu cling khong the la mot VCL khi x ~ a.

'. 5.2. Tinh chat

I) Neu flex), f2(x) IS. hai VCS khi x ~ a thi flex) ± f2(x), fl(x). flex) cung la nhCtng VCS khi x ~ a.

2) Neu fl(x), fix) 13 hai VeL cung dau khi x ~ a thi flex) + f2(x) cung la mot VCL khi x ---+ a. Tfch cua hai VCL khi x ---+ a cting lit mot VCL khi x ---+ a.

5.3. So sanh cac vcn

5.3.1. B{ie cua cae VCB

Dinh nghia 2. Gia sir «(x), ~(x) 13 hai VCB khi x ---+ a.

Nell lim u(x) = 0, ta noi rang u(x) lit VCB bac cao han ~(x). x~a ~(x)

Nell Jim u(x) = 00, ta noi rang «(x) la VCS bac thap han ~(x).

X~~ ~(x)

Nell lim u(x) = A (~O, -:t- (0), ta noi rang u(x) va P(x) la hai VCS cung bac, X-Jo<l ~(x)

Neu lim u( x) kh6ng t6n tai, ta noi ding kh6ng the so sanh hai YCB u(x) va ~(x). \-Jo" P( x )

5.THCC·T1·A

65

Vi du 1 " a) I - cosx va 2x deu lu nhirng VCB khi x ~ O. Vi

• -r x . x

s1o- - SIn--

. l-cosx I' 2 I' . x I' i 2 0

lim ::::: Im---= ImSln-. Im-.--:::::

X---JoO 2x x ..... o x x - ... o 2 2 x

2

nen I - cosx 13. VCB bac cao han 2x.

b) x.sin _!_ va 2x la nhfrng VCB khi x ~ O. VI x

. I . I

XSIn- Sin -

,. x I' x 1 I' . J

1m = 101--::::: - IlTISIn-

x-~() 2x x-.O 2 2 x ..... 0 X

nhung khong tOn tai I im sin _!_ nen x sin _!__ va 2x lit hai VCE khi x -----)0 0

x-c>1l X X

khong so sanh diroc voi nhau.

5.3.2. VO cung be tuong duang

Dinh nghia 3. Hai VCB khi x -+ a goi HI. ttrong dirong voi nhau neu

limu(x)=I,

\---JoJ 13(x)

ki hieu : «(x) -l3(x).

Tit vi du 6 ella § 4, ta suy ra rang :

Neu a(x) ~ 0 khi x -+ a thi :

{sin a(x) - a(x), arcsin a(x) - a(x),

tga(x) - a(x), aretga(x) - a(x).

(2.5)

D!nh Ii 2.8. Nell a(x) va P(x) 13 hai VCB khi x -,> a, a(x) - al(x), 13(x) - 131(x)

khi hi ,. a.(x) J" alex)

r x=-s a t I Im--::::: Im--.

x ..... a !3(X) x---Joa 13] (x )

That vay, vi a(x) - al(x), Sex) -131(X)' til eel

lim a(x) = I, lim D(xl = I.

x---Joa a] (x) X---Jo<l 13] (x )

(2.6)

66

5,THCC-Tl-B

Do do: lim O',(x) == lim l( a(x) . 0',1 (x) . 131 (xli X-4~ P(x) X-4a alex) ~I(X) B(x))

= lim a(x) .Iirn al(x) .limP1(x) = lim al(x~ .•

X-4~ alex) x--->a p\(X) xta P x--~" r\(X)

Dinh Ii 2.9. (quy rae ngat be cac ves bac cao), Neu a(x), f3(x) lit cac ves khi x ------). a, l3(x) la ves bac (:ao 11o'I1 o',(x) thi khi x ------). a

o.(x) + P(x) - O',(x).

, , . O',(x)+B(x) . ( l3(x) '1 . P(x)

That vay, ta co lim -~--- = l1ml 1 +-- 1= 1 + ltm-- == I.

.• x--->u a(x) x-~a\ a(x)) X-~'I u.(x)

Vi du 2:_Chung minh rang sin Jxf;. - ~X2 + ..j;3 khi x ------). O,

'.

J 3

Gidi. Khi x ------). 0 thl sinJ x-J;. ""sin x"4 - X 4 ;

JX1+Jx3 =~X2+J ,~fJ =xl.

3 _

VI bac cua XC cao han bac cua x 2 . Do do sin J;...,J;. -~ x2 + R khi x -)- O.

Vi du 3 : Tinh cac giai han :

. 2 . 'I ~

) I. Sill X + arcsm ~ x -- arctg" x

a 1m -

x--+O 3x

I 2··3 ~34

b) I· -cosx+ smx-sm' x-x-+_x

im 1, 2 1

X-40 tg x -6sin x + x +Sx

Gidi. a) Ta eo sin 2x + arcsin" x - arctgx - 2x + x:2 - Xl = 2x khi x ------). o.

D de I' sin 2x + arcsin ' x - arctg ' x I' 2x 2

o 0 1m = lin - == -

x--->O 3x x--.O 3x 3

b) Ta bien doi tl'r s6:

67

I 2' ,3 234 2''''x 2' ,3 234

-cosx+ smx-sm x-x + x = sm~-+ Slllx-sm' x-x + X -

2

- 2( ~ J +2x-x] -x' +3x4 - 2x khi x --> O.

Con mau s6 urong duong voi x3 - 6x2 + X - 5x3 - x khi x -:> O.

Vay ta diroc: lim 2x == 2,

X-4(1 X

5.4. So sanh cac VCL

Gia sir F(x) va G(x) ia hai VCl khi x -:> a.

Neu limF(x) = (1). ta noi F(x) ia VCL bac cao han G(x) khi x -:> a,

\---+11 G(x) .

"

Neu lim F(x) == 0, ta noi F(x) la VCl bac thap han G(x) khi x -:> a,

\---+a G(x) ,

Neu lim F(x) == A (:;t: 0, :;t: oc), ta noi F(x) va G(x) ia nhirng VCl cung bac, \---+a G(x)

Neu lim F(x) == I, ta noi F(x) va G(x) la hai VCL ttrong duong khi x --)- a, kf x---+a G(x)

hieu F(x) - G(x) khi x -:> a.

Cling nhu d6i voi cac VCB, ta de dang cluing minh duoc cac dinh If sau. Dinh Ii 2.9. Neil Fx) va G(x) la hai VCL khi x -:> a, Fix) ~ FI(x), Grx) - G1(x ) khi x -:> 'a thi :

lim F(x) == lim FI (x) , X---+iI G(x) x---+a G] (x)

Dinh Ii 2.10. Neu F(x) WI G(x) fa hai veL khi x -:> a, G(x) lG VCl bdc tluip lion F(x) thi klii x -:> a, F(x) + G(x) - F(x) (QlIY fac I1gat bo cdc VCL ).

vt « 4 11 I' 7x3 -R +6x

I u : im irn

x---+""' 12x3 +X2 -6J;.·

68

Gidi. Ta co

7X3 ~R +6x -7x3 khi X -----t 00;

12x3 +X2 -6,J;. -12x3 khi X -----t 00.

V'I' 7x3 ~R +6x I' 7x3 7

ay 1m _., = lIn -- = - .

. x-->""12x3+x-~6,J;. x-->oo12x3 12

§ 6. HAM SO LIEN Tl)C

Lap cac ham s6 lien tuc dong vai tro rat quan trong trong giai tfch toan hQC.

6.1. Dinh nghia

Dinh nghia 1..f Ja mot ham s6 xac dinh trong khoang (a, b), x, la mot diem thuoc (a, b). Nguoi ta noi rang ham so f lien tuc tai x() neu :

'.

lim f(x ) = f(xu)'

x --> x.,

(2.7)

Neu ham s6 f khong lien H,IC tai x()' ta noi rang no gian doan tai X(I.

Neu dat: x = Xo + Ax, ~y = f(x) ~ f(xo) , thi dAng tlurc (2.7) co th~ viet 13.:

lim [f(x) ~ f(xo)] = 0 hay lim ~y = O,

x--> Xo il.x-->o

(2.8)

Chu thich: Ta cung e6 th~ noi rang f lien tuc tai x., E (a, b) neu

lim f(x) = f( lim x).

x --> x.. x --> Xu

(2.9)
y
------~y
________ 9 --t
, I
, ,
, ,
,
,
,
0 xo Xo -rL'ix x
Hlnh 2.20 Minh hoa hinn hoc: Tic (2.8) ta suy ra rang neu ~x kha be thi Ay kha be. Do d6, dirong cong y = I(x) a Ian can diem MJxo, f(xo)) Ia mot duong lien (hlnh 2.20).

Vi du 1: Ham so y = Xl lien we tai moi x, E R

That vay, ta c6

Yo = x~, Yo + ~y = (xu + ~xi, ~y = (x, + ~x/ ~ x~ = 2x08X + (8X)2; lim ~y = 2xo. lim ~x + lim Ax. lim D.X = O.

il.x -->0 il.x -->0 ,\x --> () ,\x-->o

69

Vi du 2: Ham so y = sinx lien tuc tai Xu bat kl thuoc IR. That vay:

Yo ;= sin x.; Yo + ~y;= sin(xo + Ax ).

I A I-I . ( A).· 1-12, ~x ( nx) 21.' Ax 1

Lly - Sill Xu +LlX -smxo -I s102eos Xu +2 < sm2·

N· I A I ' 'I' I' ~x I" I~xl , I' 0

eu LlX fat nho t 11 SIl1- ::::; -. Do do lin ~y = .

2 2 ~x-+()

.

Tuong tIJ nhu vay, e6 th~ chirng minh duoc rang moi ham s6 sa cap co ban deu lien tuc tai nhfrng diem thuoc mien X:lC dinh ella n6.

Dinh nghia 2. f duoc goi IS. lien i1.).C trong khoang mo (a, b) neu n6 lien tuc tai moi diem cua khoang d6, diroc goi la lien tuc trong khoang d6ng [a, b], neu n6 lien tuc tai moi diem cua khoang rna (a, b), lien tuc phai tai a, tuc III

'. f(a + 0) = f(a) va lien tuc trai tai b, nrc 13. feb - 0) = feb).

6.2. Cac phep toan ve ham so lien tuc

Tic cac djnh l i ve giai han cua tong, tfch, tlurong va tir dinh nghia cua ham s6 lien t1.).C tai mot diem, co the de dang suy ra:

Diuh Ii 2.11. N eli f va g fa hai ham s6' lien tuc tai XI! thi:

1) f + g lien tuc toi XIJ·

2) f. g lien tuc tai XIJ·

3) .!. lien tuc tai x() nell g(xo) :F O.

rr c

Dinh Ii 2.12. Neu ham so' u = <p(x) lien tuc tai xu' ham so y = feu) lien tuc (9-[ u., = <p(xo) thi ham so' hqp y = (f 0 cp)(x) = H<p(x)] lien life tai xu'

Chung minh: Ta e6

lim cp(x) = cp(xu) = uo' vi rp lien we tai xu' Ham so y = f( U ) lai lien tuc tai u.,

X-+Xo

dodo lim f(u)=f(uo)' VI vay:

U-+Llu

70

6.3. Tinh chat cua ham so lien tuc

Ole dinh If sau day (khong clumg minh) neu len nhirng tfnh chat co him cua ham so lien tuc,

Dinh Ii 2.13. N eu ham so' f(x) lien tuc tren doan [a, b] thi Jl6 bi cluin trong doan do, tuc Iii ton tai hai so'm WI M sao clio

m S; f(x) s; M

\;;f X E [a, b].

Dinh Ii 2.14. Neu ham s6' f(x) lien life tren doan [a, b] till' no dat gia tri nho nhd: m va gid tri Ian nhdt Mella 110 tren doan dy, arc Iii ton tai hai die"m

XI' x~ E [a, b] sao clio:

v X E [a, b];

\;;f X E [a, b]

(hlnh 2.21).

"

y

x

M ----\"~.-----' .-

, ,

, ,

m --- -_~__ ~:

I I I t

I I I I

1 I I I

I' ,

" ,

, '

I-fInh 2.21

Hinh 2.22

Chu thich: Gia thiet ham s6 f~x) lien tuc tren doan [a, bj rat quan trong. Ncu gia thiet do kh6ng diroc thoa man th) f(x) khong bj chan, khong the dat gia tri IOn nhat va be nhat ella no. Chang han, ham y = tgx lien tuc trong khoang

me (- 1t ,~), nhirng khi X ~ ±2: thi y = tgx ~ ±eo (hinh 2.22).

222

Dinh li 2.15. (dinh lf ve gia tr] trung gian) Neu hom sr/ f(x) lien life tren doan [a, b], m vd M fd cdc giG tri nho nhdt va 10"11 nhdt eua no tren doan do (hi' vai moi so" J..l ndm giiia m va M, luon ton tai Jii'm ~ E [a, b] sao cho:

f(~) = ).1,

(hmh 2.23).

71

y

b x

~l ---- - -------

t , ' , ' , '

, '

fIb) ---- ----- - --- ------ - ---

y M

o f(a) -

Hinh 2.23

Hlnh 2.24

H~ qua. Neu f(x) lien '1.1(, tren [a, bl, f(a).f(b) < 0 flu' {rang khodng (a, b) ton tai dicfll S sao cho f(S) = 0 (hlnh 2.24).

6.4. Viti giOi han dang chn y

Dung nnh chat cua ham so lien tuc, ta cluing minh cac cong there sau:

lim In(1 +a) = 1; (2.10)

u--->o a

li e" ~ 1 1

Im--=

u--->o U

(2.11 )

That vay, do u ~ 0, e6 the xem lui < 1, do d6 1 + u > O.

Ham s6 a f----+ In(l + a) lien tuc, nen:

I ( I)

In(}+a) - -

lim ' = lim In(l + a)'( == In limfl +a)U .

a _,.(j a u--->O a--->O

I .

Nh I· - h ' 2 4 l' in (1 + a) I 1

trng ImCI + a)" :=;; e (xem cong t ire ( . )) nen irn == n e == .

a--->O a-.O ex

D6 Hi cong thirc (2.10). Bay gia dar: e" - 1 == J3 • ta c6 e'' = 1 + ~. Do d6 a::: In(l + 13). Khi ex --* 0 thl p ~ o. Vay:

. e'' -1. A . 1 1

lim -- == lim I-' ::: lim == - ::: 1 .

{(--->O ex P--->O In(l +~) 11--->0 In(l_2:_131 1

J3

Cac cong thirc (2.l 0), (2.11) da diroc clurng minh.

72

Theo cong thirc ctoi eo so cua logarit, ta eo voi a> 0, a -:,t:. 1:

lim log,J! + a) = lim In(1 + a)._!_ = _I_.lim In(l + a) = _1_.

U-40 a (l-~() In a a In a (l---'>O a h. a

lim log)! + a) = _!_ .

(l--->O a Ina

(2.10')

Tir cong tlurc (2.11) suy fa voi a> 0, a '# I, ta eo

aU -1 eu1na -\ [eft Ina -1 J

lim--=lim = Iim .Ina =

a-tO a (1--->0 a a_,.O alna

e'' lila - 1

=lim .lna=1.lna=lna.

(1-,>0 alna

'.

Vay

act _\ Iim--= Ina. a_"O a

(2.11 ')

Cac cong thirc (2.\ 0), (2.11), (2.11 ') eho thay neu o(x) ~ 0 khi x ~ a thi khi x --+ a:

InO + a(x» - a(x);

(2.12)

J ect(X) -1 l act(X) -1

a(x); a(x) In a.

(2.13)

6.5. Cac vi du

vee 1 T' h I" ~2x2 +3

I U : In rm .

" x_"±r:<: 4x + 2

Gidi. Khi x ~ ± 00, ca tii so va mau s6 deu la cac VCL. Theo quy tac ngat bo cac VCL

I" .s: _j_3 I" Jhi I" ixl.n

1m = 1m --= 1m --.

x--->±:<; 4x + 2 x--->±r:<: 4x X-4±'" 4x

73

2x

Vi du 2: TIm lim 5x+3.

x----t±·::t::

2x lim 2_'_

Gidi. Ta CO lim y+3 = 5,--+~"x+3 = 52 = 25.

x---)±x

V' 'T"; • 2x - 2

I du 3: 11m 11m ,r:::::;---- .

" x-~I v26+x-3

Gidi. Ta phai khir dang vo dinh ~. D(lt 26 + x = Z3, suy fax = Z3 - 26. Khi x -----t I tht Z3 -----t 27 hay z -----t 3. Ta co

2x-2 2(Z3 -26)-2 2z3 -54 2(Z3 -27)

-----===-~ = = = =

V26+x-3 z-3 z-3 z-3

2(z-3)(Z2 +3z+9) .... ( 2 3 9) kh" 3

= =LZ+Z+ IZ*.

z-3

Vay lim 3/ 2x - 2 = lim 2(Z2 + 3z + 9) = 54. x---->lV26+x-3 z-73

•

Vi du 4: Tim

auu. D~t

. Sin(x-~)

f(x) = h -,

,,3 - 2cosx

no co da ng 0 khi x -----t ~. DiU x - 11 = z.

06' 6

Khi x -----t 11 thi z -----t O. Ta co 6

74

2 . z z

sm -cos

f(x) = sin z = sin z = 2 2 =

.J3 - 2 cas( z+ ~) .J3 -.J3 cos z+sin z .J3.2sin2 ~ + 2sin ~cosi

z cos

2

(khiz:;t:O).

~ . z z v.)sm-· +cos-

2 2

z cos--

Vay lim f'(x ) = lim 2 = I.

IT l-JoO r:: . z z

x-Jo- v3sm -+cos-

622

"

Vi d 5 'T"l I' tgx-sinx

I {l : I im im 1 .

X-400 X'

G . '. D f tgx - si n x " 0 hi 0 T '

lUI. (It (x ) = 3 ' no co dang - k I X -? . a co

X' 0

f. ) sinx-sinxcosx sinx(l-cosx)

(x = 1 ::: =

x' cosx x3cosx

2. . ') x SIn x.sm ":

2

Kh' O' . , x (X)2 X 2

I X -? ,smx - x, sin: - - - =

2 \2 4

?

X x-

2sinx.sin2-- 2x.-- 2

Vay lim f(x) = lim 2 = lim 1 4 = lim---

X-JoO X-JoO xJcosx X-Jo0x'cosx x-Joo4cosx

1 2

I Vi du 6: Tim lim(l + x)Jx .

X-JoO

I

1 [ 1 J3 1

Gidi: Ta gap dang 1'>0 khi X -? O. Ta co lim(l + X)3x = lim (l + x)-;- =e3 = <!~ .

X-JoO x-JoO

75

I, In(l+x)

Vi du 7 : Tim lin ,

X-)o 3x-I

Gidi. Ta phai khir dang vo dinh Q, Khi x ----t 0 thi: In(1 + x) - x va 3' - I - x In3,

, '0

V I, In(l+x) I' x I

ay trn = Im--=-,

, x---)u 3'-1 x---)iJxln3 In3

Vi du 8: TIm lim (I +~)X

X---l'''' x

Gidi. 6 day. ta co dang vo dinh I'" khi x ----t 00, Ta co

I

lin?(I+~)X =lim[(I+~)X::]~ =eo=l.

X---j.'ll X x-·pe X

6.6. Diem glan doan cua ham so

Ham s6 f(x) goi la gian doan tai x., neu n6 khong lien tuc tai x., Vay x, Ii diem gian doan cua ham s6 f(x) neu:

- Hoac f(x) khong xac dinh tai xu:

- Hoac f'(x) xac dinh tai x.; nhung lim f'(x) :# f(xo) :

X---j.XIt

- Hoac khong ton tai lim f(x) ,

X---j.Xo

Neu t~x) khong xac dinh tai ~J' nhirng

lim f(x)::: lim f(x ) thi Xo goi la

X---l'Xo-O X---)X{) +0

diem gidn doan hd duac. ChI can xac dinh them ham f tai x ::: Xu bang each cho f( xo) bang g ia tri chung e ua hai gi oi han tren, ham [tra thanh lien tuc ca tai x.,

Neu ton tai cac gioi han hiru han [(xo - 0), [(xI) + 0) va [(xl) - 0) :# f(x, + 0) thi Xo goi 13 dhi'm gian doan loai I. Hoac \f(xo - 0) - [(xu + 0)1 goi la buac nhdy cua f tai x., Nhimg diem gian doan khong thuoc loai 1 diroc goi la diem gidn doan loai 2,

76

V, d 9 H' 6' f(x) -_ SIn X kh lc di h . I ~ : am S 6ng xac in tar

2

O . sinx

x::: . nhung iJm--::: 1.

x-so x

Vay x::: 0 la diem gian doan bo duoc, 86 thi ella n6 duoc eho a hinh 2.25. Net! ta bo sung giri tri f(O) = 1, thi ham s6 tra nen lien tuc d. tai x ::: O.

{x+ 1

Vi du 10: Ham s6 f(x):::

x-I

khi x::; 0 khi x >0

xac dinh tai moi x E lit nhirng

'.

f(0-0)=I:;t:-1=f(0+0) (hinh 2.26). Vay x = 0 Hi diem gian doan loai 1. buoc nhay cua ham f tai x::: 0 bang 11-(-1)1=2.

Hlnh 2.26

Vi du 11: Ham s6 f(x) =.!_ kh6ng xac dinh tai x

x = O.

Vi lim'!_ = +C1J, lim _!_ = -00, diem x = 0 iit

x .... (hU x x~o-o x

diem gian doan loai 2 (hinn 2.27).

§ 7. D';'O HAM

7.1. Nhac l;:ti

7.1.1. Cac dinh. nghia

y

x

o

Hlnh 2.25

y

/

x

y

x

Hinh 2.27

Cho ham s6 f(x) xac dinh trong khoang (a, b) va Xu ~ (a, b). Neu t6n tai gi6i

h ' ., "f(x)-f(xo) (2.14)

an cua n so ---~

77

khi x ~ Xo thl girri 11<.In tty duoc goi la dao ham ella ham s6 y = f(x) tai diem x., kf hieu la f'(XO) hay y'(x.),

8<)t X - Xo = Ax, ta co X = Xo + L\x va dat L\y = f'(x, + Ax) - f(xlI), 11 s6 (2.14)

'-' d d ri d L\y V '( I' L\y

viet troc liaJ q.ng -. ay y xo) = im - .

L\x tu·-J.O L\x

(2.15)

Neu ham s6 f(x) co dao ham tai x, thi f(x) lien tuc tai x.,

Ve mat hinh 119c, dao ham ella ham s6 f(x) tai diem x., bieu dien he s6 goc cua duong tiep tuyen cua d6 thi ella ham s6 y = f(x) tai diem Mo(xo' f(xo» (hinh 2.28).

Ve mat CCi hoc, neu phuong trinh chuyen dong ella mot chat diem tren dirong

thang ia s = f(t) thi dao ham f(to) bieu dien van t6e nrc Y

thoi ella chuyen dong do a thai diem ~)' Voi y nghia do, ta ciing co the' xern dao ham t'(xo) Iii. van t6e bien thien ella ham s6 f(x) theo X tai diem x.,

T

• Gioi han cua ti s6 (2.14) khi x dan toi XI) ve phia trai, neu ton tai, g9i la d(JO ham trai ella f(x) tai x., kf hieu la f'(x, - 0) hay C (xu),

x

Hlnh 2.28

• Gioi han ella ti s6 (2.14) khi X dan toi x, vc phfa phai, neu ton tai, goi Iii. dao ham pluii ella f(x) tai x., ki hieu 13 f'(x, + 0) hay (xo).

Neu ham s6 f(x) e6 dao ham tai Xli thi n6 co dao ham trai va dao ham phai tai x., va f'(x, - 0) = f'(x, + 0) = f'(x.),

Neu f' (xo - 0) ;;f:: f (x., + 0) thl f(x) khong co dao ham tai XII' Ve mat hinh hoc, ticp tuyen trai va tiep tuyen phai ella d6 thi ham s6 y = f(x) tai diem (x., f(xo)) khong trung nhau. Do thi do e6 diem goc (x., f(xu» (hinh 2.29) .

• Ngiroi ta n6i ham so f(x) co dao ham trong khoang (a, b) neu no co dao ham tai moi diem trong 'khoang d6, ham s6 f(x) co dao ham tren doan [a, b] nell n6 co dao ham tai moi diem trong khoangra, b), co dao ham phai tai a va dao ham trai tai b.

78

• Ngtroi ta cling rna rong khai niem dao ham cho tnrong hop ti s6 (2.14) dan toi 00 khi x ----,)0 x., Khi do, ta n6i ham s6 y == f(x) co dao ham vo han tai xu, tiep tuyen voi dirong cong y = f(x) tai x() vuong goc voi true Ox.

7.1.2.lJ(1O ham cua tdng, tich, thuong cua hai ham s{/

Neu cac ham s6 u = u(x), v = vex) co dao ham tai x thi

. .

Y'

x

(u + v)' == u' + v',

l(xoJ ---V

I

1) u(x) + vex) cling co dao ham tai x va

o

2) u(x).v(x) ciing co dao ham tai x va

( )' , ,

u.v = u v + v .u.

Hinh 2.29

"

3) u(x) ciing co dao ham tai x, trir khi vex) == 0 va (~)' = vu' - uv'

vex) V v2

7.1.3. lJiJ.O ham ella ham S(J hap

Neu ham s6 u = g(x) co dao ham theo x, ham y = f(x) co dao ham theo u thi ham so hop y = f[g(x)] co dao ham theo x va y' (x) == y' (u).u' (x).

Vi df!, J " Cho Y = sin(cosx). D~t u = cosx, y = sinx. Vay

y' (x) == y' (u).u' (x) == cosu.(- sinx) == - cos(cosx).sinx.

Vi du 2 " Tinh y' neu y = xu, a. E JR, X > O.

Ta biet rang neu y = x", n la so nguyen duong thi y' = n.x" - I. Trong VI du nay y = xu, a la mot s6 thirc bat kl, x > O.

Lay logarit co s6 e hai ve, ta diroc lny = a Inx.

Lay dao ham hai ve doi voi x , theo cong thirc dao ham cua ham so hop, ta

'1 U

Y ,y X a-I

diroc - = a.- => y == 0..- = a.- = a.x .

y x X X

(2.16)

Cong thtrc nay cung dung khi x < 0 voi dieu kien x" va XU-I co nghia.

79

Vi du 3: Tinh y' neu y:: (x +l)'l'X, X + I > O. Ham s6 co dang utx):"' vai u(x) > 0 goi la ham s6 luy thira mil. De tinh dirocdao ham cua no ta hay lay logarit co s6 e hai ve roi tinh dao ham thea x hai ve cua dang thirc thu diroc. Ta co lny > tgx.ln(x + 1).

, I 1

Do do !_::: tgx, -- + --2 -lfl(X + 1) .

y x + 1 cos x

A , [ I I , ] ,[ tax In(x + l)]

Vay Y ==y tgx.--+ ~ .In(x+l) :::(x+l/gx _e_+ " .

X + I C05- X X + 1 cos- x

7.2. f)l:i0 ham etta ham so nguqe

Dinh Ii 2.16. Nell helm .sl)' y = I(x) co d~1O ham tai x , rex) :;>0- 0, 1'17 neu ham si/ y ::: f(x) c() ham so nguo« x ::::: (p(y) thi ham sJ x == tp(y) co dao ham tai y :: f(x) I'a fa co

, I

m(v)=-

'I'. f''(x ) .

Chung minh: Vi y ::: ftx) co ham s6 nguoc, nen neu l1y ::: f(x + l1 x) - I(x) +- 0

I1x 1

thi 11 x +- O. Do do: - = - .

l1y 6y

.6. x

VI x :: <p(y) lien tuc tai y nell khi L\ Y ~ 0 thl 11 x ~ O. Do do :

lim _11_x ::: hay m'(y)::: _1_

J\y ..... O l1y lim'\Y 't' f''(x) .

"'x ..... o I1x

B.:1y gia. ta ap dung dinh If 2.16 M tim dao ham cua cac ham so luong giac ngiroc. l) Ham so y = arcsi nx xac dinh khi -I :s: x s I, lay moi gia tri tren

doan [ - ; ,;] la ham so ngtroc cua haITI s6 x::: siny, Ta co

x'(y) =:: cosy == JI-sin2 y,

IT IT A' 1 I

VI cosy ~ 0 do --::; y::;-. Vay Y =:: ~ = r.--;

2 2 JI-sin-y -Vl-x-

X:;>O- ±1.

gO

1 V ~y (arcsin x)'

.. it-xl

Hoan toan wong tu, ta co

1

2) (arccos x)' = - r:---; (x -:f:- ±I).

vI-x2

1

3) (arctgx), = --2 .

l-i- x

( , I

4) arccotgx) = - --2' l+ x

x -:f:-±l.

(2.17)

(2.18)

(2.19)

(2.20)

7.3. Bang d~o ham clla cac ham s6 sa cAp co ban

(c)' = ° (c 13. hang so):

"

(a")' = a'lna (a> 0, a -:f:-l);

(log, x)' =_1_ (a> 0, a -:f:- I, x> 0); xlna

(In x)' =.!_ (x > 0);

. x

(sin x)' = cosx;

(cos x)' = - sinx;

1 1t

(tgX)'::::~2- (x -:f:- -+ kn, keZ) ;

cos x 2

(cotgx)' = - _._1_ (x -:f:- kn, k e Z); sm2x

( in x)' 1

arcsmx = ~

vl-x2

(arccosx)'::::- h ' I-x2

(Ixl < 1) ;

6.THCC·Tl-A

81

(arctgx)' ::: _I _ ; 1+x2

1 (arc cot gx)'::: ---2 .

l-t x

7 .4. Dao ham cap cao

• Neu ham s6 y = f(x) co dao ham thl y' zz f(x) goi la dao ham cap 1 cua x. Dao ham, neu co, cua dao ham cap 1 goi la dao ham cap 2, kf hieu la s" = f'(x). Vay y~=f"(x):::[f'(x)]' .

Tirong tu, dao ham cua dao ham cap (n - 1) cua f(x) goi la dao ham cap n, ki hieu la rO\x). Vay yfnJ == fnJ (x) = [[(n-I) (x)]' .

Vi du 4 : y = x" (a E IR, X > 0), Ta co:

y' = axU-l ,

s" = a(a - 1)xU-2 ,

s" = a(a - 1) (a - 2)xO:-3 ,

yinl = a(a - 1)(a - 2) ... (a - n + l)xu-n •

D- biet. ne 1'>.T* hi n, rr-' l

ac ret, neu a == n E J.'l t 1 Y ::: X ,y = nx , ....

(n) - ( _ 1) ( - 2) 2 1 = I

Y - n. n . n , .... ,.. n.

Do do y(m) ::: 0 neu m > n.

Vi du 5 : y = eh, k HI. hang s6. Ta co y' = ke'",

v" == k.ke" = k2eh,

Vi du 6: y = sinx.

, . ( 1t)

Y = cos x = sm x + - ,

2

82

6_THCC-T1-B

~ (1t . 1t 1t) . ( 21t

Y = cos x+-)=sm(x+-+- =sin x+ -),

2 2 2 2

(n). 1t

Y =slll(x+n-)

2

Vi du 7: y = _a_, a, b, c la cac hang so, a 7:- 0, b 7:- O. bx+c

a 1 a e _1

y=-.~-=-(x+-) .

b ebb

x+

b

, ale -2 a c -2

y =-(- )(x+-) =--(x+-) ,

b b b b

~ a 2 c -J 2 a 2 c -.1

y =-(-1)(- )(x+-) =(-1) -.1. .(x+-) ,

b b b b

"

v'" ""(-I)Ll~n!(x+~r(n+I).

b b

Dac bietvneu a= b « l,e=Othl y=..!:.., y(IlI=(_I)nn!x-(n+II==(_l)1l ~~)'

x x

Ctmg thue Lelbniz

Gia si.'r cac ham so urx), vex) c6 dao ham lien tiep den cap n. Khi do, ta c6

n

(uv)(n) = L C~u(n-kl.v(kJ ,

b,O

trong do C~ =:; n1 ,Ulill = u.v(O):::: v ,

k!(n-k)!

Cong thirc (2.21 ) goi la cong (hue Leibniz, diroc clurng minh bang phuang phap quy n a p.

(2.21)

Vi du 7 : Tfnh yin) neu y = (x" + 2x - 3)e.

Gidi. D<)t u = e, Y == (Xl + 2x - 3). Ta co UIDI = e",

v' == 2x + 2, Y" :::: 2. v'" = O.

83

::: e" [ x2 + 2(n + 1)x + 2n - 3 + ntn -1) ] == eX [x2 + 2(n + l)x + n2 + n - 3].

§8. VI PHAN

S.l. Dinb nghia

Cho ham 56 y = f(x), eo dao ham tai x, theo dinh nghla ella dao ham:

r(x):; lim !1y ,

~X--l>O AX

trong do!1y = f(x + 6.x) - f(x).

Yay khi 6.x --)0 0, ,1,y :::: f''(x) + a, a ~ 0 khi ,1,x --)0 O.

. !1x

Do do: fly:::: f'(x + ,1,x) - f(x) :::: f'(x).b.x + a6.x .

S6 hang o, !1x la mot VeB bac eao hC1I1 AX. 00 do, Ay va f'(x)Ax la hai VBe urong ducng. Bieu thue f(x),1,x goi la vi phan ella ham 56 y :::: f(x) tai x, ki

hieu 13 dy hay d f(x). Vay: dy :::: f(x)Ax. (2.22 )

Neu ham 56 e6 vi phan tai x, ta n6i f(x) khd vi tai x. Nhir vay, d6i voi ham 56 mot bien 56, khai niem ham so co dao ham tai x va khai niem ham 56 kha vi tai x tirong dirong nhau.

Neu y = x thi dy = dx :::: 1. Ax. Vay d6i voi bien 56 d¢c l?p x, ta co dx ::::: Ax. Do do, cong thtrc ( 2.22 ) co the viet Hi: dy:::: f'(x) dx . ( 2.23 )

Vi d~ 1: Neu y::::.JI+lnx, thl v> ~ . .!.. Do do dy= ~dX.

2 l+lnx x 2x l+lnx

84

8.2. Y nghia hinh hoc

Tren duong cong y ::: f(x), lay hai diem M(x, f(x)), M1(x + ~x, f(x + ~x)).

Qua M ke dirong tiep tuyen MT. Tren hlnh 2.30 ta co ~y ::: f(x + Ax) - f(x) ::: AMj • Goi B Ia giao diem cua AMI voi MT, ta co trong tam giac AMB

y

AB::: MA . tgo = f''(x) . ~x = dy ,

x x +t.x x

V~y vi phan df(x) cua ham 56 f(x) tai x HI. 56 gia 0

ella tung d¢ tren tiep tuyen cua dirong eong

y ::: f(x) tai diem ling vci 56 gia ~x.

8.3. Vi phan cua t6ng, tich, tmrong

Til cong thirc dao ham cua tong, tich, thuong cua hai ham 56 suy ra:

l-finh 2.30

d(u + v) ::: du + dv d(u.v) = udv + vdu

d( ~) VdU~UdV (v * 0).

8.4. Dng dung vi phan vao tinh gan dung

Vi khi ~x ~ 0, f(xo + ~x) - f(xo) la VCB urong dirong voi f'(xo)~x, nen khi I ~x I kha nho, ta co cong thirc tfnh gan dung

(2.24 )

Vi du 2: Tinh ~y va dy neu y ::: f(x)::: x3 + x2 - 2x + 1, neu x bien thien tit 2 den 2,01.

Ta co f(2) = 23 + 22 - 2.2 + 1 = 9 ;

f(2,01) = (2,01)3 + (2,01)2 - 2.(2,01) + 1 = 9,140701 ; ~y::: f(2,01) - f(2)::: 0,140701 ;

f'(x) ::::. 3x2 + 2x - 2 ;

f(2)::: 3.22 + 2.2 - 2 = 14 ;

dy == f(2). ~x == 14.(0,01) == 0,14.

85

R6 rang tfnh dy dan gian han tinh fly. Vi dl;l3: Tinh gan dung #15,8.

I

Ta can tinh gin dung y = f(x) =X4 tai 16 - 0,2. Dat Xu = 16, flx = - 0,2. Ta

c6 f(xu + flx);::: f(xo) + f(xo) .Ax.

:ifls:B ::z~- 0,2 =2-0,0062::z1,9938. 32

"" ?.... .A.

CAU HOI ON T~P

1. Dinh nghia ham s6 dan dieu, chan, le, tuan hoan,

2. Dinh nghia ham s6 nguoc ella ham s6 y = f(x). Tim ham s6 ngiroc ella ham so y = e' va ella cac ham so hrong giac,

Chung minh rang aresinx + areeosx = 1t. 2

3. Dinh nghia va phan Ioai cac ham s6 sa cap. The nao ia mot bieu thtrc hiru ti doi voi sinx va eosx.

4. Dinh nghia gioi han ella day so.

5. Dinh nghia gioi han cua ham s6, gi6i han mot phia, gioi han vo han,

6. Phat bieu hai tieu chuan ton tai gici han,

7. Dinh nghia VCB, VCL, VCB nrong dirong, VCL ttrong dirong. Quy uk ngat be cac VCB bac cao va ngat be cac VCL bac thap.

8. Ham so lien tuc: dinh nghia, tinh chat cua ham so lien tuc tren mot doan.

86

9. Dinh nghia dao ham, y nghia hinh hQC va co hoc, Dao ham cap cao, cong thrrc Leibnig,

10. Vi phan cua ham so: dinh nghia, y nghia hinh hoc. Neu mot irng dung cua vi phan trong tlnh gan dung.

11. Cac menh de sau dung hay sai?

a) Neu cac ham s6 f(x), g(x) tang tren [a, b] thl f(x) + g(x) tang tren [a, b1.

b) Neu cac ham s6 f'(x), g(x) tang tren [a, b] thi f(x).g(x) tang tren [a, b].

c) Neu f(x) dan dieu tren [-1, 0] va don dieu tren [0,1] thi no don dieu tren [-1, I).

d) Neu cac ham 56 f(x), g(x) la twin hoan voi chu ki p thi f(x) - g(x) la tuan hoan vci chu kt p.

e) Neu day s6 {x, I bi chan thi no h¢i tu.

f) Neu day s6 \ x, I phan kl thi no khong bi chan.

) 1· (3X 9) u 3x u 9

g 1m ----- = Im--- Im--.

x--I-3 X - 3 x - 3 x-~3 X - 3 x--I-3 X - 3

h) Neu lim f(x) = 5, lim g(x) = 0 thi khong ton tai lim f(x) .

x~3 x--I-3 x---)3 g(x)

i) Gia su f(x) va g(x) 13. hai ham s6 xac dinh trong khoang (a, b), Xu E (a, b). Neu I(x) + g(x) gian dean tai Xu thi f(x) va g(x) gian doan tai xu'

j) Neu f(x) lien tuc tai Xu thi no eo dao ham tai Xu .

k) Neu f(x) = 12x3 + Sx] thl f'(x) = 16x2 + 51.

I) Neu ham s6 f(x) lien rue tren khoang rna (a, b), no dat gia tri lon nhat va gia tri nho nhat tai cac diem c, d E (a, b).

87

BAIT~P

1. 010 f(x) = x2 + 1; Tfnh f(4); f(..fi); f(a + 1); f(a4); [f(a)f; f(2a).

2 Ch ) x-I V" (1 J ' 1

• 0 c.p(x = --. let c.p - va --.

3x + 5 x c.p(x)

3 - , . . f 2f(u) .

• Cho feu) = tgu. Hay chimg mmh rang (2u) = 2 .

1-[f(u)J

I-t , . . (a+bJ

4. Cho get) = Ig-. Chtrng mmh rang g(a)+ g(b) = g -- .

l+t l-e ab

5. Cho f(x) = Igx; g(x) = x3• Tinh f[g(2)]; g[f(2)].

6 Ch f() - 2 11 f(b)-f(a)

• 0 x - x. 1m -----'-

b-a

(b 7: a).

7. TIm mien xac dinh cua cac ham 56 sau day:

a+x

c) y=lg-- (a c-O) ; a-x

d) Y = arcsirrx ;

e) y = aX+2 (a> 0, a 7: 1)

(2X+1tJ

f)y= tg -3- .

x+l

g) Y = 19 ;

x2-3x+2

h) y =

x2 -3x+2 x2+7x+1O'

~

i)Y=Vlg~;

k) Y = log.S:

3

/) Y = arccos ---

. 4+2sinx

1

m) y=---===

~Ixl-x

n) y = Jarcsin(log2 x)

0) y=lgI4-x21;

q) y = .jcos(sin x) + arcsin 1 + x2 • 2x

88

8. Trong cac ham s6 sau, ham s6 nao la ham s6 chan, ham s6 le, khong chan, khong Ie?

a) y = 2';

d) Y = cotgx;

aX +a-x e) y=--- 2

x -)\

a -a

f) y= 2 ;

x g) y=--

a" -1

(a> 0, a * 1);

l+x h) y=lg-.

I-x

9. Trong s6 cac ham s6 sau, ham s6 nao ia ham s6 tuan hoan ? Tim chu ki cua cluing.

c) y = x cosx ;

'.

d . 1

) y = sm= ;

x

e) y = 1 + tgx;

f) y = 1 - sinx:

h) Y = [sinx]:

X-It k) Y = 3cos--. 3

10. Tim ham s6 ngiroc cua cac ham s6 sau tren mien tOn tai cua no.

b) y = 1 + Ig(x + 2) ;

2)\

c) y=--; 1 +2)\

d) Y = 2sin3x ;

e) y = x2 - 2x khi X 2': 1.

11. Hay thir lai rang ham s6 y = 11 - x co ham ngtroc la chfnh no. +x

V 6i ditu kien nao cua a, b, c, d thl ham s6 y = ax + b co ham 56 nguoc 13. chinh no? cx+d

12. Ve dO thi cac ham s6 sau (dung di~m dac tnrng va phep doi true da bi~t d THIT).

a) y = - 3x + 5;

c) y = X 2 + 2x + 1 ;

89

1 e) y = sin2x ; f) 1t
d) y=-; y = eos( x - - );
x-I 3
x h) y = log,x; . - 1
g) y=tg-' 1) Y = log] -;
2' x
k) Y = [sinx]; 1) y='x-~; m) y=x-!xl;
eosx A' -1t s X ::; 0
neu
n) y = I neu O<x<l
1 neu 1::; x .$ 2.
x 13. Viet viii 56 hang dau tien ella cac day 56 sau, neu s6 hang tcing quat Iii

14. Su dung dinh nghia gioi han ella day 56, crnrng minh fang day

3n2+1 "'"h b' 3

x = eo glC11 an ang -5 .

n sn2-1

15 Chii . h ~ d- . 1 1 3 1 7 1 '" h " .c

• I1f1g mm rang ay so -;-;-;-;-;- ... co sO ang tong quat

224488 .

x = n

1 1--

n+ l

2 2

1

voi n Iii so Ie

voi n la s6 chan;

Til: do 5Uy fa day 56 da eho khong co gioi han (co giai thich). 16. Cluing minh rang cac day s6 sau dan tOi 0 khi n ~ 00

1

a) xn = -k (k > 0); n

1-(-l)n

b) xn = ;

n

90

) 1 . ( 1t

e x =-sm 20-1)-'

n 0 2 '

d) xn ::: (_1)n ~ •

5 n + 1

17. Tim gioi han ella cac day s6 sau :

a) x == 3n2 +5n+4

n 10+ 6n2

[ 3 2 ]4

b)x = 2n +2n +1

n 403 +702 +30+4

2'" 2

) 1 +2" + +n

e x =-------------

n 5n3 + n + 1

t,

. 1 I 1 1

I) xn =-+~+-+ ... +---

1.2 2.3 3.4 o(n + 1)

1 3 3n

I) xn =-eos(n )---.

2n 6n+l

18. Cmrng minh ding lim ~ == 1.

n-+""

19 Chu . h ri d- 6' 2n -1 l' d- ~ on da 6' lOn . ung min rang ay s xn =-- a ay tang. con ay s xn =-

3n + 1 n!

la day giam khi n ~ to,

20. Tim giffi han cua cac day s6 sau :

1 1 1

e)Yn= rr=r ~+ ... + r:,---'

"n2+1 "n2+2 "n2+n

21. Su dung dinh nghia ve gioi han ella ham s6 chimg minh rang:

a) lim(3x - 2) = 1 ;

x -» l

x-I

b) lim = 2;

x-+l .rx -1

91

) ,. 2x -} 2

e rm -~==-;

X-H..;() 3x+2 3

d) lim aX == +00

x~+<t)

(a> 1).

22. TIm cac gioi han sau :

"

) 1. x~+x-I

a 1m---X~"" 2x2+5

d) lim x2 -4; x~2 x - 2

) I" ~-l

g im ;

x~o X

k) lim[_I_-_3_J; x~! 1- x 1- x3

" "x sm~-

n) lim 3 "

x-tO 3x2 '

q) lim(1- y)tg y 1t;

y~l 2

e'" _ e'"

t) lim--~

x~o ex

" 3x2-2x-l

b) hm----

x~<t) x3+4

x2 -5x+6

e) lim ;

x~2X2_12x+20

f) I· xn-I Im-X--l>! x-I

" ~-I

h) lim r ; x -e l V x-I

1) lim [.JX2 +I-~J;

X--l>""

) I. sin4x m Im--; x-tO 2x

0) lim x ;

x~O+O .-J I - cos x

p) lim xeotgx;

x-tO

r) lim (I + ~)X

X--l>"" X

( )x+!

) I" 2x + 3

5 Im-X--l><t) 2x + 1 .

e3X _ ebx

u) lim ;

x~o sin ax - sin bx

) I. sin x - tgx

v 1m 3 "

x-tO X

23. So sanh cac VCB sau khi x ~ 0, hay so sanh VCB <p(x) == x voi cac VCB sau: f] == tgx'; f2 == Vsin2 x ; f3 == J9 + x - 3; f4 == 1 - eosx; f5 == aretg$ "

24. Chimg minh rang khi x ~ 0, cac VCB sau nrong duong:

I 1

1- --x"

..J]+;. 2 '

1 I----x"

1 +x '

25. Hay so sanh cac VCL sau, khi x ~ 00 :

a) f(x) == 3x2 + 2x + 5 va cp(x) == 2x3 + 2x - I;

92

b) f(x) == 2X2 + 2x

c) f(x) ==.vx +a

va c.p(x) == (x + 2)2; va cp(x) == ~,

26. TIm cac gici han sau:

) I, sin5x

a 1m----

X--l>O 1nO + 4x)

d) lim ~1+~+x2 -1;

X--l>O sm4x

b) lim l-eosx ;

X--l>O X

I-eos-

2

) I' In cos x

e im ;

X--l>O~I+x2 -1

) I, sin 2x + arcsirr' x - arctg'' x e im ------:;-----=--

X--l>O 3x +4X3

h) lim sin if;.ln(l + 3x) .

X--l>O (aretgJ;.)2 (3S$' -1)

'.

27. TIm gioi han mot phfa ella cac ham s6 sau:

{-2X+3 a) f(x) ==

3x-5

neu neu

x s 1 x » 1

khi x --+ I;

2

x -I

b) f(x) == -I -, khi x --+ 1; x-I

c) f'(x) == .JI-eosx khi x --+ O. x

28. Chung minh rang ham s6 f(x) == 3x4 - 2X2 + 3x lien tuc tai diem x bfft ki.

29. TIm diem gian doan va buoc nhay (neu eo) cua cac ham s6 sau:

a)f(x) == 6-5x x-3

12x-31

b)f(x)== .

2x-3

khi 1 < x < 3 khi 3:::; x < +co;

93

30. Xet su lien tuc cua cac ham so sau:

f smx a) f(X)=l_1 x

khi x ~O

{ . 1

XSIn-

b) f'(x) == 0 - x

khi x ~O

khi x = 0;

khi x =0.

31. Cho I(x ) == 3x -2Fx. Tinh f(1), f'(I), fCa2), f'(a').

32. Cho f'(x) == 2x3 - 3x +..Jx -I . Tinh f''( _!_) .

x 4

33. Tinh dao ham cua cac ham s6 sau:

b) y=x-Fx"C3Inx-2);

) arcsmx

c y = ;

x

d) sinx-eosx

Y== . ;

Sin X +cos x

h) y == tg(lnx) ;

i) y=in(tg~} /) y = In( .J2 sin x + 1 + .J2 sin x-I) ;

m) y==~Jx2+k+kln(x+Jx2+k); n) y e arcsin 2x24

2 2 l s- x

Ixl < I;

Inx -J 2 sinx l t-sin x

0) y==arctg-; p) y=e"arctgeX-ln l+ e x; q) y=--2-+in .

3 . cos x cos x

34. Tfnh dao ham ella cac ham s6 sau:

e) s= (2X_1)32~; (5x +4) .~h -x

I d) y=xlnx.

35. Tinh dao ham cap hai ella cac ham s6 sau:

b) y=lnVl+x2•

36. Chung rninh ding ham so y = Cje " +C2e-2x voi C1, C, la hai hang s6 tuy y, thoa man phirong trinh y" + 3y' + 2y == O.

94

37. Tinh dao ham cap n cua cac ham s6 sau:

a) y = xlnx;

1

b) Y=--·

. I +2x'

e) y = x e":

1

d) Y = 2 •

x +2x-3

38. So sanh s6 gia va vi phan ella ham s6 sau y = 2x3 + 5x2•

39. Tfnh gia tri gan dung ella M = arcsin 0,51 bang vi phan,

40. Tlnh gia tri gan dung cua dien tich hlnh tron eo ban kinh bang 3,02 m.

41. Tinh vi phan cua cac ham so sau:

1 x-6 a) y=-in--;

12 x+6

b) y = arctge" ;

e)y=x(lnx-I);

d) Y = In(x+Jx2 +4).

'.

DA.PSO

1. 17; 3;

a2 + 2a + 2;

a~ + l:

. ,

I-x 2.--;

3+5x

3x+5 x-I

5.31g2;

(lg2)' .

6. b+ a.

7. a) [- I, 1];

b) [- 3, 71;

e) (- a, a);

d) [- I, 11;

e) (- 00, + 00);

rt rt

f) X 7: - + 3k -' 4 2'

g) (- 1, 1);

h)(-00,-5)U(-2,I]U[2,+00);

i)[I,4] ;

k) (0, 1) U (1. + 00);

1t 71t

I) --+2krt:-S;x:-s;-+2krt (kEZ);

6 6

m) (- 00, 0);

0) x ;;t:. ± 2 ;

p) 4 < x < + 00 ;

q) x;<': ± 1.

95

8. a) Khong chan, khong le; b) CMn;

cj Chan:

d)U; h) U\

e) CMn; f) Le:

g) Kh6ng chan, khOng le:

9. a) Chu kl rr:

b) Khong tuan hoan; c) Khong tuan hoan;

d) Kh6ng wan hoan:

e) Chu kin;

f) Chu kl 2n;

g) Chu ki 4n;

h) Chu kin;

.) Ch k' 27r

1 U 1 _.

3 '

k) Chu kl 6n.

10. a) y == Ig_2_· 10)

I . x d) y == -arcsin - .

3 2}

x

c) y=log2--.

I-x'

e)y=l+~.

11. Dieu kien d == - a va khi do d6 thi cua ham s6 co true d6i xung la dirong phan giac tlnr nhat,

13 J3. 13. o -F3

. a) 2' 2' , -2-'····

I

17. 1 b)_!_ I d) 1; I
a) -' c)-; e) +00; h) -'
2' 16 IS 3'
i) 1; k) J...; 1
I) _-.
12 2
20. lim x, = lim y n == lim z, = I .
n->OC n-->oo n____"O'l
22. I b) 0; d) 4; I f) n:
a) 2"; e) 00; e) -'
8'
1 h) 3. . i) 3x2; k) -I; I) 0 ;
g) -'
2' 3'
m) 2; 1 .{i; 2
n) . 0) p) 1; q) -;
27 ' tr
r) e2; s) e; a-b u) 1; 1
t) --; v) --.
e 2 23. So voi q>(x) == x khi x ~ 0; fila VCB bac cao hon ; f2 la VCB bac thap hon:

f, Iii VCS cung bac:

96

f4la VCB bac cao han; f5 la VCB bac thap han.

25. a) f co bac thap han 'P;

b) f va c.p co cling bac:

c) f va 'P luang duong,
26. 5 b) 4; d) .!.. 2
a) "4; c) - 2; e) "3;
8'
1 h) l.
g) 2;
5 27. a) f(1 - 0) = 1;

b) 1'(1 - 0) = - 2;

c) 1'(- 0) = -../2 ;

f'(I + 0) = - 2; f(l + 0) = 2; f(+ 0) = .J2.

"

29. a) Tai x = 1 ham so lien tuc;

Tai x = 3 ham s6 co biroc nhay A = 9 ;

b) Tai x = l ham s6 gian doan loai 1, biroc nhay A = 2.

. 2 . .

30.· a); b) Ham so lien tuc voi moi x.

31. f(l) =1;

f(1)=2;

32. f' ( ~ ) = 13 .

33.

x3

a) y' = --2 + 3x2arctgx;

l+x

) r x-~ arcsin x

c y = ;

X2~

, 2

d) y = 2 ;

(sin x + cos x)

h) y' = ;

x cos (In x)

7.THCC-T'--'

97

i) I 1

I Y =-.-_-;

sm x

k) y' = 1 ;

~

/)' cos x

y == ;

-J4sin2 x-I

)' 4x

n y ==--;

I+X4

I 3

0) y =----

x(9 + In2 x)

p) y' = earetge;

2 "

q) y'==--.

cos' x

b) y' = (sin X)tgll [I + \ In sin x]; cos x

c) y'= (2X-l)3$x+2[_6_+ 3 _~+ 1 ]. d)y'=O.

(5x+4)2.~I-x 2x-1 2(3x+2) 5x+4 3(l-x) ,

35.

37.

(n - 2)'

a) y{n) = (_I)n n-l' (n > 2);

x

b) (n)=(-lt2nn!.

y (2x + 1)'Hl '

d) (n) =(-I)nn'[ 1 + 1 ]

Y . (x _1)n+l (x + 3)n+l .

38. Hieu ella s6 gia Lly va vi phan dy bang (6x + 5)Llx2 + 2Llx3•

39.0,513.

40. :::: 28,66 rrr'.

dx

41. a) dy = 2 ;

x -36

b) d = 2.e2xdx

y 1 4x

+e

c) dy = Inxdx;

1

d) dy== ~dx.

\/x2+4

98

7 THCC-T1-8

CHUaNG III. cAe £)INH Li VE GIA TRI

. .

TRUNG BiNH VA liNG DVNG MVC niCH YEU CAU

"

Chuong III trinh bay cac dinh Ii ve gia tri trung binh, v6 cong thirc Taylor va irng dung cua chung trong viec klur cac dang vo dinh, trong tinh gan dung, trong khao sat ham s6 va ve duong cong,

Sinh vien can hi~u ki cac dinh If quan trong nay, v~ dung thanh thao quy tic L'Hospital de khir cac dang vo dinh, dung cong tlurc Taylor de khai trien hiru han mot s6 ham s6 thong thtrong, khao sat va ve do thi cua ham s6 y :::: ftx), ve dirong eong eho hOi phuong trinh tham so, hoac phuong trinh trong h¢ toa d¢ cue,

§1. cAe Il~NH LI vf GIA TR~ TRUNG BINH

llinh Ii 3.1. (Dinh u Rolle) Ntu ham so'f(x):

a) Lien tuc trong khodng Jljng [a, b 1:

b) Khd vi trong khodng rnd' (a, b):

c) Thod man dhiu kien f(a) == feb);

thi ton tai it nhdt mot die'm e E (a, b) sao cho I'(c) > O.

Ta thira nhan dinh If nay, a day chi neu len y nghia hinh hoc cua dinh If. Neu cung AB cua dirong y == f(x) voi A(a, f(a)) , B(b, f(bj) .lien tuc va co tiep tuyen tai moi diem va neu f(a) :::: feb) thi tren eung ay co it nhat mot diem C co hoanh d¢ e E (a, b), cr do tiep tuyen song song voi true Ox, tat nhien tiep tuyen ay cung song song voi day eung AS (hlnh 3.1).

y

y

c

a a c b x

a a C1

ffinh 3,1

99

Nluu: xet: Cac gia thiet cua dinh If 3.1 deu can Y

thiet, khong th~ bo qua mot gia thiet nao.

Chang han, ham 56 f(x) ;,: Ixl lien tuc trong -

khoang dong [-1. 1], f( -1) ;,: f(l), nh 101g khong kha vi tai x == O. do do khong tip dung diroc dinh If 3.1 (hlnh 3.2).

1

x

ffinh 3.2

1.2. Dinh u 3.2. (Djnh If Lagrange) Ne'u ham so'f(x) :

a) Lien tuc trong khodng dong [a, b].

b) Khd vi trong khoang md (a. b),

thi 16n tai it nhd: mot die'rn e E (a, b) sao eho feb) - f(a) == f'(c) (b - a). (3.1)

Cong thirc (3.1) goi Ia cong thuc Lagrange. Ta cong nhan dinh If nay. Y

hi hi hh ua di hl'32 h Chu v rt f(b)-f(a) l' he "' ,

ng ia In oc eua in 1 • n u sau. u y rang b a e so goe

-a

cua day cung AB. con f'(c) la h¢ s6 goc cua tiep tuyen cua duong y == f(x) tai x == e. Neu ham s6 f(x) thoa man cac dieu kien a) va b) thi tren cung AB cua duong y == f(x) voi A(a, f(aj), B(b, feb»~ co it nhat mot diem C co hoanh do e E (a, b), a do tiep tuyen song song voi day eung AB (hlnh 3.3).

o a

c b x

Y

A~

,

, ,

, ,

! f B

, ,

, ,

ffinh 3.3

Nhan xet:

(1) Gi6ng dinh If Rolle. cac gia thiet cua dinh If Lagrange deu can thiet, khong th~ bo diroc.

(2) Dinh If Rolle la mot tnrong hop rieng cua dinh II Lagrange. That vay, neu f'(a) == feb) thl tir cong thirc (3.1) co ngay f'(c) == O.

100